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Nanomaterials 2013, 3(4), 574-582; doi:10.3390/nano3040574
Abstract: This investigation studies CoFeB/AlOx/Co magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) in the magnetic field of a low-frequency alternating current, for various thicknesses of the barrier layer AlOx. The low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) and phase angle (θ) of the CoFeB/AlOx/Co MTJ are determined using an χac analyzer. The driving frequency ranges from 10 to 25,000 Hz. These multilayered MTJs are deposited on a silicon substrate using a DC and RF magnetron sputtering system. Barrier layer thicknesses are 22, 26, and 30 Å. The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) include a main peak at 2θ = 44.7° from hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Co with a highly (0002) textured structure, with AlOx and CoFeB as amorphous phases. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Co(0002) peak, decreases as the AlOx thickness increases; revealing that the Co layer becomes more crystalline with increasing thickness. χac result demonstrates that the optimal resonance frequency (fres) that maximizes the χac value is 500 Hz. As the frequency increases to 1000 Hz, the susceptibility decreases rapidly. However, when the frequency increases over 1000 Hz, the susceptibility sharply declines, and almost closes to zero. The experimental results reveal that the mean optimal susceptibility is 1.87 at an AlOx barrier layer thickness of 30 Å because the Co(0002) texture induces magneto-anisotropy, which improves the indirect CoFeB and Co spin exchange-coupling strength and the χac value. The results concerning magnetism indicate that the magnetic characteristics are related to the crystallinity of Co.
Recently, ferromagnetic exchange-coupling in magnetic fields has been extensively examined. Exchange-coupling has been discussed following the discovery of spintronics [1,2,3]. Magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) have a sandwiched structure, which is composed of a top ferromagnetic (FM1) layer, an insulating tunneling layer (spacer), and a bottom ferromagnetic (FM2) layer, which can be utilized in high-density read/write heads, magnetoresistance random access memories (MRAM) and gauge sensor applications. This structure yields a very large magnetoresistance (MR) owing to spin-dependent tunneling effect [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Numerous factors influence the magnetoresistance, such as the indirect spin exchange-coupling of ferromagnetic layers, and the quality of the insulating tunneling layer, which affect the magnetic performance. The indirect exchange coupling between FM1 and FM2 layers in MTJs is interesting to investigate because the indirect exchange coupling can influence saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) . However, a high-quality MTJ must have superior ferromagnetic layers, a high spin-polarization, a microstructure that is as close to ideal as possible, and indirect spin exchange-coupling between the FM1 and FM2 ferromagnetic layers. However, most MTJ research has focused on tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR). Additionally, most relevant investigations of magnetism have focused on high-frequency magnetic impedance (MI) . Only a few have focused on low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) and the optimal resonance frequency (fres). Susceptibility to low-frequency alternate-current magnetism and the effect of the thickness of the tunneling barrier on indirect exchange coupling between FM1 and FM2 in the CoFeB/AlOx/Co junction are worthy of study. In this study, the thickness of CoFeB and Co is 75 Å and the AlOx barrier thickness is varied among 22, 26, and 30 Å. The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) includes a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Co(0002)-textured structure at 2θ = 44.7°, and AlOx and CoFeB are amorphous phases. The results concerning χac reveal that the susceptibility distribution is optimal at low frequency. The three highest values of susceptibility for each sample are averaged. When the thickness of the AlOx barrier is 30 Å, the mean susceptibility is highest, at 1.87, it is lowest, 1.19, at a barrier thickness of 22 Å. In summary, the susceptibility was very sensitive to variable AlOx barrier thickness. The susceptibility results demonstrate that the magnetic characteristics are related to the Co crystallinity and the thickness of the AlOx barriers.
2. Results and Discussion
Figure 1 presents the XRD patterns of the laminated CoFeB(75 Å)/AlOx(d)/Co(75 Å) MTJ junctions. They reveal that the junctions have a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Co(0002) texture at 2θ = 44.7°. The microstructures of CoFeB and AlOx are amorphous. According to previous references [13,14], we can also reasonably conclude that the diffracted peak is Co(0002). Therefore, the HCP Co(0002) was identified herein.
The full width at half maximum (FWHM, B) of the Co(0002) peak as a function of AlOx thickness was extracted from a mathematical fit to the data, which is shown in Figure 2. Scherrer’s formula can be written as:
Figure 3 shows the different magnitude and direction of the external magnetic field are provided in χac measurement. According to the result, the in-plane χacsignal of MTJ is larger than the perpendicular χacsignal. It indicates that in-plane direction is easy-axis magnetization of MTJ.
Figure 4 shows the low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) of the multilayered CoFeB/AlOx/Co with AlOx barrier thicknesses of 22, 26 and 30 Å and a variable frequency from 10 to 25,000 Hz. The χac has the following physical meaning. The magnetic material under the external AC magnetic field shows a magnetic property called multiple-frequency AC magnetic susceptibility χac. The origin of χac is due to the association between magnetic spin interactions. The frequency of the applied AC magnetic field equals the frequency of oscillation of the magnetic dipole. Hence, the frequency of the peak of the low-frequency magnetic susceptibility corresponds to the resonant frequency of the oscillation of the magnetic dipole moment inside domains. The χac peak indicates the spin exchange-coupling interaction and dipole moment of domain under frequency . It is reasonably concluded that the physical meaning peaks of the low frequency susceptibility indicate the magnetic exchange coupling between CoFeB and Co layers. The susceptibility peaks relate to the exchange interaction between CoFeB and Co layers closely. The high χac peaks are corresponding to high exchange coupling. From Figure 4, the optimal susceptibility was obtained at the optimal resonance frequency (fres) of 500 Hz for independently of AlOx barrier thickness. It indicates that the optimal exchange-coupling strength of MTJ occurs at 500 Hz. The maximum χac corresponds to the maximum spin sensitivity at fres. Additionally, the susceptibility of the films sharply fell to zero as the frequency was increased over 1000 Hz. The MTJ with a AlOx thickness of 30 Å had the highest χac of approximately 1.87 at a fres of 500 Hz because Co(0002) texture induces a magneto nanocrystalline anisotropy with the maximum χac and fres effect . From this result, multilayered MTJs are reasonably inferred to be ideal for use in low-frequency sensors and transformers. Moreover, for mechanical components, the optimal condition is suitable in each MTJ, because the optimal resonance frequency of 500 Hz is stable.
Figure 5 plots the mean optimal susceptibility and phase angle for AlOx barriers with thicknesses of 22, 26, and 30 Å. The average phase angle corresponds to the mean optimal susceptibility. It is 49.07°, 94.94°, and 156.71°, at thicknesses of 22, 26, and 30 Å, respectively. From Table 1 and Figure 5, the mean optimal susceptibility increases from 1.19 to 1.87 as the average phase angle varies form 49.07° to 156.71°. The mean maximum χac and phase angle increase with the AlOx barrier thickness because the magneto-anisotropy of Co(0002) texture induces strong indirect spin exchange coupling between CoFeB and Co, increasing χac. The results in Figure 5 also indicate that χac increases with the phase angle. The χac and the phase angle follow vary similarly. Moreover, an increasing phase angle is associated with increasingly sensitive to spin exchange-coupling strength, which is observed as a high susceptibility.
|d (Å)||Optimal susceptibility No. 1||Optimal susceptibility No. 2||Optimal susceptibility No. 3||Average optimal susceptibility||Optimal resonance frequency|
3. Experimental Section
A multilayered MTJ was deposited on a Si(100) substrate by DC and RF magnetron sputtering. The typical base chamber pressure was less than 2 × 10−7 Torr, and the Ar working chamber pressure was 5 × 10−3 Torr. The MTJs had the structure Si(100)/CoFeB(75 Å)/AlOx(d)/Co(75 Å) with d = 22, 26 and 30 Å. The target composition of the CoFeB alloy was 40 at.% Co, 40 at.% Fe, and 20 at.% B. To form an AlOx barrier, Al was firstly deposited on the bottom FM electrode CoFeB layer, and the AlOx layer was then formed by reactive sputtering in an oxidizing atmosphere that comprised a mixture of Ar/O2 in the ratio 9:16. The plasma oxidation time varied from 50 to 70 s as the initial thickness of the Al layer increased from 22 to 30 Å. To examine the microstructure, the degree of Co(0002) layer texturing was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using CuKα1 radiation. The in-plane low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) of MTJ was investigated using an χac analyzer (XacQuan, MagQu Co. Ltd., Sindian City, Taiwan). About the χac measurement, the referenced standard sample is calibrated by χac analyzer with an external field. The size of standard sample is 5 mm × 5 mm. After the calibration is finish, the same size MTJ is placed in χac measurement. The driving frequency ranged from 10 to 25,000 Hz. The χac is determined through the magnetization measurement. All measured samples had the same shape and size to eliminate the demagnetization factor. The χac valve is unitless, because the χac result is corresponding to referenced standard sample.
The CoFeB/AlOx/Co multilayer film is used to investigate the strength of indirect spin exchange-coupling between CoFeB and Co strength and the magnetic property χac, in a low-frequency alternating magnetic field, for various thicknesses of the barrier layer AlOx. The X-ray diffraction patterns include a main peak from highly (0002)-textured hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Co; AlOx and CoFeB are amorphous phases. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Co(0002) peak decreases as the AlOx thickness increases, indicating that the Co layer becomes more crystalline. The results concerning the magnetism of all film samples demonstrate that the maximum χac value is obtained at the optimal fres of 500 Hz. As the frequency increased further to 1000 Hz, the susceptibility rapidly declined. Beyond 1000 Hz, it decreased sharply, almost to zero. As the barrier layer thickness increased, the χac and phase angle increased because the magneto-anisotropy of the Co(0002) texture induced strong indirect spin exchange coupling between CoFeB and Co, increasing χac. Finally, the average optimal susceptibility of CoFeB(75 Å)/AlOx(30 Å)/Co(75 Å) reached 1.87. The susceptibility results indicate that the magnetic characteristics are related to the Co crystallinity and the thickness of the AlOx barrier. These multilayered MTJs have a high susceptibility in a low-frequency alternate-current magnetic field, making them favorable for use in low-frequency storage drives and magnetic recording media.
This work was supported by the National Science Council, under Grant No. NSC100-2112-M-214-001-MY3.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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