"Jan. 7, 2013 -- Children whose dads were depressed during the pregnancy are more likely to exhibit emotional and behavioral problems at age 3, new research suggests.
The finding comes from an ongoing study of more than 30,000 Norwegia"...
The occurrence of tetanus in the United States has decreased dramatically from 560 reported cases in 1947, when national reporting began, to a record low of 48 reported cases in 1987.1 The decline has resulted from widespread use of tetanus toxoid and improved wound management, including use of tetanus prophylaxis in emergency rooms.2
BayTet (tetanus immune globulin (human) solvent/detergent treated 250 units) supplies passive immunity to those individuals who have low or no immunity to the toxin produced by the tetanus organism, Clostridium tetani. The antibodies act to neutralize the free form of the powerful exotoxin produced by this bacterium. Historically, such passive protection was provided by antitoxin derived from equine or bovine serum; however, the foreign protein in these heterologous products often produced severe allergic manifestations, even in individuals who demonstrated negative skin and/or conjunctival tests prior to administration. Estimates of the frequency of these foreign protein reactions following antitoxin of equine origin varied from 5%–30%.3-6 If passive immunization is needed, human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is the product of choice. It provides protection longer than antitoxin of animal origin and causes few adverse reactions.2
Several studies suggest the value of human tetanus antitoxin in the treatment of active tetanus.7,8 In 1961 and 1962, Nation et al,7 using Hyper-Tet treated 20 patients with tetanus using single doses of 3,000 to 6,000 antitoxin units in combination with other accepted clinical and nursing procedures. Six patients, all over 45 years of age, died of causes other than tetanus. The authors felt that the mortality rate (30%) compared favorably with their previous experience using equine antitoxin in larger doses and that the results were much better than the 60% national death rate for tetanus reported from 1951 to 1954.9 Blake et al,10 however, found in a data analysis of 545 cases of tetanus reported to the Centers for Disease Control from 1965 to 1971 that survival was no better with 8,000 units of TIG than with 500 units; however, an optimal dose could not be determined.
Serologic tests indicate that naturally acquired immunity to tetanus toxin does not occur in the United States. Thus, universal primary vaccination, with subsequent maintenance of adequate antitoxin levels by means of appropriately timed boosters, is necessary to protect persons among all age groups. Tetanus toxoid is a highly effective antigen; a completed primary series generally induces protective levels of serum antitoxin that persist for ≥ 10 years.2
Passive immunization with BayTet (tetanus immune globulin (human) solvent/detergent treated 250 units) may be undertaken concomitantly with active immunization using tetanus toxoid in those persons who must receive an immediate injection of tetanus antitoxin and in whom it is desirable to begin the process of active immunization. Based on the work of Rubbo,11 McComb and Dwyer,12 and Levine et al,13 the physician may thus supply immediate passive protection against tetanus, and at the same time begin formation of active immunization in the injured individual which upon completion of a full toxoid series will preclude future need for antitoxin.
Peak blood levels of IgG are obtained approximately 2 days after intramuscular injection. The half-life of IgG in the circulation of individuals with normal IgG levels is approximately 23 days.14
In a clinical study in eight healthy human adults receiving another hyperimmune immune globulin product treated with solvent/detergent, Rabies Immune Globulin (Human), BayRab®, prepared by the same manufacturing process, detectable passive antibody titers were observed in the serum of all subjects by 24 hours post injection and persisted through the 21 day study period. These results suggest that passive immunization with immune globulin products is not affected by the solvent/detergent treatment.
1. Tetanus — United States, 1987 and 1988, MMWR 39(3): 37-41, 1990.
2. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis: Recommendations for Vaccine Use and Other Preventive Measures. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 40 (RR-10): 1-28, 1991.
3. Moynihan NH: Tetanus prophylaxis and serum sensitivity tests. Br Med J 1:260-4, 1956.
4. Scheibel I: The uses and results of active tetanus immunization. Bull WHO 13:381-94, 1955.
5. Edsall G: Specific prophylaxis of tetanus. JAMA 171(4):417-27, 1959.
6. Bardenwerper HW: Serum neuritis from tetanus antitoxin. JAMA 179(10):763-6, 1962.
7. Nation NS, Pierce NF, Adler SJ, et al: Tetanus: the use of human hyperimmune globulin in treatment. Calif Med 98(6):305-6, 1963.
8. Ellis M: Human antitetanus serum in the treatment of tetanus. Br Med J 1(5338):1123-6, 1963.
9. Axnick NW, Alexander ER: Tetanus in the United States: A review of the problem. Am J Public Health 47(12):1493-1501, 1957.
10. Blake PA, Feldman RA, Buchanan TM, et al: Serologic therapy of tetanus in the United States, 1965-1971. JAMA 235(1):42-4, 1976.
11. Rubbo SD: New approaches to tetanus prophylaxis. Lancet 2(7461):449-53, 1966.
12. McComb JA, Dwyer RC: Passive-active immunization with tetanus immune globulin (human). N Engl J Med 268(16):857-62, 1963.
13. Levine L, McComb JA, Dwyer RC, et al: Active-passive tetanus immunization; choice of toxoid, dose of tetanus immune globulin and timing of injections. N Engl J Med 274(4):186-90, 1966.
14. Waldmann TA, Strober W, Blaese RM: Variations in the metabolism of immunoglobulins measured by turnover rates. In Merler E (ed.): Immunoglobulins: biologic aspects and clinical uses. Washington, DC, Nat Acad Sci, 1970, p. 33-51.
Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Additional BayTet Information
- BayTet Drug Interactions Center: tetanus immune globulin im
- BayTet Side Effects Center
- BayTet FDA Approved Prescribing Information including Dosage
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Parenting and Pregnancy
Get tips for baby and you.