If the cylinder heads represent the aerobic side of an engine, and the rotating assembly is its muscle, then the camshaft must be the brain. The cam is the component that signals when the valves open and close, timing the valve events to create power.
Appropriately, the cam is also the most complex and often baffling component in an internal combustion engine. That lumpy-bumpy stick with all the lobes commands a whole vocabulary of terms that can be especially confusing. This brief primer on camshaft basics will decipher many of those terms and explain how a camshaft works. Once you have a general understanding of what all this cam talk is about, you can use that knowledge to pick the cam thats best for your engine. We can narrow the discussion of how a cam works down to lift, duration, and overlap as the three most critical components of cam design. Well save the discussion of overlap for a separate story.
A camshaft transforms rotating motion into linear, or straight-line, motion. Whoever designed the first camshaft lobe probably had no idea how complex this egg-shaped device would become. All eccentrics are based on a circle. In camshaft terms, this is called the base circle. From there, you add an eccentric, or lobe, that creates lift. The height of the lobe above the circles radius is the lobe lift of the camshaft.
Lets say we have a lobe lift measuring 0.333 inch. Since the Chevy engines that were interested in are pushrod V-8s, we also must include a rocker arm. The rocker is actuated by the vertical motion of the lifter and pushrod and multiplies lobe lift by the rocker arm ratio. For the classic small-block, the standard ratio is 1.5:1. Multiplying the lobe lift times the rocker ratio will produce gross valve lift (0.333-inch lobe lift times 1.5:1 rocker ratio = 0.499-inch gross valve lift).
Higher rocker ratios can significantly increase valve lift, but this requires stiffer components that can become rather expensive. However, if you have a cylinder head that can flow more air at greater valve lifts, there is power to be made. Creating more lobe lift is not as easy as just making the eccentric taller. Because of physical limitations between the lifter and the cam, more lobe lift requires more distance to create the opening and closing ramps. This is created by extending the length of the ramps.
Duration is the term given to the amount of crank movement (in crankshaft degrees) that the lobe creates lift by pushing the lifter off the base circle. Well go over each of these specs to make them easier to understand. If you look at the size of a camshaft gear relative to the crank gear, youll notice that the cam gear is twice the size of the crank gear. This means that the camshaft spins at half crankshaft speed. To make it easier to understand cam duration, most cam specs are given in crankshaft degrees.
Duration is expressed as the number of degrees of crankshaft rotation used by the lobe to move the lifter. Since the exact point at which the lifter starts to move can be difficult to establish, cam companies use a checking height to establish this movement. The SAE standard is 0.006 inch of lifter rise off the base circle of the cam. Unfortunately, not all companies use this standard. Because different checking heights can make a large difference in the advertised duration of a camshaft, the industry established the common checking height of 0.050 inch for duration. This is the only way to accurately compare duration figures of camshafts >> from different manufacturers.
For each lobe there is an opening and closing point. Duration is expressed as the number of degrees that the crankshaft rotates between these two points. For example, the intake lobe on a Crane PowerMax H-288 cam has an advertised duration of 288 degrees and a 0.050-inch duration of 226 degrees. The 0.050-inch duration will always be less than the advertised duration because it measures between opening and closing points on the lobe that are closer togetherwhere the tappet reaches 0.050-inch rise. The advertised duration for Crane cams is measured at 0.004-inch tappet lift, which encompasses a greater rotation, so the number of degrees will always be higher.
We should also discuss where these opening and closing points occur. Intake opening (IO) usually occurs before top dead center (BTDC), while intake closing (IC) happens after bottom dead center (ABDC). For the exhaust side, exhaust opening (EO) occurs before bottom dead center (BBDC) and exhaust closing (EC) after top dead center (ATDC). These data points are listed on the cam card that comes with each new camshaft. These points can also be verified with the cam in the engine when the camshaft is degreed. If youre not sure of the size of the cam but you know the intake and exhaust opening and closing points, you can determine the duration by simply adding the opening and closing points to 180 degrees. For example, the Crane PowerMax 288 cams 0.050-inch tappet lift numbers are IO at 4 degrees BTDC and IC at 42 degrees ABDC. Add these to 180 degrees and you get 226 degrees (4 + 42 +180 = 226 degrees). This technique also applies to the exhaust lobe.
Now that youre conversant with lift and duration, lets add another detail called the lobe centerline. >> Imagine looking at a lobe split directly down the middle as viewed from the end of the cam. This line would create whats called the intake centerline. The exhaust lobe also has a similar centerline. If you look at a typical cam card, the intake centerline is also expressed in crankshaft degrees ATDC. For example, a Comp Cams 268 Xtreme Energy cam has an intake centerline of 106 degrees ATDC. You can use this information to degree the cam and find the intake centerline for cylinder No. 1 to ensure the cam is installed in the proper relationship to the crankshaft.
When degreeing the cam, its possible that the cam may not always check out in the right place. For example, lets say you degree this cam in your engine and discover the intake centerline is actually installed at 112 degrees ATDC compared to the 106 degree specifications. This means the cam is retarded relative to the cam card spec. To position the cam at 106, the cam must be advanced 6 degrees. Conversely, if we found the cam at 103 degrees ATDC, this is advanced compared to the 106 centerline. Repositioning the intake centerline at 106 degrees ATDC would require retarding the cam 3 degrees.
Single- and Dual-Pattern Cams
Were slowly assembling the building blocks that make up a camshaft. If youve ever looked at the card that comes with a new cam, then perhaps youve noticed that sometimes the intake and exhaust duration specs are similar and other times they are not. A single-pattern cam uses the same duration and lift numbers for both the intake and exhaust lobes, while a dual-pattern cam often employs a longer duration and more lift on the exhaust side. A dual-pattern cam employs more exhaust duration in order to compensate for a weak exhaust port, which is often the case with stock heads.
An interesting phenomenon is now occurring with regard to single- and dual-pattern cams. Before the days of excellent aftermarket heads for the small-block Chevy, most cam manufacturers built single-pattern cams. Once these companies discovered that dual-pattern cams made more power, these cams became the new hot ticket. The emerging pattern now is that most aftermarket heads offer such strong exhaust ports that the shift to a single-pattern cam will make more power. Expect to see the cam companies again move back to an emphasis on single-pattern cams as cylinder heads continue to improve.
Its tough to condense this massive subject down into a few short paragraphs, but the key to cam selection is to be brutally truthful when it comes to how you intend to use the engine in question. If you intend to build a daily driver, keep the duration short with an eye toward decent lift for the length of the duration. Dont succumb to the temptation to put the biggest cam you can find into your daily driver. All the cam companies offer comprehensive cam selection procedures based on compression, cruise rpm at 60 mph, and transmission type. This is an attempt to establish a torquey cam selection that will not kill low-speed power with too much overlap.
We really needed about 10 more pages to adequately cover the topic of camshaft basics, but short of that, lift and duration are the most critical points to understanding cam timing. Proper camshaft timing is critical to extracting the most power from any engine and its difficult to hit the power bulls-eye on the first try. If camshafts seem a bit confusing, youre on the right track to zeroing in on understanding the basics. Once youve mastered the basics, you can then move on to more complex issues like overlap, asymmetrical lobes, inverted flank roller profiles, and intriguing stuff like that. Hey, its gotta be more fun than collecting butterflies.