Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death. An estimated 17 million
people die every year with 7.6 million deaths accounted for by coronary heart
disease (Najafipour et al., 2010). Moreover,
atherosclerosis is one of the major contributors to pathogenesis of coronary
and cerebrovascular disease. Dietary cholesterol promotes the development of
coronary plaque formation which increases the risk of ischemic heart disease
(Schwartz et al., 2001). Hypercholesterolemic
atherosclerosis is characterized by having a close relationship with inflammatory
and oxidative stress processes reflective of the harmful effects of reactive
free radicals within the arterial wall (Real et al.,
2010). Strong evidence suggests that oxidative stress is one of the causative
factors implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis in part by lipid oxidation
and altered endothelial function (Real et al., 2010).
In the presence of oxidative stress, oxidation of LDL occurs at an early stage
of the process. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) is highly reactive and cytotoxic to a variety
of vascular cells (Chisolm and Steinberg, 2000). Date
fruits are rich in phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, sterols, carotenoids,
procyanidins and anthocyanins. The amounts of these compounds contribute to
the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of the fruits (Hasan
et al., 2010; Baliga et al., 2010).
Dates are considered an important ingredient of various atonic and aphrodisiac
confections (Khare, 2007). Dates are also traditionally
used to treat hypertension and diabetes (Tahraoui et al.,
In addition, dates were reported to be protective against ulcer (Al-Qarawi
et al., 2005), anti-tussive, expectorant, demulcent, laxative, diuretic
and restorative (Khare, 2007). Despite of several health
promoting effects of dates has been documented, the effect on cholesterol metabolism
and hypercholesterolemia is still scant hence, require call for detailed report.
This study was designed to investigate the lipid-lowering activities of dates
from Libya. Scientific clarifications drawn from this study will provide information
on dates as an alternative source of natural antioxidants that can contribute
to better health and well-being.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of extract: Fresh matured dates of the Bekraray variety native to Libya were purchased from Libyan market and were selected in such a way as to be identical in terms of the mass (7-10 g), colour (light brown) and ripening stage. The pericarps were separated from the seeds and minced. A concentration of 10% aqueous pulp extract was prepared by soaking 100 g of the fresh pulp (equivalent to 10 date pods) in sufficient volume of distilled water to produce a 1 L solution and mixed thoroughly. The mixture was incubated in a shaking water bath at 60°C for 6 h and subsequently filtered. Once filtered, the filtrates were freeze-dried and kept at -80°C until use.
Animals and experimental design: About 49 male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits with an average body weights falling within the range of 2.2-2.8 kg were used throughout this experiment. The rabbits were placed in individual stainless steel cages and acclimatized for 1 week with intervals of equal light-dark exposure and free access to drinking tap water and normal rabbit chow. Following acclimatization, the animals were randomly segregated into 7 groups of seven rabbits each to be later subjected to the different experimental treatments corresponding to various food and/or drug or combinations of both. The food and drug treatment combinations were normal standard rabbit chow (normal control) a 0.5% cholesterol diet (hypercholesterolemic control) a 0.5% cholesterol diet+5 mg kg-1 statin (simvastatin control) a 0.5% cholesterol diet+125 mg kg-1 of dates aqueous extract a 0.5% cholesterol diet+250 mg kg-1 of dates aqueous extract a 0.5% cholesterol diet+500 mg kg-1 of dates aqueous extract and lastly a 0.5% cholesterol diet+1000 mg kg-1 of dates aqueous extract. The study was designed for 10 weeks.
The rabbits were sacrificed by exsanguinations. A midline thoracotomy was performed and the aorta was excised for histomorphometeric analysis. This experiment was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia.
Lipid profile measurement: Blood samples were collected at week 0 and 10th. Analysis of lipid profiles included measuring plasma Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels using a Roche kit (Penzberg, Germany). All parameters were measured spectrophotometrically with Hitachi chemistry analyser. The tests utilized the principle of enzymatic colorimetric assay to read the sample.
Antioxidant activity: The plasma Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase levels were determined to assess the antioxidant activity. Total antioxidant status was measured by monitoring radical cation formation from 2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthioazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) incubated with a peroxidase (metmyoglobin) and H2O2 to produce a radical cation with a stable blue colour which was measured at 600 nm. The Colorimetric method was programmed into a Cobas Mira autoanalyser, using a Randox kit (Country Antrim, UK). Glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) is an important antioxidant enzyme involved in the catalyses the reduction of H2O2 to water. The role of SOD is to accelerate the dismutation of the toxic superoxide radical (O2.), produced during oxidative energy processes to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. This method employs xanthine and Xanthine Oxidase (XOD) to generate superoxide radicals which react with 2 (4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenol)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (I.N.T) to form a red formazan dye.
The superoxide dismutase activity is then measured by the degree of inhibition of this reaction. GSH-Px and SOD were measured with a Cobas Mira autoanalyser using a Roche kit (Penzberg, Germany).
Evaluation of atherosclerosis lesions: For histological analysis, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of aortic arch were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) stain. The thickness of foam cells and fatty streak were measured with a light microscope equipped with an image analyser system (Olympus, Germany).
Statistical analysis: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD were performed to compare the mean between groups. Significance was accepted at p<0.05.
Lipid profiles: The concentrations of TC, HDL, LDL and TG at week 0
and 10 are shown in Table 1. The TC levels in HC group were
significantly increased (19.59±0.52 mmol L-1) following high
cholesterol diet consumption for 10 weeks when compare to those group fed with
|| Lipid profile and total antioxidant activity of the rabbits
after 10 weeks experimental
|Values are expressed as mean±SD (n = 7); *p<0.05
in comparison to hypercholesterolemic control group; NC = Negative Control;HC
= Hypercholesterolemic Control; SC = 0.5% cholesterol+simvastatin; T125
= 0.5% cholesterol+125 mg kg-1 of date extract; T250 = 0.5% cholesterol+250
mg kg-1 of date extract; T500 = 0.5% cholesterol+500 mg kg-1of
date extract; T1000 = 0.5% cholesterol+1000 mg kg-1 of date extract
Supplementation of date extract at 125 and 250 mg kg day-1 in high
cholesterol fed groups, lower the TC levels significantly in comparison with
HC group (p<0.05) with an average of 0.97±0.09 and 7.05±0.57
mmol L-1, respectively. The reductions of TC concentration correspond
to a 95 and 64% in T125 and T250 groups, respectively compared to HC at 10th
week. Supplementation of dates extract at dose of 125 and 250 mg kg day-1
to rabbits fed with 0.5% cholesterol diet also reduced LDL levels significantly
by 56 and 60% (p<0.05) than the HC group in 10th week whereas the level of
TG was observed to be lowest (0.532±0.074 mmol L-1) on group
treated with 125 mg kg-1 of date compared to HC group.
In contrary, the HDL level was significantly increased in all groups supplemented with date extract (p<0.05) compared with the HC group. The increased level of HDL in T125, T250, T500 and T1000 groups in 10th week were correspond by 74, 79, 80 and 80%, respectively, over the level characterised in the HC group. The LDL to HDL ratio and TG to HDL ratio at weeks 0 and 10 for all groups. A therosclerotic index (AI) which is the ratio of LDL to HDL level and sdLDL which is the ratio of TG to HDL level, significantly reduced in all groups supplemented with dates extract.
Antioxidant activity: The Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) was found
to be highest in T250 and correspond to 26% higher than the HC group in 10 weeks
as shown in Table 1. The results showed that the GSH-Px activities
was significantly decreased by 23% in animals fed with cholesterol-rich diet
compared to the NC group at 10th week. However, the group supplemented with
250 mg kg day-1 of date extract exhibited a significant increase
in GSH-Px activity by 53% over that of the HC group (Table 1).
In 10th week, group induced with high cholesterol diet resulted in a significant
increase in the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity by 45%, over that of the
control diet group (p<0.05). Interestingly, treatment of the hypercholesterolemia
induced groups with date extract resulted in significant increment in the SOD
activity than the HC group at 10th week by which the T250 group showed a remarkable
increased activity of SOD (52%) compare to that of the HC group in 10 weeks.
Thickness of foam cells: As shown in Fig. 1a-g,
the aorta samples of the HC group exhibited a remarkable thickening of the intimal
layer amounting to 633.09±52.2 μm. However, no foam cell formation
in NC group or group fed with 250 mg kg day-1 of date aqueous extract
On the other hand, the rabbits treated with simvastatin and 125, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day of date aqueous extracts demonstrated a thickening of the intimal layers of the corresponding aortas. In addition, the thicknesses of the aortic intima in these groups were significantly different from one the other and corresponded to 242.39±10.73, 318.89±37.99, 180.71±28.29 and 359.9±67.73 μm, respectively.
Risk of coronary heart disease seems to be positively associated with the plasma
level of total cholesterol and LDL and inversely associated with its levels
of HDL (Knopp et al., 2008; Kishida
et al., 2002). This indicates that an increase intake of dietary
cholesterol in animals led to hypercholesterolemia as evidenced by a significant
increase in plasma total cholesterol concentration. In this experiment, the
plasma LDL levels increased in groups fed with high cholesterol diet for 10
weeks, over those in the normal control group. These changes may be attributed
to the excessive loads of cholesterol on the liver resulting to the down regulation
of LDL receptors by the cholesterol and saturated fatty acids in the diet, thus
causing in cholesterol being re-circulated in the blood (Mustad
et al., 1997). Conversely, groups having high cholesterol diet concomitantly
with dates extract supplementation, demonstrated a reduction of plasma TC and
LDL levels significantly (p<0.05) compared with group without dates supplementation.
||Photomicrograph of aorta stained with H and E at LM x 10.
I = Intima, M = Media, A = Adventitia, L = Lumen group; a: NC; b: HC; c:
SC; d: T125; e: T250; f: T500; g: T1000
This result bears resemblance with findings of Alsaif et
al. (2007) who reported that dietary dates assist a significant reduction
of plasma TC level during hypercholesterolemia. The relationship between plasma
TC level and development of CHD has been well established (Castelli,
1984). However, association of CHD with increased levels of plasma Triglycerides
(TG) is not clear (Austin, 1991). Some previous epidemiological
studies reported that individuals with high plasma TG level are at high risk
of CHD (Onat et al., 2006). In the present study,
rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks exhibited a significant
elevation (p<0.05) in the TG level over the group, fed with normal rabbit
diet. However, the study revealed that the TG level has reduced by 65% upon
date aqueous extract supplementations for 10 weeks compare with the HC group.
On the other hand, the antiatherogenic lipoproteins such as HDL, protect from
atherosclerosis. It has been well documented on the pivotal role of HDL in the
protection against CHD (Tsompanidi et al., 2010).
The role of HDL appears to facilitate the enhancement of reverse lipid transport
pathway by translocation of stored cholesterol and other lipids from peripheral
tissues including the arterial wall to the liver for further processing (Newton
and Krause, 2002). This study demonstrated a favorable effect of dates in
hypercholesterolemia and the results were in agreement with findings from previous
studies (Maria et al., 2008; Zulkhairi
et al., 2010). The present study also found that the total antioxidant
activities in rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet were lower than rabbits
fed with standard rabbit diet.
The reduction in the antioxidant activity could be due to the fact that hypercholesterolemia
suppresses the antioxidant reserve and reduce the endogenous antioxidant enzymes
in addition to the elevation in the concentrations of lipid peroxide products
(Anila and Vijayalakshmi, 2002). On the other hand,
supplemention of date aqueous extract during hypercholesterolemia, signifies
the TAS activities compared to the animals fed with high cholesterol diet alone.
The favorable effects of dates towards improvement on antioxidant enzymes activity
was believes through the reinforcement of specific biosynthesis of antioxidant
enzymes, mainly the SOD and GSH-Px in the liver. Considering the intrinsic stress-related
markers (SOD and GSH-Px), these results suggest that date aqueous extract strongly
enhance the efficiency of superoxide radicals dismutation to hydrogen peroxide
(a much less harmful product) and increase the SOD activity following breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide by GSH-Px. It should be highlighted that no data have so
far been published on the effects of date extracts on antioxidant enzymes.
In agreement with a number of earlier related reports (Prasad,
1999; Lee and Prasad, 2003), results of this study
showed that prolonged exposure to cholesterol diet triggers atherogenesis indicated
with an increased wall thickness of the excised aorta. However, supplementation
of dates aqueous extract demonstrated a reduction of atheroma plaque formation
in the animal system. A causal relationship between lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemic
atherosclerosis, suggesting the involvements of oxygen-derived free radicals
(Green et al., 2001) in the initial stage of
CVD and atherosclerosis. Increased concentrations of free radicals were associated
with toxicological and pathological events in vivo including endothelial
cell injury (Ohyashiki and Nunomura, 2000).
Alteration of endothelial cell function linked closely to the onset of the
development of atherosclerosis (Ross, 1986). Accordingly,
a diet rich with antioxidants can prevent the harmful effects of oxidative metabolism
by quenching oxygen radicals, thus inhibiting LDL oxidative modification and
delaying initiation of atherosclerosis (Singh et al.,
2008). Diet from plant and fruit sources were rich in polyphenols which
acted as an antioxidant. Therefore, one important therapeutic approach in procrastinate
atherogenesis and CVD is minimizing the LDL oxidative modification. Dietary
supplement such as dates palm could act as natural source of antioxidant and
prevent free radical mediated diseases such as atherosclerosis.
The present study shows that date aqueous extract possesses a hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effects hence, delaying the onset of atherosclerosis. The enhanced biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes indicated with an increased SOD and GSH-Px activities apart from the phenolic concentration in dates could be the possible underlying mechanism of anti-atherosclerotic properties of dates palm. Further studies are required to identify, the probable role of dates leading to the hypocholesterolemic effects in vivo.
The researchers wishes to extend sincere gratitude to the government of Malaysia and University Putra Malaysia for granting the research and the Libyan government for providing a scholarship.