The requirements seem to contradict each other. If you have to find UNIQUE prime factors then why would you get extra credit for displaying duplicates?
If you just have to find all prime factors, unique or not, then the best place to start is to do it yourself on paper. Do you know how to find prime factors of a number? (If not then you're never going to be able to program a computer to do it.)
If you do then do it on paper for a few different numbers, thinking how a computer might do it. The infamous "show your working" is useful here; this is the part that will lead to an algorithm.
What does the code that you've posted do?
Why would you want to use bit manipulation to solve this? Seems counter-intuitive to me to do it that way. Bit manipulation is good for powers of 2, and there's only one prime number that's a power of 2, and that's 2 itself. Bit manipulation can tell you if something is a multiple of 2 - if bit 0 is 0 then it is, but that doesn't solve the whole problem. How can you tell with bit manipulation if something is divisible by 3? 11? 59?