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1 Definition and history
Simplicial volume is a homotopy invariant of oriented closed connected manifolds that was introduced by Gromov in his proof of Mostow rigidity [Munkholm1980][Gromov1982]. Intuitively, simplicial volume measures how difficult it is to describe the manifold in question in terms of simplices (with real coefficients):
Definition (Simplicial volume) 1.1. Let be an oriented closed connected manifold of dimension . Then the simplicial volume of (also called the Gromov norm of ) is defined as
where is the fundamental class of with real coefficients.
- Here, denotes the -norm on the singular chain complex with real coefficients induced from the (unordered) basis given by all singular simplices, i.e.: for a topological space and a chain (in reduced form), the -norm of is given by
- Moreover, denotes the -semi-norm on singular homology with real coefficients, which is induced by . More explicitly, if is a topological space and , then
Convention 1.2. In the following, if not explicitly stated otherwise, all manifolds are topological manifolds and are of non-zero dimension.
2 Functoriality and elementary examples
The -semi-norm is functorial in the following sense [Gromov1999, Section 5.34]:
Proposition (Functoriality of the -semi-norm) 2.1. If is a continuous map of topological spaces and , then
as can be seen by inspecting the definition of and of .
- Let be a map of oriented closed connected manifolds of the same dimension. Then
- Because homotopy equivalences of oriented closed connected manifolds have degree or , it follows that simplicial volume indeed is a homotopy invariant of oriented closed connected manifolds.
Hence, all oriented closed connected manifolds admitting a self-map of non-trivial degree (i.e., not equal to , , or ) have vanishing simplicial volume; for instance, the simplicial volume of all
- (odd-dimensional) real projective spaces
- complex projective spaces
is zero. Similarly, any oriented closed connected smooth manifold that admits a non-trivial smooth -action has vanishing simplicial volume [Yano1982].
3 "Computing" simplicial volume
In most cases, trying to compute simplicial volume by inspecting the definition proves to be futile; the two main sources for non-trivial estimates and inheritance properties of simplicial volume are:
- Geometric approach: The connection between simplicial volume and Riemannian geometry (see below).
- Algebraic approach: The connection between simplicial volume and bounded cohomology (see below).
3.1 Simplicial volume and Riemannian geometry
A fascinating aspect of simplicial volume is that it is a homotopy invariant encoding non-trivial information about the Riemannian volume. The most fundamental result of this type is Gromov's Main Inequality [Gromov1982, Section 0.5] and the resulting lower bound of the minimal volume in terms of the simplicial volume [Gromov1982, Section 0.5] (the improved upper bound is due to Besson, Courtois, and Gallot [Besson&Courtois&Gallot1991, Théorème D]):
Theorem (Main Inequality) 3.1. For all oriented closed connected Riemannian -manifolds whose Ricci curvature is bounded from below by we have
Theorem (Simplicial volume and minimal volume) 3.2. For all oriented closed connected smooth -manifolds we have
The minimal volume [Gromov1982] of a complete smooth manifold is defined as
Theorem (Simplicial volume and negative sectional curvature) 3.3.
- The simplicial volume of oriented closed connected Riemannian manifolds of negative sectional curvature is non-zero. More precisely: For every there is a constant such that the following holds: If is an oriented closed connected Riemannian -manifold whose sectional curvature is bounded from above by , then
- Let be an oriented closed connected hyperbolic -manifold. Then , where is the supremal volume of all geodesic -simplices in hyperbolic -space (indeed, is finite [Thurston1978, Proposition 6.1.4]).
The proof of the lower bound consists of "straightening" fundamental cycles to cycles consisting only of singular simplices whose lifts to the Riemannian universal covering are geodesic.
It is well known that [Thurston1978, p. 6.3], and hence, for any oriented closed connected surface of genus we have .
Generalisations of Theorem 3.3 are:
- The proportionality principle for simplicial volume (Theorem 4.4);
- the non-vanishing of the simplicial volume of oriented closed connected locally symmetric spaces of non-compact type [Lafont&Schmidt2006] (which is obtained by a combination of a generalised straightening using estimates of Connell and Farb [Connell&Farb2003] and the proportionality principle);
- non-vanishing results for certain manifolds with negatively curved fundamental group (see below);
- the construction of (aspherical) oriented closed connected manifolds of non-zero simplicial volume via (relative) hyperbolisation techniques [Belegradek2006].
3.2 Simplicial volume and bounded cohomology
Proposition (Duality principle) 3.4. Let be a topological space, let , and let . Then
Corollary 3.5. Let be an oriented closed connected -manifold. Then (where denotes the cohomology class dual to the real fundamental class of ):
For the sake of completeness, we review the definition of bounded cohomology of topological spaces:
Definition (Bounded cohomology) 3.6. Let be a topological space, and let .
- If is a cochain, then we write
If , then is a bounded cochain.
- We write for the subspace of bounded cochains. Notice that is a subcomplex of the singular cochain complex, called the bounded cochain complex of .
- The cohomology of is the bounded cohomology of . (It is not difficult to see that every continuous map induces a homomorphism on the level of bounded cohomology; turning into a contravariant functor).
- The norm on the bounded cochain complex induces a semi-norm on bounded cohomology: If , then
- The natural inclusion induces a natural homomorphism , the comparison map.
Bounded cohomology was originally introduced by Trauber. Gromov further developed bounded cohomology and studied its relation with the (Riemannian) volume of manifolds [Gromov1982]. A more algebraic approach to bounded cohomology was subsequently developed by Brooks [Brooks1978], Ivanov [Ivanov1985], Noskov [Noskov1990], Monod [Monod2001][Monod2006], and Bühler [Bühler2008].
In the context of simplicial volume, bounded cohomology contributed to establish vanishing results in the presence of amenable fundamental groups, non-vanishing results in the presence of certain types of negative curvature, and inheritance properties with respect to products, connected sums and shared Riemannian coverings.
4 Inheritance properties
4.1 Finite Coverings
Simplicial volume is multiplicative with respect to finite coverings:
Proposition (Simplicial volume and finite coverings) 4.1. Let be a covering map of oriented closed connected manifolds, and let be the (finite!) number of sheets of . Then
For the proof notice that and that by functoriality (Corollary 2.2); to show the converse inequality one can use the transfer on singular chains.
Theorem (Simplicial volume and products) 4.2. Let and be oriented closed connected manifolds. Then
A proof of the right hand estimate can be given by looking at the concrete description of in terms of the cross-product of singular chains; a proof of the left hand estimate can be obtained by using the duality principle (Corollary 3.5) and the fact that the norm is submultiplicative with respect to the cross-product of (bounded) singular cochains.
Notice that simplicial volume in general is not multiplicative: Bucher-Karlsson [Bucher-Karlsson2008, Corollary 2] proved that holds for all oriented closed connected surfaces , of genus at least (and (see above)).
4.3 Connected sums
Simplicial volume is additive with respect to connected sums in the following sense [Gromov1982, p. 10]:
Theorem (Simplicial volume and connected sums) 4.3. Let and be oriented closed connected manifolds of dimension at least . Then
Notice that simplicial volume in general is not additive with respect to connected sums in dimension : The simplicial volume of the torus is zero (see above), but the simplicial volume of an oriented closed connected surface of genus is non-zero (see above) is non-zero.
The proof of Theorem 4.3 is based on the mapping theorem in bounded cohomology (Theorem 5.1) and a careful analysis of so-called tree-like complexes [Gromov1982, Section 3.5]. Generalising these arguments, it can be seen that also additivity for simplicial volume with respect to certain "amenable" gluings holds [Kuessner2001].
4.4 Fibre bundles
- In low dimensions, there is a relation between the simplicial volume of the total space of a fibre bundle of oriented closed connected manifolds and the product of the simplicial volume of base and fibre [Hoster&Kotschick2001][Bucher-Karlsson2009].
- However, in general, the simplicial volume of a fibre bundle of oriented closed connected manifolds is not related in an obvious way to the simplicial volume of base and fibre [Hoster&Kotschick2001]: There exist oriented closed connected hyperbolic -manifolds that fibre over the circle. However, the circle has simplicial volume equal to zero, while the simplicial volume of the hyperbolic -manifold in question is non-zero (Theorem 3.3).
- In certain cases, amenable fibres force the simplicial volume to vanish (see below).
4.5 Proportionality principle
For hyperbolic manifolds the simplicial volume is proportional to the Riemannian volume. Gromov and Thurston generalised this result suitably to cover all Riemannian manifolds:
Theorem (Proportionality principle) 4.4. Let and be oriented closed connected Riemannian manifolds that have isometric Riemannian universal coverings. Then
Both Gromov's and Thurston's proof of this result make use of an averaging process. More precisely:
- Gromov's strategy: Use the duality principle (Corollary 3.5) and average (bounded) continuous singular cochains over the isometry group of the Riemannian universal covering modulo the fundamental group; this requires a careful analysis of the relation between (bounded) continuous singular cohomology and (bounded) singular cohomology [Gromov1982, Section 2.3][Bucher-Karlsson2008a][Frigerio2009].
- Thurston's strategy: Replace singular homology by measure homology, and average/smear measure chains over the isometry group of the Riemannian universal covering; this requires a careful analysis of the relation between measure homology and singular homology [Thurston1978, p. 6.9][Löh2005][Löh2006].
5 Simplicial volume and the fundamental group
In view of the duality principle (Corollary 3.5) we can interpret simplicial volume in terms of bounded cohomology. The key to deducing interesting consequences for simplicial volume from bounded cohomology is the relation of bounded cohomology to the fundamental group via the mapping theorem (Theorem 5.1), and the relation of bounded cohomology to geometric group theory (see below).
5.1 Background: Mapping theorem in bounded cohomology
Theorem (Mapping theorem in bounded cohomology) 5.1. Let be a (base-point preserving) continuous map between connected countable CW-complexes such that is surjective and has amenable kernel.
- Then the induced map in bounded cohomology is an isometric isomorphism.
- In particular, the map is isometric with respect to the -semi-norm . (In general, this does not say anything about injectivity/surjectivity of ).
Notice however that simplicial volume does not depend only on the fundamental group, but rather on the classifying map to ; for instance, any oriented closed connected hyperbolic manifold satisfies
More generally, if is an oriented closed connected -manifold whose fundamental group has (rational) cohomological dimension less than , then .
5.2 Amenability and vanishing results
Direct consequences of the mapping theorem for bounded cohomology (Theorem 5.1) are:
- The simplicial volume of oriented closed connected manifolds with amenable fundamental group is zero;
- this includes, in particular, the case of trivial, Abelian, solvable, and nilpotent fundamental groups.
- Let be an oriented closed connected manifold that is the total space of a fibration whose base and fibre are oriented closed connected manifolds (of non-zero dimension), and where the fibre has amenable fundamental group. Then [Lück2002, Exercise 14.15 and p. 556].
More generally: A stronger vanishing result for the comparison map for spaces with amenable coverings of small multiplicity, [Gromov1982, Vanishing Finiteness Theorem on p. 58][Ivanov1985, Corollary 6.3], leads to the following statement: If is an oriented closed connected -manifold that admits a covering by amenable open subsets of multiplicity at most , then .
5.3 Hyperbolicity and non-vanishing results
The non-vanishing of the simplicial volume of Riemannian manifolds with negative sectional curvature (Theorem 3.3) together with the duality principle implies that the cohomological fundamental class of such a manifold lies in the image of the comparison map . More generally, Mineyev showed that (in the case of rationally essential manifolds) the condition of negative sectional curvature can be relaxed to word hyperbolicity of the fundamental group [Mineyev2001][Mineyev2002]:
Theorem (Bounded cohomology and word hyperbolic groups) 5.2. Let be a finitely presented group. Then the following are equivalent:
- The group is word hyperbolic.
- The comparison map is surjective for all and all Banach -modules .
Corollary (Simplicial volume and word hyperbolic fundamental groups) 5.3. Let be an oriented closed connected manifold of dimension at least that is rationally essential (e.g., aspherical). If the fundamental group of is word hyperbolic, then .
6 Variations of simplicial volume
For simplicity, in the previous sections we only considered the case that all manifolds in question were orientable and closed (and connected). In the following, we briefly list possible extensions of the definition of simplicial volume to larger classes of manifolds.
6.1 Simplicial volume of manifolds with boundary
For oriented connected compact -manifolds with boundary, the relative simplicial volume is defined as the -semi-norm on relative singular homology of the relative fundamental class [Gromov1982][Kuessner2001]; the extension of simplicial volume to manifolds with boundary plays an important role in the theory of -manifolds (see below).
6.2 Simplicial volume of non-compact manifolds
Non-compact, oriented, connected manifolds have a fundamental class in locally finite homology; notice that there is a (possibly infinite) -semi-norm on locally finite homology with real coefficients. There are two main flavours of simplicial volumes of non-compact manifolds -- a topological one and a geometric one (where a Lipschitz condition is imposed on the fundamental cycles):
- Topological version [Gromov1982]: Let be an oriented connected -manifold without boundary, and let be its locally finite fundamental class (with real coefficients). Then the simplicial volume of is defined as the -semi-norm of .
- For all proper continuous maps between oriented connected manifolds without boundary of the same dimension we have the inequality
- Notice that the simplicial volume of non-compact manifolds can be infinite; e.g., . In particular, if is an oriented compact connected manifold with boundary, then in general the simplicial volume of the interior and the relative simplicial volume of (which is always finite) do not coincide; the finiteness of can be characterised in terms of -homology [Löh2008].
- However, the simplicial volume of non-compact manifolds vanishes for many interesting manifolds [Gromov1982, p. 58f][Löh&Sauer2009], and it does not behave well with respect to taking products: for instance, , but [Gromov1982, p. 8f][Löh2008].
where, is the supremum of the Lipschitz constants of all singular simplices occurring in .
- Lipschitz simplicial volume is functorial with respect to proper Lipschitz maps between Riemannian manifolds of the same dimension (so, one application of the Lipschitz simplicial volume are degree theorems for proper Lipschitz maps between non-compact manifolds [Löh&Sauer2009]).
- The Lipschitz simplicial volume is (up to a dimension constant) a lower bound for the minimal volume [Gromov1982].
- The Lipschitz simplicial volume of locally symmetric spaces of finite volume and non-compact type is non-zero [Löh&Sauer2009].
- The Lipschitz simplicial volume of Hilbert modular varieties coincides with the simplicial volume [Löh&Sauer2009a].
- The Lipschitz simplicial volume behaves better than the topologically defined simplicial volume with respect to taking products [Löh&Sauer2009], and there is a version of the proportionality principle for the Lipschitz simplicial volume [Gromov1982, p. 80][Löh&Sauer2009].
6.3 Simplicial volume of non-orientable manifolds
The simplicial volume of a connected non-orientable manifold is defined as , where is the orientation double covering of ; in view of the multiplicativity of the simplicial volume (of oriented manifolds) with respect to finite coverings, this definition is reasonable.
Typically, simplicial volume is used as a tool to establish topological rigidity properties of the Riemannian volume or non-vanishing of the minimal volume of certain manifolds. Two prominent examples are Gromov's proof of Mostow rigidity and degree theorems.
7.1 Mostow rigidity
Hyperbolic manifolds are completely determined by their homotopy type, i.e., hyperbolic manifolds are rigid in the following sense [Mostow1968]:
Theorem (Mostow rigidity) 7.1. Let and be oriented closed connected hyperbolic manifolds of the same dimension . If is a homotopy equivalence, then there is an isometry homotopic to . In particular, any oriented closed connected smooth manifold of dimension at least can admit at most one hyperbolic structure.
One decisive step in Gromov's proof [Munkholm1980][Benedetti&Petronio1992, Chapter C][Ratcliffe1994, Chapter 11] of Mostow rigidity is to show that if two oriented closed connected hyperbolic manifolds are homotopy equivalent, they have to have the same volume; Gromov introduced simplicial volume in this context as it provides an elegant way of establishing this fact (using the relation to the hyperbolic volume (Theorem 3.3) and the functoriality of the simplicial volume (Corollary 2.2)).
7.2 Degree theorems
A degree theorem is a theorem of the following form:
Metatheorem (Degree theorem) 7.2. Let and be certain suitable classes of Riemannian manifolds of the same dimension -- the domain manifolds and the target manifolds. Then there is a constant with the following property: For all , all and all continuous maps we have
The art is to find suitable classes of domain and target manifolds. The functoriality of simplicial volume (Corollary 2.2) and the relationship between the Riemannian volume of closed hyperbolic manifolds and the simplicial volume (Theorem 3.3) combine to give a degree theorem for hyperbolic manifolds:
Degree theorem for hyperbolic manifolds 7.3. Let and be oriented closed connected hyperbolic manifolds of the same dimension. Then
holds for any continuous map .
In a similar way, non-vanishing results for simplicial volume together with Gromov's estimate of the minimal volume in terms of the simplicial volume give rise to more general degree theorems [Gromov1982, Section 0.5][Lafont&Schmidt2006] (complementing and extending the original degree theorem in higher rank by Connell and Farb [Connell&Farb2003]), and parallel results for the Lipschitz simplicial volume of non-compact Riemannian manifolds lead to degree theorems for proper Lipschitz maps between certain non-compact manifolds [Löh&Sauer2009] (complementing and extending the degree theorem by Connell and Farb [Connell&Farb2003]).
7.3 Dehn fillings and Riemannian volume
Using the relation between the simplicial volume of hyperbolic manifolds and the hyperbolic volume (a generalised version that also covers non-compact manifolds and manifolds with boundary), Thurston proved that hyperbolic Dehn fillings of complete hyperbolic -manifolds of finite volume decrease the Riemannian volume [Thurston1978, Theorem 6.5.6].
7.4 Recognising graph manifolds
Simplicial volume recognises graph manifolds:
- The gluing formula for gluings along tori [Gromov1982][Kuessner2001], the fact that the simplicial volume of hyperbolic manifolds is proportional to the Riemannian volume, and the fact that the simplicial volume of Seifert -manifolds is zero show that the simplicial volume of a -manifold (possibly with boundary) that has a geometric decomposition is proportional to the sum of the volumes of the hyperbolic pieces in such a decomposition. Therefore, a -manifold that has a geometric decomposition is a graph manifold if and only if it has zero simplicial volume. (Together with Perelman's proof of geometrisation for -manifolds this means that a -manifold is a graph manifold if and only if it has zero simplicial volume.)
- In a similar spirit, one can show the following: Let be a Haken -manifold whose boundary is a union of tori such that any manifold obtained from by Dehn fillings has simplicial volume equal to zero. Then is a graph manifold [Boileau&Leeb&Porti2005, Proposition 10.17][Boileau&Maillot&Porti2003, Proposition 9.36]. This result is used in an alternative proof [Bessières&Besson&Boileau&Maillot&Porti2007] of the last step in Perelman's proof of the Geometrisation Conjecture for aspherical -manifolds.
7.5 A conjecture on the simplicial volume of knot complements
H. Murakami and J. Murakami conjectured, similar to the volume conjecture for knots [Kashaev1997], that the simplicial volume of a knot complement should be related to the asymptotic growth rate of the coloured Jones polynomials of the knot in question [Murakami&Murakami2001, Conjecture 5.1]; if this conjecture holds, then the (finite type) Vassiliev invariants are able to detect triviality of a knot [Murakami&Murakami2001].
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9 External Links
- The Wikipedia page on simplicial volume.