Coronation of the Virgin
|The Coronation of the Virgin Mary in Heaven|
|Litany of Loreto by Pope Sixtus V (1587):
Queen of Prophets
Queen of Apostles
Queen of Martyrs
Queen of Confessors
Queen of Virgins
Queen of the Patriarchs
Queen of the Angels
Queen assumed into Heaven
Queen of Peace
Queen of all Saints
Queen of the Most Holy Rosary
Pope Pius XII (1954):
Queen of Heaven
Second Vatican Council (1964): Queen of the Universe (Lumen Gentium, Section #59)
|Venerated in||Roman Catholic Church|
|Feast||May 31st (until 1968)
August 22 (present)
|Attributes||Mary crowned in Heaven by Jesus or jointly by the Holy Trinity, Cherubs, sorrounding Saints|
The Coronation of the Virgin or Coronation of Mary is a subject in Christian art, especially popular in Italy in the 13th to 15th centuries, but continuing in popularity until the 18th century and beyond. Christ, sometimes accompanied by God the Father and the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, places a crown on the head of Mary as Queen of Heaven. In early versions the setting is a Heaven imagined as an earthly court, staffed by saints and angels; in later versions Heaven is more often seen as in the sky, with the figures seated on clouds. The subject is also notable as one where the whole Christian Trinity are often shown together, sometimes in unusual ways. Although crowned Virgins may be seen in Eastern Orthodox icons, the coronation by the deity is not. Mary is sometimes shown, in both Eastern and Western Christian art, being crowned by one or two angels, but this is considered a different subject.
The subject became common as part of a general increase in devotion to Mary in the Early Gothic period, and is one of the commonest subjects in surviving 14th-century Italian panel paintings, mostly made to go on a side-altar in a church. The great majority of Catholic churches had (and have) a side-altar or "Lady chapel" dedicated to Mary. The subject is still often enacted in rituals or popular pageants called May crownings, although the crowning is performed by human figures.
The belief in Mary as Queen of Heaven obtained the papal sanction of Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam (English: Queenship of Mary in Heaven) of October 11, 1954. It is also the fifth Glorious Mystery of the Rosary. The Roman Catholic Church celebrates the feast every August 22, where it replaced the former octave of the Assumption of Mary in 1969, a move made by Pope Paul VI. The feast was formerly celebrated on May 31, at the end of the Marian month, where the present general calendar now commemorates the Feast of the Visitation. In addition, there are Canonical coronations authorized by the Pope which are given to specific Marian images venerated in a particular place.
The scene is the final episode in the Life of the Virgin, and follows her Assumption - not yet dogma in the Middle Ages - or Dormition. The scriptural base is found in the Song of Songs (4.8), Psalms (45.11-12) and Revelation (12.1-7). A sermon wrongly believed to be by Saint Jerome elaborated on these and was used by standard medieval works such as the Golden Legend and other writers. The title "Queen of Heaven", or Regina Coeli, for Mary goes back to at least the 12th century.
The subject also drew from the idea of the Virgin as the "throne of Solomon", that is the throne on which a Christ-child sits in a Madonna and Child. It was felt that the throne itself must be royal. In general the art of this period, often paid for by royalty and the nobility, increasingly regarded the heavenly court as a mirror of earthly ones.
The subject seems to first appear in art, unusually, in England, where a tympanum over the door of the church at Quenington in Gloucestershire of perhaps 1140 may be the earliest surviving depiction, and there is another in Reading, Berkshire. It was rapidly adopted and is prominent in the portals of French Gothic cathedrals such as Laon, Notre-Dame de Paris, Amiens and Reims, indeed most 13th century cathedrals in France. There are three examples extant on Devon roodscreen dados: at East Portlemouth, Holne, and Torbryan.
In earlier versions, Mary and Christ often sit side by side on a wide throne, and typically are only accompanied by angels in smaller altarpieces, although these were often in polyptych form, and had saints on side-panels, now often separated. Later God the Father often sits beside Christ, with the Holy Spirit hovering between them, and Mary kneeling in front of them. Christ and God the Father are normally differentiated by age, and to some extent by costume, God the Father often wearing a beehive-shaped crown, reminiscent of a Papal tiara. By the 15th century some more individual interpretations are found. From the High Renaissance onwards the subject is often combined with an Assumption, by having a group of the Apostles on the ground below the heavenly scene. As the central panel of altarpieces became larger, and finally the only panel used, with predella and side-panels ceasing to be used, the Coronation was one of the subjects suited to a very tall composition, especially if it had saints or apostles on the ground below.
Crown of Mary
The "crown" of Mary has been mentioned since the 6th century, as "corona virginum" (crown of virgins). The crown has several meanings in secular depictions. The ancient laurel crown in the Olympic Games signified victory, and a crown in gold and precious stones indicate power and wealth. In Christian iconography, the crown develops religious meanings. In an early mosaic in Ravenna, Italy, virgins present a crown to the child and Mary as a gesture of humility. The Three kings present their crowns to the newly born Jesus as a symbol of secular power submitting to Christ. Marian crowns often include elements of victory and glory, especially during the Baroque period.
A crowned Mary is usually seen in Jesse Trees, which stress her earthly royal descent from the House of David, something accorded considerable importance in the Middle Ages. In Santa Maria in Trastevere in Rome, she is shown as the mother of Christ, who participates in his kingdom. The Latin text there, adapted from the Song of Songs, reads: Tota pulchra es, amica mea, veni conoravi.
Individual works with articles
- Coronation of the Virgin (Velázquez), Museo del Prado, Madrid
- Coronation of the Virgin (Fra Angelico, Uffizi)
- Coronation of the Virgin (Fra Angelico, Louvre)
- Coronation of the Virgin (Lorenzo Monaco), Uffizi, Florence
- Marsuppini Coronation, by Filippo Lippi, Vatican Pinacoteca
- Coronation of the Virgin (Filippo Lippi), Uffizi
- Oddi Altarpiece (Raphael), Vatican Pinacoteca
- The Coronation of the Virgin by Enguerrand Quarton
Fra Angelico with a larger court setting
Botticelli, with only God the Father in evidence
Giuliano da Rimini, 14th century
Paolo Veneziano, 1324
Martino di Bartolomeo, 1400
Gentile da Fabriano, 1422-1425
Bicci di Lorenzo, 1430
Fra Angelico, 1434-1435
Fra Angelico, 1437-1446
German 15th century version with donors, Master of the Life of the Virgin
Michel Sittow, 1492-1496
Giovanni di Paolo, 1455
Swedish 15th-century altarpiece in carved and painted wood (Källunge church)
Enguerrand Quarton with Christ and God the Father as identical figures, as specified by the cleric who commissioned the work
Page from Book of Hours, with three human figures for the Trinity
Combined with an Assumption
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, 1504
Domingos Sequeira, c. 1830
Stained glass window at St. Michael's Cathedral (Toronto) depicts Coronation of the Virgin
- F Tschochner, Krone in Marienlexikon Eos St. Ottilien 1988, p.685
- Tschochner 685
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coronation of Mary.|
Williams, Michael Aufrère (2008) Medieval English Roodscreens with special reference to Devon (University of Exeter Ph.D. thesis).