A Capital Expenditure is money a company spends to acquire or upgrade a business asset.
Common examples of a capital expenditure include the purchase of a new building, or the cost of significant upgrades to the equipment in an existing facility. In accounting, a capital expenditure is "capitalized", which means the cost or value of the underlying asset is adjusted for tax purposes and will now include the capital spent to upgrade it. A capital expenditure is considered to be deductible for tax purposes, because it represents an improvement to the business. But it cannot be deducted all at once, in the year in which the money was spent, if the property acquired or upgraded has a useful life longer than the taxable year. In this situation the capital expenditure is subject to Depreciation and Amortization and is deducted over the expected life of the item, rather than all at once, which is what happens with repair or maintenance expenditures.
Thus there is an important distinction between expenses that are "capitalized" by a company and those that are "expensed." A cost for repair or maintenance will appear on a company's Financial statement one time, as a cost incurred that month. But a capital expenditure will be amortized over multiple years, as the value of the underlying asset declines over time, on a company's balance sheet.
Capital expenditure is synonymous with 'capital spending' or 'capital expense' and is also know as CAPEX. The counterpoint of capital expenditures is Operating Expense or OPEX. This is the on-going cost for running a product, business, or system, as opposed to CAPEX which is the cost of developing or providing the parts necessary to make the product or system. For example, the purchase of a laptop computer is a capital expenditure, but the cost of the broadband internet subscription that a worker needs in using the computer is an operating expense.
Capex is commonly found on the Cash Flow Statement as "Investment in Plant Property and Equipment" or something similar in the Investing subsection. Publicly traded companies will often list their capital expenditures for the year in annual reports, which allows stockholders to see how the company is using their money and whether it is investing in its long-term future. Most companies have yearly capital expenditures as they consistently upgrade facilities and equipment.