Hone your skills for diagnosing and managing ocular allergies by following these simple guidelines.
BY DEEPAK GUPTA, O.D., Stamford, Conn.
Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most frequently occurring ocular conditions that optometrists see. Consumers purchase roughly 40 million bottles of over-the-counter (OTC) anti-allergic eye drops each year and another 4 million in prescription drops. Did you know that 90% of allergy patients self-diagnose and self-medicate their condition? This is unfortunate because we have vastly superior prescription medications to help these patients better manage their condition.
The first step toward serving our allergy suffers better is to understand the pathology of the disease. I'll review this topic and discuss the clinical management of ocular allergies.
Pathogenesis of ocular allergy
When most people think of ocular allergies, they think of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC). Most patients suffering from SAC are usually bothered during the spring and early fall. A variant of this condition, called perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), affects patients indoors and all year long. I'll discuss these two forms of ocular allergy in more detail later.
Two rarer and more severe forms of allergic conjunctivitis
(atopic keratoconjunctivitis [AKC] and vernal keratoconjunctivitis [VKC]) also exist. But because the vast majority of what we typically see are SAC and PAC, I'll limit my discussion to these two forms.
Learning about SAC & PAC
The immunopathogenesis of SAC is a type-I hypersensitivity
IgE-mediated reaction with the mast cell as the most important cellular player. The same is true for PAC and the progression of both conditions is as follows:
- The patient experiences sensitization to environmental allergens. He develops no symptoms, but the IgE molecule binds to receptors on sensitized mast cells and basophils in a way that prepares them for future allergen exposure.
- When future allergen contact happens, within seconds, degranulation of the mast cells occurs, leading to the release of a wide assortment of inflammatory mediators. The most important of these is histamine, but so are
prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines. This is the early phase of ocular allergies.
- The late phase begins hours after the initial activation and involves additional inflammatory cells.
Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and T lymphocytes infiltrate the conjunctival
mucosa. Recurrence and prolongation of symptoms are a result of a variety of mediators released by these additional inflammatory cells.
In the following sections, I'll discuss how to manage ocular allergies with different medications.
Reviewing OTC allergy drugs
OTC ocular allergy drugs such as
Opcon-A, Visine-A and Naphcon-A contain an H1-receptor antihistamine (either antazoline or
pheniramine) and a vasoconstrictor (either naphazoline or tetrahydrozaline). The antihistamine component
tively blocks the H1 receptors on the nocioceptive type-C nerves of the mucosal membranes.
The result is a significant decrease in ocular itching but little effect on ocular redness or swelling. The vasoconstrictor component works on the conjunctival blood vessels to decrease redness. The problem with these OTC drops are manifold:
- Many patients complain that their eyes sting, burn and tear upon instillation.
- OTC drops have a duration of action of two hours, but are recommended for use
q.i.d. That only covers eight hours of relief.
- Chronic use of these drops often leads to
tachyphylaxis, rebound conjunctivitis and a permanent loss of ocular vessel tone.
These problems are a main reason why we should use the following prescription anti-allergy drugs for our patients. The drugs listed in the following categories are more effective and carry less adverse effects.
Increasing Lens Wearing Time in
According to a recent study, nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution
(Alocril) may increase the contact lens tolerability and prolong contact lens wearing time in patients who choose to wear contact lenses despite allergy symptoms.
The study observed 59 patients who had a history of seasonal or perennial allergic conjunctivitis and who wore disposable lenses for six hours each day for at least 30 days before entering the study. Patients were randomized to receive either nedocromil or artificial tears
b.i.d. for four weeks. Both medications produced a significant increase in daily contact lens wear time after four weeks of use.
At the four-week follow-up visit, the mean increase in daily contact lens wear time was statistically greater in the nedocromil group (1.7 hours) than in the tears group (0.7 hours). Investigators also noted improvement in the allergy symptoms of 67.7% of the nedocromil patients versus 35.7% of the tears patients.
The results of the study, funded in part by an unrestricted grant from
Allergan, were presented at last May's Association of Vision Research and Ophthalmology meeting by Joseph
Tauber, M.D., of the Hunkeler Eye Centers.
Two common topical antihistamines are emedastine difumarate
(Emadine) and levocabastine HCl (Livostin). These compounds are primarily H1-receptor antagonists, which help relieve redness and itching.
Because their duration of action is three to four hours, patients must use them
q.i.d. They have little impact on other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and
leukotrienes, so they have minimal effect on conjunctival swelling. They are best used for the mild allergy sufferer who doesn't respond to artificial tears.
Managing predictable attacks
Medications such as pemirolast potassium
(Alamast), crom-olyn sodium (Crolom), lodoxa
mide tromethamine (Alomide) and nedocromil sodium (Alocril) prevent mast cell degranulation by interfering with a critical calcium intake step that occurs after antigen-antibody binding. By
interfering with the calcium intake, the medicine blocks the release of histamine and stalls the allergic process.
Mast cell stabilizers don't relieve existing symptoms of allergy; they prevent them from occurring. This works well in a patient who has a seasonal, predictable history of allergies where you see him several weeks before the anticipated onset of symptoms and start him on the drops
prophylactically. They don't work well if a patient's allergy isn't limited to discrete, predictable attacks.
Dual-acting compounds such as olopatadine HCl
(Patanol), ketotifen fumarate (Zaditor) and azelastine HCl (Optivar) combine the quick response of antihistamines with the prolonged action of mast cell stabilizers. This is a considerable advantage over mast cell stabilizers that do nothing for the immediate needs of the allergy sufferer. It's also better than topical antihistamines, which do nothing for the delayed response of ocular allergies.
Of the drugs in this category, olopatadine has the broadest range of approvals while ketotifen has the longest duration of action -- 12 hours. Although both olopatadine and azelastine are indicated for
b.i.d. dosing, their duration of action is only eight hours.
Azelastine is described as a mast cell stabilizer as well as an antihistamine, but this statement hasn't been confirmed in human studies. In addition, olopatadine and ketotifen show a positive effect on rhinitis and sinusitis in combination allergy sufferers. It's proposed that this effect is caused by the draining of topical ocular anti-allergic medications through the nasolacrimal duct to the inferior turbinate of the nose. This is beneficial for patients who have watery eyes and runny noses.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) such as ketorolac tromethamine (Acular) and diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) decrease the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase pathway.
By inhibiting this pathway, NSAIDs help alleviate patient complaints of itchiness and conjunctival swelling with minimal effect on ocular redness.
The main problems with prescribing NSAIDs is that patients must take them
q.i.d. (so compliance becomes an issue) and they can delay corneal wound healing. O.D.s rarely use NSAIDs to treat seasonal allergy anymore because of newer, more effective medications.
Steroids are often used for severe and chronic forms of allergy (such as
VKC, AKC and allergic giant papillary conjunctivitis). Steroids act by blocking a vital enzyme in the arachidonic acid pathway of prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. Their clinical use in ocular allergies is usually limited to patients who don't respond to other treatments.
When prescribing this class (which includes loteprednol etabonate
[Alrex], rimexolone [Vexol], fluorometholone [FML] and prednisolone acetate [PredForte]), prescribe the steroid first to decrease symptoms and then switch over to a combination mast cell stabilizer/antihistamine.
The safety and efficacy profile of loteprednol usually makes it the steroid of choice, although you can safely use the others for short time periods.
|Classifying Your Allergy Cases
When faced with a red, irritated eye, the presence of itching should point to allergy. If a patient complains only of burning and stinging, then the diagnosis may be dry eye. If you note any discharge that you can't described as thin and water, then you must rule out an infection.
Once you properly diagnose a patient's ocular allergy, rank her condition as mild, moderate or severe and proceed as suggested below:
Try using artificial tears. By increasing the cleansing effects of tears and diluting away the offending allergens, the natural defenses of the eye may sufficiently alleviate your patient's symptoms.
Moderate. Initiate treatment with the combination antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers, which are excellent for providing fast and long-lasting relief. Because many of these drugs are dosed
b.i.d., they won't interfere with contact lens use.
Start treatment with a combination antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer and a topical steroid for a period of two weeks and then taper the steroid and keep the patient on the other drop for long-term management.
After initiating treatment for ocular allergies, always have the patient return for follow up to make sure that his condition is under control. If treatment included the use of a topical steroid, always make sure to check intraocular pressure at this visit.
The skinny on oral meds
The more popular drugs include diphenhydramine HCl (Benadryl), fexofenadine HCl
(Allegra), loratadine (Claritin) and cetirizine HCl (Zyrtec). Many patients think that the oral anti-allergy medications are stronger, but be forewarned. These drugs inhibit muscarinic receptors, leading to mucosal dryness. A dry eye with a defective tear film offers less protection against the allergens and pollutants.
Thus, oral antihistamines may actually exacerbate ocular allergies by lowering the defense offered by a healthy tear film. If your patient has complaints only dealing with his eyes and you have him on systemic medication, consider a change.
Scanning the future
The development of new agents is ongoing. A new formulation of olopatadine with a higher concentration to maximize efficacy and increased duration of action will be introduced in early 2003. Early studies indicate that this drug might be efficacious with once-daily dosing.
For example, Allergan has presented clinical studies with its new histamine blocker,
epinastine. EV131 (Evolutec, Ltd.), a novel histamine-binding protein with anti-inflammatory properties should enter clinical trials by the end of the year.
Research is ongoing for the development of leukotriene blockers, new generation prosta-glandin blockers such as COX-2 inhibitors, adhesion molecule blockers and binding proteins. With our present selection of anti-allergy medicine, combined with those awaiting future release, we shouldn't have a hard time diagnosing and treating ocular allergies.
Our knowledge of available drugs, their benefits and their downfalls, will make our patients happier and they'll appreciate us more than they do the results they get from self medicating.
has no financial
interests in any of the companies or products mentioned in this article. You can reach him at
Optometric Management, Issue: February 2003