|Número de publicación||US7563631 B2|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 11/582,373|
|Fecha de publicación||21 Jul 2009|
|Fecha de presentación||18 Oct 2006|
|Fecha de prioridad||25 Jun 2003|
|También publicado como||US7138287, US7187018, US20040262609, US20050042793, US20070072333|
|Número de publicación||11582373, 582373, US 7563631 B2, US 7563631B2, US-B2-7563631, US7563631 B2, US7563631B2|
|Inventores||Chandra Mouli, Howard E. Rhodes|
|Cesionario original||Micron Technology, Inc.|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (26), Clasificaciones (12), Eventos legales (2)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
The present application is a continuation application of Ser. No. 10/932,287, filed Sep. 2, 2004, which is a divisional application of Ser. No. 10/602,721, filed Jun. 25, 2003, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by Reference in their entirely.
The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor devices, particularly to an improved pixel cell for high efficiency charge transfer and reduced lag.
CMOS imagers are increasingly being used as low cost imaging devices. A CMOS image sensor circuit includes a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells includes a photogate, photoconductor, or photodiode having an associated a charge accumulation region within a substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge. Each pixel cell may include a transistor for transferring charge from the charge accumulation region to a sensing node, and a transistor, for resetting a sensing node to a predetermined charge level prior to charge transference. The pixel cell may also include a source follower transistor for receiving and amplifying charge from the sensing node and an access transistor for controlling the readout of the cell contents from the source follower transistor.
In a CMOS image sensor, the active elements of a pixel cell perform the necessary functions of: (1) photon to charge conversion; (2) accumulation of image charge; (3) transfer of charge to the sensing node accompanied by charge amplification; (4) resetting the sensing node to a known state before the transfer of charge to it; (5) selection of a pixel for readout; and (6) output and amplification of a signal representing pixel charge from the sensing node.
CMOS image sensors of the type discussed above are generally known as discussed, for example, in Nixon et al., “256×256 CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Camera-on-a-Chip,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31(12), pp. 2046-2050 (1996); and Mendis et al., “CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 41(3), pp. 452-453 (1994). See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,333 and 6,204,524, which describe operation of conventional CMOS image sensors, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A schematic top view of a portion of a semiconductor wafer fragment containing one exemplary CMOS pixel cell is shown in
In the CMOS pixel cell 10 depicted in
In conventional CMOS pixel cells having pinned photodiode's, such as pinned photodiode 21, potential barriers may exist near a transfer gate/pinned photodiode overlap region 30, where the transfer gate 50 and the pinned photodiode 21 are in close proximity.
An example of a potential barrier 31 which may exist near the transfer gate/pinned photodiode overlap region 30 is shown in
The existence of a potential barrier near the overlap region 30 is a problem in CMOS image sensors, particularly for low voltage sensors. The potential barrier results in incomplete charge transfer from the photodiode 21 causing image lag and reduced charge transfer efficiency. Previous methods to reduce this potential barrier have resulted in degraded sub-threshold leakage current for the transfer transistor. It is difficult to optimize both the potential barrier and sub-threshold leakage current for the transfer transistor in CMOS image sensors.
Accordingly, what is desired is a CMOS pixel cell having a reduced potential barrier in an area where a photodiode and a transfer gate structure are in close proximity to one another without increased transfer gate leakage or increased dark current.
Embodiments of the invention provide a pixel cell having a reduced potential barrier in a region where a gate and photodiode are in close proximity to one another, and a method for forming the same. In one embodiment, the invention provides a pixel cell comprising a substrate. A gate of a transistor is formed at least partially below a surface of the substrate and a photodiode is adjacent to the gate. The photodiode comprises a doped surface layer of a first conductivity type, and a doped region of a second conductivity type underlying the doped surface layer. The doped surface layer is at least partially above a level of the bottom of the gate.
According to embodiments of the invention, the gate affects the doped surface layer of the photodiode at least partially through a sidewall of the gate to reduce a potential barrier in a region where the and photodiode are in close proximity to one another. These and other features of the invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description that is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The foregoing and other aspects of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of the invention, which is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and illustrate specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like reference numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and that structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The terms “wafer” and “substrate” are to be understood as including silicon, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology, doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers of silicon supported by a base semiconductor foundation, and other semiconductor structures. Furthermore, when reference is made to a “wafer” or “substrate” in the following description, previous process steps may have been utilized to form regions or junctions in the base semiconductor structure or foundation. In addition, the semiconductor need not be silicon-based, but could be based on silicon-germanium, germanium, or gallium-arsenide.
The term “pixel” refers to a picture element unit cell containing a photo-conversion device and transistors for converting electromagnetic radiation to an electrical signal. For purposes of illustration, a representative pixel is illustrated in the figures and description herein, and typically fabrication of all pixels in an image sensor will proceed simultaneously in a similar fashion.
Referring now to the drawings,
Adjacent to gate 460 is a pnp photodiode 421 formed in a p-type substrate 420. In this example, photodiode 421 is a pinned photodiode (pinned photodiode). The pinned photodiode 421 has a photodiode region 426 of a second conductivity type, which is preferably n-type. Above the n-type photodiode region 426 is a doped surface layer 424 of a first conductivity type, which is preferably p-type.
The doped surface layer 424 is adjacent to, and at a level that is approximately even with the level of, the transfer gate 460. Therefore, a region 430 where the transfer gate and pinned photodiode are in close proximity to one another (transfer gate/pinned photodiode region 430), includes a sidewall of transfer gate 460. As shown in
Adjacent to the transfer gate 460 and opposite to the pinned photodiode 421 is a floating diffusion region 425 for receiving charge transferred from the n-type photodiode region 426. Also shown in
The doped surface layer 424 is spaced close to the transfer gate 460, such that the operation of the transfer gate 460 affects the doped surface layer 424. Operation of the transfer gate 460 affects the p+ surface layer 424 through a sidewall of the transfer gate 460 adjacent to the pinned photodiode 421. When the transfer gate 460 is pulled positive, the p+ surface layer 424 is more strongly inverted than in a conventional pixel cell 10 (
Additionally, as compared to a conventional pixel cell 10 (
The processes for fabricating the pixel cell 410 illustrated in
Before or after the formation of the STI region 428, a trench 435 is formed in the substrate 420. A mask level is used for patterning, and trench 435 is formed in the substrate 420 where a gate of a transfer transistor is to be formed. Preferably, the trench 435 is within the range of approximately 500 to 2500 Å deep. Also, the trench 435 may be formed larger than the desired size of a gate 460 (
Subsequently, a gate structure 460 of a transfer transistor is formed in the trench 435. As described below, a damascene process may be used. Other known techniques, however, may also be used to form a gate of a transfer transistor. Therefore, the process described below is exemplary, and not limiting. Depending on the techniques used, the process may be modified as necessary or desired to achieve the invention.
Optionally, prior to the formation of the oxide layer 461, a sacrificial oxide layer (not shown) may be formed on the sidewalls and bottom surface of the trench 435 and then stripped to better ensure the formation of an oxide layer 461 of sufficient quality.
Additionally, a silicide layer (not shown) may be formed over the polysilicon layer 462. The silicide layer may be included in all of the transistor gate structures in an imager circuit and may be titanium silicide, tungsten silicide, cobalt silicide, molybdenum silicide, or tantalum silicide. This additional conductive layer may also be a barrier layer/refractor metal, such as TiN/W or W/Nx/W, or it could be formed entirely of WNx.
A chemical mechanical polish (CMP) step is then conducted to planarize the substrate 420 surface.
As noted above, alternative methods of forming the gate 460 may be employed. Accordingly, the gate 460 may instead be partially buried. In this manner, only part of the gate 460 may be in the trench 435 and below the surface of the substrate 420. In such a case, a CMP step would not be conducted, and a portion of the polysilicon layer 462 would remain above the surface of the substrate 420 and may be subsequently processed as desired by conventional methods. For simplicity, however, the gate 460 is shown completely buried.
A photodiode region 426 of a second conductivity type is also formed in the substrate 420. Preferably the photodiode region 426 is a lightly doped n− region 426. The n− region 426 may be formed by methods known in the art. For example, a mask of photoresist (not shown) may be patterned over the substrate having an opening over the surface of the substrate where the n− region 426 is to be formed. An n-type dopant, such as phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony is implanted through the opening and into the substrate 420. Multiple implants may be used to tailor the profile of the n− region 426. If desired, an angled implantation may be conducted to form the n− region 426, such that implantation is carried out at angles other than 90 degrees relative to the surface of the substrate 420.
The n− region 426 is approximately aligned with an edge of the gate 460, but may also extend below the gate 460, and forms a photosensitive charge accumulating region for collecting photo-generated electrons. The implant dose in the n− region 426 is within the range of approximately 5×1011 to 1×1014 atoms/cm2, and preferably is within the range of approximately 1×1012 to 5×1013 atoms/cm2.
As illustrated in
Multiple techniques may be used to form the p+ surface layer 424, including, but not limited to, an ultra-shallow implant or solid-source doping techniques. For example, an ultra shallow implant of boron-11 may be conducted at an energy of approximately 500 eV to 30 keV. If BF2 is used as a boron source, the implant is conducted at an energy of approximately 1 keV to 50 keV. Additionally, for example, plasma doping, or doping from a disposable film, such as a BSG film, may be used. Preferably, the implant dose of the p+ surface layer 424 is within the range of approximately 1×1012 to 3×1014 atoms/cm2, and more specifically is approximately 5×1012 to 5×1013 atoms/cm2. The p+ surface layer 424 may be formed using any p-type dopant such as boron, indium, or other suitable p-type ions.
Subsequently, the pixel cell 410 may be further processed to form other conventional features of a pixel cell.
Alternatively, it is possible to form the trench 435 and the transfer gate 460 subsequent to the formation of the photodiode 421 and floating diffusion regions 425. Also, the p+ surface layer 424 may be formed prior to the formation of the n− region 426 and the floating diffusion region 425.
A schematic diagram of an exemplary pixel cell 610 according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in
The pixel cell 610 is formed as described above in connection with
While the above embodiments are described in connection with the formation of pnp-type photodiodes the invention is not limited to these embodiments. The invention also has applicability to other types of photodiodes and to photodiodes formed from npn regions in a substrate. If an npn-type photodiode is formed the dopant and conductivity types of all structures would change accordingly, with the transfer gate being part of a PMOS transistor, rather than an NMOS transistor as in the embodiments described above.
A typical processor-based system 700 including a CMOS imager device 742 having an array of pixels, which includes pixels according to the embodiments of the present invention, is illustrated generally in
A processor-based system, for example a computer system, generally comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 744, such as a microprocessor, that communicates with an input/output (I/O) device 746 over a bus 752. The CMOS imager 742, which produces an image output from a pixel array, also communicates with the CPU 744 over bus 752. The processor-based system 700 also includes random access memory (RAM) 748, and may include peripheral devices, such as a floppy disk drive 754 and a compact disk (CD) ROM drive 756, which also communicate with CPU 744 over the bus 752. The CMOS imager 742 may be combined with a processor, such as a CPU, digital signal processor, or microprocessor, with or without memory storage on a single integrated circuit or on a different chip than the processor.
Although the invention is described in connection with a CMOS imager, the invention is also applicable to analogous structures of a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager. Specifically, for example, a gate according to an embodiment of the invention may be a gate of a CCD.
Instead of a four-transistor (4T) pixel cell described herein, the invention may also be incorporated into other pixel cell designs having different numbers of transistors. Without being limiting, such a design may include a three-transistor (3T) cell, a five-transistor (5T) cell, or a six-transistor (6T) cell. A 3T cell omits the transfer transistor, but may have a reset transistor adjacent to a photodiode. A 5T cell differs from the 4T cell by the addition of a transistor, such as a shutter transistor or a CMOS photogate transistor, and a 6T cell further includes another transistor, such as an anti-blooming transistor.
Further, although embodiments of the invention are described in relation to a transfer gate, the invention is not so limited. The invention is also applicable to other gates of other devices in pixel cells. For example, and without being limiting, a reset transistor or, as noted above, a CCD may have a gate formed as described above in connection with
It is again noted that the above description and drawings are exemplary and illustrate preferred embodiments that achieve the objects, features and advantages of the present invention. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to the illustrated embodiments. Any modification of the present invention which comes within the spirit and scope of the following claims should be considered part of the present invention.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.||438/48, 438/69, 438/57|
|Clasificación internacional||H01L27/146, H01L29/04, H01L21/00|
|Clasificación cooperativa||H01L27/14603, H01L27/14643, H01L27/14609, H01L27/14689|
|Clasificación europea||H01L27/146A2, H01L27/146V6|
|15 Sep 2009||CC||Certificate of correction|
|27 Dic 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4