White perch is a small, silvery fish with a dark, highly domed back. It lives in fresh and brackish waters throughout the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries.
White perch grow seven to ten inches in length and rarely weigh more than one pound. They have a silvery, greenish-gray body with faint lines on the sides; a whitish belly; and a highly domed, gray or blackish black. Their lower jaw is slightly projecting. They have a mildly forked tail, three spines on their anal fin, and a deep notch in their dorsal fin. The first part of the dorsal fin also has several spines.
Live on flats and in channels in shallow, fresh and brackish waters. Also frequent quiet, freshwater streams. In winter, they move to deep channels.
Spend entire life in the Chesapeake Bay and tidal tributaries, the white perch is common in nearly every Bay river.
Adults eat small fish, insects, detritus, and fish eggs and larvae. Juveniles feed on tiny zooplankton, including insects and crustaceans.
Predators include bluefish, weakfish and striped bass. Humans catch white perch recreationally.
The white perch is considered to be semi-anadromous because it does not travel all the way from the ocean to its spawning grounds in freshwater rivers. Spawning runs begin when water temperatures increase in late March. Adults move upstream to fresh or slightly brackish streams and rivers. After spawning, adults migrate back downstream. Eggs hatch in approximately 1 to 6 days. Juveniles remain in the shallows of their natal rivers through summer and autumn. As they grow, juveniles migrate downstream to brackish waters. White perch can live as long as 17 years.