|Publication number||US7277957 B2|
|Application number||US 10/191,933|
|Publication date||Oct 2, 2007|
|Filing date||Jul 9, 2002|
|Priority date||Jul 17, 2001|
|Also published as||US20030028662|
|Publication number||10191933, 191933, US 7277957 B2, US 7277957B2, US-B2-7277957, US7277957 B2, US7277957B2|
|Inventors||Bevan S. Rowley, Stephen G. Huntington|
|Original Assignee||Mcafee, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (113), Classifications (25), Legal Events (8)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/306,107 filed Jul. 17, 2001, the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/306,056 filed Jul. 17, 2001, the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/306,106 filed Jul. 17, 2001, and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/306,792 filed Jul. 20, 2001.
This invention relates generally to processes for reconstructing network communication sessions using previously stored network packets and, in particular, world wide web browsing sessions that use the TCP/IP communications protocol.
Computer networks have been a boon to information sharing in modem society. Computer users are able to access network resources for useful data and to communicate with other computer users. These networks include local area networks, company wide networks, and wide area networks including the vast world wide web.
Computer users access and exchange massive amounts of data with other users and with network servers and web servers, including email, text files, web pages, and a variety of binary objects such as audio and video. Networks and the worldwide web have developed tremendously over the last few years to provide constantly changing and updated information and even the ability to dynamically create and distribute web pages and other information from real-time data. While real-time changes and dynamic information provide many benefits; they also create an inability to retrieve information in the future that is identical to information from the same source as a past communication.
The ability to reconstruct network communications from raw, stored or captured data is useful because it allows after-the-fact review of dynamically changing information, determination of which network nodes sent and received data, the then-current data sent or received, times of all transmissions or receptions, visualization of the communication, or other analysis. Although the ability exists to download the content and structures of network files and web sites, there is no ability to recreate an actual communication session between a computer user and network sources. Therefore, a need has arisen to capture and store network communications as they occur and to reconstruct the actual network communication as it had previously taken place with respect to the identity of a computer, timing, and content.
According to the present invention, a method is provided that satisfies the need to reconstruct actual network communications. The method permits control of the display of the content of actual web sessions, the ability to control the display of web sessions, and recreation of files transported over a network. The method may be used to recreate both previously stored and real-time network communications.
The first step is to collect or capture the packets in transit over a network. This may be accomplished using known technology, such as a network packet capture device or sniffer. The packets are stored on a storage medium, such as a hard drive or in memory, for analysis and use.
A computer processor selects a portion of the packets, typically by selecting packets captured by the sniffer during a given time interval. The selected packets are read sequentially from the storage, that is, a first packet is read and decoded. If the packet is either a request or a response, the packet is added to a sorted list, preferably using the Transaction Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) address and port number. The next packet is then read and decoded, and processed in the same way, until all of the selected packets have been processed.
According to the method, the computer program next recreates a communication that occurred between a computer and the network. This is performed by first retrieving a packet from the sorted list that is associated with the communication in question. If the packet is a request packet or other initiation packet, the request information may be stored as raw data or as formatted data, that is, in data structures for later use. The formatted data may later be used to represent a network communication session of request and response packets.
If the packet is a response packet, and there is a given file associated with the response packet, the data relating to the file is extracted, a reconstructed file created, and the data appended to that reconstructed file. If the given file is a script-type file, a name that represents the given file is appended to a script master list. Each packet is similarly analyzed and the data extracted and appended to the reconstructed file until the last response packet associated with the given file has been analyzed, at which point the reconstructed file is closed.
Next, the communication may be displayed on a computer monitor. This display may be merely a display of what the user saw in the communication, or, preferably, both the prior display and other information. Inclusion of control information permits better analysis of the network communication.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following Detailed Description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings, in which:
According to the present invention, a method is provided that permits display of the content of actual web sessions and the ability to control the display of stored web sessions and other network communications. The method may be used to recreate files that were previously transported over a network or to recreate both previously stored and real-time network communications. In effect, network communications and files may be captured, reconstructed, and displayed as they appeared, or substantially as they appeared, in the original network communication session.
The first computer 100 sends a request to the second computer 101 by way of a packet or series of packets. A request packet is any packet that solicits a response, but also includes packets that initiate instant messaging, broadcast communications or other push technologies, or any other packet used to initiate a network communication. The second computer 101, which is typically a server computer, receives the packet or packets, decodes the request, and sends one or more response packets for the first computer 100 to receive, decode, and process. The first computer may then send additional requests, or the second computer may make requests to the first computer, thereby continuing the communication session, or the session may terminate.
To reconstruct the network communication session 102, the packets must first be captured as is known in the art. A network tap device 103, such as an Ethernet card set to promiscuous mode or a wireless network capture device, intercepts the packets being transmitted during the network communication session 102. A packet capture engine 104 captures the raw data packets being communicated during the network session 102. The captured packets are stored on a storage medium 105, which may be a hard drive, memory or other known storage device. The process of capturing network packets is known in the art. Capture engines may be software, firmware, or hardware. Commonly available software capture engines include the Sniffer from Network Associates, the Lanalyzer from Novell, a Linux program called Ethereal and EtherPeek from WildPackets.
Typically, the packets are captured in a chronological fashion without regard to content or type. All or some portion of the captured packets may be selected for sorting and processing. For instance, the portion may be selected by taking a block of packets captured during a specified time interval.
As depicted in
The first packet P1 is then checked to determine if it is either a request or response type packet. If it is a request or response packet, the first packet P1 is added to the protocol sorted list 300 based on the IP address and port number of the first packet. The next packet P2 is then read, decoded, checked to determine if it is a request or a response packet, and added to the protocol sorted list 300 based on the IP address and port number of the packet P2.
In the same fashion, each of the selected packets 200 are sequentially read, decoded, checked and added to the protocol sorted list 300 until the last packet has been retrieved, read, decoded, and added to the protocol sorted list. As depicted in
Once the selected packets 200 have been captured and sorted into the protocol sorted list 300, the data from the selected packets 200 may be reconstructed into data files and script files that will be used to display web pages and other content and information relating to the network communication session 102. The data from the packets is extracted from the raw data packets and used to recreate the files and directory structures indicated by the response to the request packets from the first computer 100. The data is stored in files that may be used by the reconstruction computer 201 to display a reconstruction of the network communication session 102. The data may also be stored in cache for expedited retrieval and to facilitate displaying the data.
As depicted in
The multi-packet recompilation module 203 continues parsing until all of the IP addresses and port numbers 301 contained in the protocol sorted list 300 have been parsed. That is, as shown in
Thus, as shown in
If the sorted packet is not a request packet, the multi-packet recompilation module 203 determines if it is a response packet. If not, the multi-packet recompilation module 203 retrieves the next sorted packet.
As is known in the art, a response to a network communication request may comprise a single packet or multiple packets. The first response packet to any given request typically contains the response codes and information about the response. Any following response packets typically contain further information or data necessary to fulfill the request. For example, a request for an image file may receive an affirmative response and the following packets will contain the data comprising the actual image file.
If the sorted packet is a response packet, the multi-packet recompilation module 203 determines whether the response packet indicates a file with characteristics that need to be processed to reconstruct the network communication session 102. If so, the file is processed and saved as described below. If the response does not contain a file, the response is processed according to an interpretation of the data in the packet. Typically, this means that the packet is ignored or handled in the way a web browser or other display program would process it in a live network communication session.
For example, if the response is a redirect, it can usually be ignored as it is not essential to reconstruction of the network communication session, because a redirect causes a web browser to request information from different location. The new location will fulfill the request and the processing of that request will be accomplished at the time those packets are processed. The intermediate step of redirection, then, is usually not a visible aspect of the initial network communication session and thus there may be no need for the packet to be parsed or stored for later reconstruction.
If the response packet does indicate a file, as depicted in
If the response packet is the first response packet to a given request, the multi-packet recompilation module 203 determines whether data from the packet should be stored in a cache 207. If so, a cache entry is created. Typically, all files except files with script attributes would be saved to the cache 207 to expedite later retrieval. However, in a preferred embodiment, all the files are sent to cache.
In addition to caching the file data, a new file is opened based on the information obtained from the request packet and the first response packet, recreating, on the local data store 208, the directory structure that existed on the server computer from which the file was requested, as specified in the request packet and the first response packet. The new file is created under the directory that was just created, recreating the directory and file structures. In this embodiment, the file is only created in the directory, not in the cache. Data extracted from subsequent packets is appended to the file to complete its recreation.
The multi-packet recompilation module 203 next determines whether the first response packet indicates a “script” file type or has “script” attributes A file has script attributes if it has characteristics that allow it to be displayed as a web page. Examples of files with script attributes include HTML, Java Script and Active Server Pages (ASP).
If a script file type is indicated, the name of the file is appended to a script master list 204. The name is appended to keep the script files in chronological order, enabling reconstruction of the network communication session exactly as it occurred. Thus, the script master list 204 is used later to display Web pages in chronological order.
The response packet is then checked to see if the data from the packet is being cached. If so, the data is appended to the cache file previously created. In either case, the data is appended to the new file.
The multi-packet recompilation module 203 next determines whether the response packet is the last response packet. If it is not the last response packet, as indicated in
To illustrate the directory structure that is created by the multi-packet recompilation module 203, a request packet may request an image from a directory on a web server. If the request packet indicates a directory on the remote server of (for example)/files/images/image.gif, the following directory will be created: X:/optional directories/files/images/image.gif, where X: refers to a local drive letter on the reconstruction computer 201 and “optional directories” refers to an optional set of subdirectories. For example, the actual path could be C:/files/images/image.gif or it could be D:/subdir1/files/images/image.gif.
During the reconstruction process using the multi-packet recompilation module 203, most files are added to the web browser's local cache 207. The local cache 207 holds data and information that the web browser would normally request from the web. A web browser checks the local cache for a copy of a file before attempting to retrieve the file from a remote source because retrieval from the local cache 207 is faster and does not require a network connection. In this embodiment, typically the files with script attributes are not cached so that they reference and are relative to the directory structure that was created as described above. Examples of files typically added to the cache include graphics files, such as GIF and JPEG images; text files such as word processing documents and PDF files; audio files; and video files. However, in an alternate, preferred embodiment of the invention, all files are cached and reconstruction of directories and files under those directories is not necessary.
The protocol sorted list 300 may have sorted packets added to it at the same time (in parallel) as it is reading the packet if the process that adds data to the protocol sorted list 300 is separate from the process that reads from the protocol sorted list 300. Accordingly, as further shown in
One difficulty in recreating a web session is that some of the files and information needed to recreate it are not transmitted over the network during a session. For example, files that have been cached by a web browser during a previous network communication session are often unavailable from a live session of captured packets. An optional addition to reconstructing web sessions is to use, a cache server 603.
If, during reconstruction of a network communication session 102, a file is missing (for example, an image file that is needed to complete a Web page display), a request 602 is made to the cache server 603. A response 604 containing the requested file is returned to the script file scan module 601. In a successful response, the script file scan module 601 sends directory or URL location information along with the received file to a file location coordination module 605. The file location coordination module 605 then places the file in the local data store 208 or in local cache in the correct location, effectively reconstructing the directory and file structures in the same manner described above for non-cached files. The process then proceeds to use the script master list file location information to display the data as described below.
Thus, if a file is missing, a request to the cache server will determine if that file was stored during a prior session and can thus be recreated. By using the cache server, a more complete presentation of a web page or web session can be made.
Once the selected packets 200 have been sorted, scanned, files recreated on the local data store 208, scripts added to the script master list 204 and so forth, the actual data may be displayed.
A script file name is passed to a web browser or other display program capable of displaying text, graphics and other visual information on a computer monitor. The browser or other display program may also process stream data such as video or audio, which may require additional software (such as a video display program) or hardware (such as a sound card, amplifier, and speakers). The browser or display program then awaits a response from the user, or until a user-determined timeout occurs.
If a timeout occurs before any user response is made, a display module 210 retrieves the next script file name from the script master list 204, checks to see if it is the last script in the list, and loops back to read the script location and (using the display program) display the web page as described. If the script is the last item in the script master list 204, the timer is stopped and the system will wait indefinitely for user input after displaying the last page.
In one embodiment of the invention depicted
Other command buttons 802 allow the user to display the next page, previous page, first page, last page, or to stop the display (after the play command has been invoked) of the network communication session 102 in a manner analogous to the way a user controls a web browser during a live network communication session. The exit command button 803 allows the user to exit the display module 210. The URL edit box 804 and the go button 805 allow a user to specify specific reconstructed Web pages for display.
In another embodiment of the present invention, during the display process the display module 210 reads the time stamps associated with each packet retrieved from the stored packets. By reading and decoding those time stamps, the time interval between packets, and thus the interval between files reconstructed from those packets, may be computed. This time differential information may then be used instead of user defined commands or a time-out to automatically advance the display from page to page in the same order and using the same timing as in the original network communication session. Typically, such a sequence would be initiated by use of a play command button 802.
Beneath the web page window 801 is a session window 806 that displays the request and responses involved in the network communications session 102. The example shown in
Beneath the session window 806 the master display 800 may contain a packet window 808, which is a one line description of a packet. A column bar 809 identifies the information being displayed in each packet, such as a serialized packet number, source address and port, destination address and port, and details concerning the nature and content of the packet. The column bar 809 may be configured by the user to add, delete rearrange or resize the various column descriptions.
The packet dump window 812 allows the user to view the raw data associated with each packet. The packet dump window 812 displays a hexadecimal representation 813 of the data in a packet. A corresponding text representation 814 of the data is also displayed on the right side of the packet dump window 812.
When the user highlights a selected session 807 in the session window 806, the first packet associated with that session is selected and the web page window 801 displays the web page associated with the selected packet and session. The packet window 808 highlights the first packet associated with the session indicated by the selected session 807. As a result, the packet decode window 811 and packet dump window 812 are updated to display the relevant information about the first packet in the session.
At that point, a selected packet 810 may be highlighted within the packet window 808. If the selected packet 810 being highlighted is different from the packet being displayed in the packet decode 811 and the packet dump window 812, those two windows are updated to reflect the new selection. The user may also select information in the packet decode window 811 and the data contained in the selected packet will be highlighted within the packet dump window 812 in both the hexadecimal representation 813 and the corresponding text representation 814.
As a result, a user may quickly navigate through the sessions, web pages packets and data captured from the packets of the network communication session 102. If a user selects another web page for viewing the master display is updated by displaying the web page in the web page window 801 and the sessions associated with that web page in the session window 806. The first session becomes the selected session 807 and the other windows are updated accordingly.
Certain network communication sessions 102 may be represented in pre-interpreted textual format, such as HTML source. In those cases, as shown in
As depicted in
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the web page window 801 may be displayed without the other windows shown in
In another embodiment of the present invention, the captured packets are processed, reconstructed, and displayed in real time. Thus, the network communication session 102 may be viewed by a third party virtually simultaneously with the live network communication session. The reconstructed files may also be simultaneously stored to allow the third, party to view the network communication session 102 again at any later time.
It will be obvious to those of skill in the art that the method described may be modified to produce different embodiments of the present invention. Thus, the present invention has several advantages over the prior art without sacrificing the advantages of the prior art. Although different embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||709/231, 709/223, 709/230, 709/224|
|International Classification||H04L12/24, G06F15/16, H04L29/06, H04L29/08, H04L12/26|
|Cooperative Classification||H04L69/06, H04L67/14, H04L69/329, H04L69/164, H04L69/163, H04L69/16, H04L69/22, H04L29/06, H04L41/145, H04L41/22|
|European Classification||H04L12/24D3, H04L29/06J7, H04L29/06J9, H04L41/22, H04L29/08N13, H04L29/06|
|Jul 9, 2002||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TRAXESS, INC., UTAH
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROWLEY, BEVAN S.;HUNTINGTON, STEPHEN G.;REEL/FRAME:013088/0876
Effective date: 20020709
|Sep 23, 2002||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NETWORKS ASSOCIATES TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TRAXESS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:013329/0561
Effective date: 20020918
|Jun 23, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MCAFEE, INC.,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:NETWORKS ASSOCIATES TECHNOLOGY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016646/0513
Effective date: 20041119
|Feb 2, 2010||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Feb 24, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 15, 2015||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Oct 2, 2015||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Nov 24, 2015||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20151002