|Publication number||US5009658 A|
|Application number||US 07/337,919|
|Publication date||Apr 23, 1991|
|Filing date||Apr 14, 1989|
|Priority date||Apr 14, 1989|
|Also published as||EP0479805A1, EP0479805A4, WO1990012544A1|
|Publication number||07337919, 337919, US 5009658 A, US 5009658A, US-A-5009658, US5009658 A, US5009658A|
|Inventors||Karsten Damgaard-Iversen, Robert C. Morris, Timothy C. Chin, Jerry W. Kuper|
|Original Assignee||Karl Storz Endoscopy-America, Inc., Allied-Signal, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (36), Classifications (22), Legal Events (11)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates generally to laser lithotripsy, and more particularly to an improved laser lithotripter comprising a dual wavelength pulsed laser for fragmentation of calcified matter in the human body such as biliary and urinary calculi.
One method of laser lithotripsy known in the art is that disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 86/6269 of Furumoto et al. Furumoto discusses the use of a laser lithotripter delivering pulsed laser light at a single wavelength in the 350-550 nanometer (nm) range. Although Furumoto contemplates use of pulse energy levels in the range of 5 -200 millijoules (mJ), in practice the energy range for achieving effective fragmentation is in the order of 20-200 mJ. Furumoto's wavelength of 350 -550 nm lies within a range of significant energy absorption by water and hemoglobin, and thus poses risk of damage to the surrounding tissue during treatment. Further, while in its preferred embodiment operating at a wavelength of 504 nm and pulse energy levels of 30-60 mJ, this modality is effective for fragmentation of many urinary and biliary calculi, however, cystine stones, brushite stones, as well as certain calciumoxalate monohydrate and uric acid stones cannot be treated without the use of undesirably higher pulse energy levels and/or shorter wavelengths.
We have investigated the use of a Q-switched alexandrite laser lithotripter to address tissue damage concerns. In our experiments the laser lithotripter delivered pulsed laser light in the wavelength range of 730-780 nm, where the energy absorption by hemoglobin and water is significantly lower than in the 350-550 nm range. This lithotripter was capable of generating energy in the 0-300 mJ range; in practice, the energy range which is effective for stone fragmentation is in the order of 30-120 mJ. A detailed in vitro study of the Q-switched alexandrite laser lithotripter has disclosed that the energy threshold for achieving the plasma sparking at the surface of the targeted calculi, which is the driving force in the fragmentation process, is undesirably high for many stone compositions. By plasma sparking we mean the initiation of dielectric breakdown of the targeted material, a process which includes the emission of a bright flash of white light and the launching of an audible acoustic wave. Indeed, the pulse energy levels and associated peak power densities required to achieve plasma sparking in certain stone compositions exceeds the transmission capabilities of the fused silica fibers preferably used for clinical laser lithotripsy and generates violent forces which propel the calculi and its larger fragments away from the fiber tip. As a result of these phenomena the range of different compositions of calculi which can be effectively fragmented with the Q-switched alexandrite laser lithotripter is less than that obtainable with the Furumoto apparatus.
Laser apparatus have previously been employed for invasive surgery in the human body. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,927 to Menger describes a dual-wavelength laser scalpel for both cutting and coagulating tissue employing a laser beam in the wavelength range of 500-800 nm for cauterizing bleeding blood vessels through photocoagulation, and a laser bean in the wavelength range from 250-400 nm for cutting tissue by photoablation.
There is, accordingly, a need for an improved lithotripsy method and apparatus which mainly utilizes the laser light in the long (600-900 nm) wavelength range to effectively treat most urinary and biliary calculi and minimize the total laser pulse energy required to obtain effective stone fragmentation.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and related apparatus for improved effectiveness of laser lithotripsy.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an effective laser lithotripter which can fragment most calcified matter while exposing the calcified matter and surrounding tissue to minimum amounts of short wavelength light.
Briefly described, the present invention provides a method (and related apparatus) for fragmentation of calcified matter in the human body which method comprises the simultaneous irradiation of the calcified matter by pulsed coherent radiation at two separate wavelengths (short and long),
(1) a short wavelength (SW) in the range of 300-450 nm, which acts as an igniter which initiates plasma sparking in the calculi; and
(2) a long wavelength (LW) in the range of 600-900 nm, which is readily absorbed in the plasma generated by the short wavelength pulse and amplifies the plasma sparking, thus amplifying the the resultant fragmentation of the object calculi. The initially formed plasma thus acts as a black body absorber.
The short wavelength pulses are administered at a relatively lower energy of from about 2 to about 30 mJ, desirably at an energy level of from about 2 to about 16 mJ, and preferably at an energy level of from about 2 to about 12 mJ, at pulse duration of from about 50 to about 300 nanoseconds (ns), preferably of from about 75 to about 150 ns.
The long wavelength pulses are administered at an energy level of from about 15 to about 100 mJ, desirably at an energy level of from about 15 to about 75 mJ, and preferably at an energy level of from about 15 to about 60 mJ, at pulse duration of from about 50 to about 300 nanoseconds (ns), preferably of from about 85 to about 165 ns.
This synergistic interaction between the two wavelengths enhances the fragmentation effect of the long wavelength and enables its participation in the plasma sparking process at energy levels significantly below the threshold for plasma sparking experienced with this wavelength alone. The two wavelength pulses are administered in a manner which utilizes the minimum necessary energy in the SW pulse to initiate sparking in conjunction with moderate energy in the LW pulse to produce effective fragmentation. Because the plasma lifetime is short compared to the duration of the laser pulses, this process is most effective when the SW and LW laser pulses completely overlap. More desirably, the SW pulse should be timed to overlap the initial part of the LW temporal pulse, so as to initiate the plasma sparking before the LW pulse has achieved its intensity maximum. Therefore, tissue exposure by the potentially harmful short wavelength of laser light is thus minimized by primarily relying on the laser light in the long wavelength range to accomplish the fragmentation of calculi. One preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes long wavelength coherent radiation of about 730-780 nm and short wavelength coherent radiation of about 365 -390 nm.
Briefly described, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a laser generating and delivering device, or devices, being capable of providing the above-mentioned two wavelengths at pulse energies, pulse durations, pulse temporal sequencing, and pulse repetition rates in accordance with the method of the present invention; and capable of delivering the two wavelengths substantially simultaneously to the targeted calcified matter. In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a Q-switched alexandrite laser generating light in the long wavelength spectrum and provided with a frequency doubling crystal for converting a portion of the output laser pulse into its second harmonic in the short wavelength spectrum. A focusing device coincidentally focuses both the LW and SW light at a selected point, which may be the calcified matter itself or, preferably, the collecting end of a fused silica fiber optic cable, by means of which the combined laser pulses are delivered to the calcified matter.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent and understood upon reading and comprehending this specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic presentation of a dual wavelength lithotripter device of the present invention employing a single laser cavity;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of a dual laser lithotripter system of the invention;
FIG. 3 is an oscilloscope trace of long and short wavelength laser pulses for laser lithotripsy in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic for an endoscope probe for delivering laser pulses;
FIG. 5 shows the relative absorption in the light spectrum by water, hemoglobin and melanin;
FIG. 6 summarizes comparative in vitro lithotripsy test results employing single frequency laser light at 504 nm;
FIG. 7 summarizes in vitro lithotripsy test results employing dual frequency (378 nm together with 755 nm) laser light in accordance with the invention.
Referring now in greater detail to the drawings in which like numerals represent like components throughout the several views, FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a dual wavelength lithotripter 19 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The preferred lasing medium is an alexandrite rod 5 which is a broadly tunable solid state chromium doped berylium aluminate material, such as is shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,997,853 and 4,272,733, which are owned by Allied-Signal, Inc., Morristown, N.J. There are a variety of alternate laser materials that are capable of providing laser pulses of the desired characteristics: for example, Nd:BEL, Cr:GSGG, Ti:A1204, Ti:BeA1204, Cr:SrA1F5, excimer, ruby, emerald and dye lasers, whose output can be shifted using standard frequency shifting techniques to provide either the long or short wavelength laser energy.
A laser of the present invention is depicted schematically in FIG. 1. The laser comprises laser medium 5 in a resonant cavity defined by mirrors 1 and 2, of which 2 is partly reflecting (50% R typically). A Q-switch device 3 is provided in the cavity in order to provide a single high peak power laser pulse output (50-300 ns pulse) as is generally understood by those knowledgeable in the art. When medium 5 is excited by a conventional pulsed pump source 13, coherent radiation is emitted through mirror 2 as permitted by the intracavity Q-switch device 3 and passes through beam shifting means 6, which is typically a nonlinear mixing crystal of the type well known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention employs a beta barium borate frequency doubling crystal which provides greater than 15% conversion of the long wavelength output into the short wavelength spectrum. Thereafter, the beam, including the long and short wavelengths, passes to a front surface mirror 7 which coincidently focusses the two wavelengths into a beam delivery means 8, which may, for example, be a fiber optic cable. FIG. 1 also depicts a beam attenuator means 14 (i. e. neutral density filters, color filters, polarization) which may be used to selectively adjust the power ratio of the two wavelengths in the beam. Additionally, the coating applied to the focusing mirror 7 can be adjusted to provide the proper ratio of short to long wavelength pulse energy in the beam. Another optional device shown in FIG. 1 is an intracavity tuning device 4 which can be used to select a specific output wavelength from a broadly tunable lasing medium's emission bandwidth, such as alexandrite (720-790 nm), thus enhancing its beam shifting efficiency and interaction with target materials.
An example of the performance characteristics of a dual wavelength alexandrite laser system is as follows: a) an output of 0-200 mJ/pulse at 755 nm at 15 Hertz (Hz); b) a pulse width of the 755 nm output 100-300 ns full width half maximum (FWHM); c) a 15% doubling efficiency using beta barium borate to provide 0-30 mJ/pulse at 378 nm; d) 85 -245 ns pulse width at 378 nm FWHM; e) a focusing mirror 7 having a 50 millimeter (mm) focal length, which coincidently focusses the two laser output beams to a full beam diameter of less than 300 microns; and f) an intracavity 4-plate birefringent filter which provides tunable 0.1 nm bandwidth from 730-780 nm.
An alternate laser system for the embodiment of the present invention is depicted schematically in FIG. 2. In this device two laser systems 15 and 16 are employed to provide the laser pulses at the long and short wavelengths, respectively. In combination, the lasers of this embodiment function as the one described above, the difference being that the dual wavelengths (long and short) are created in two different laser systems. The laser output beams are combined with the aid of mirrors 10 and 12 which serve to spatially overlap the two beams into a single beam. These combined beams are then coincidentally focused by mirror 7 into the delivery means 8. Optionally, a means 17 and 18 (i.e. neutral density filters) is provided to selectively attenuate the individual laser beams to produce the desired ratio of long to short wavelength pulse energy. The temporal sequencing of these two laser pulses should follow the description provided in the text.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the most effective time sequencing of the laser pulses is shown in FIG. 3. This is a photograph of an oscilloscope trace of the two laser pulses temporal overlap, short (lower) and long (upper) wavelengths. The peak of the short wavelength pulse is achieved at about 15 nanoseconds (ns) before the peak of the long wavelength pulse. This sequencing scheme allows the plasma to ignite by the action of the short wavelength pulse before a significant part of the long wavelength pulse has irradiated the object calculi; and allows a significant part of the long wavelength pulse to irradiate the object calculi during the plasma lifetime. This is the most efficient use of the long wavelength pulse. Alternately, the long wavelength pulse may directly coincide temporally or even precede the short wavelength pulse but this would result in a diminished fragmentation efficiency of the target calculi.
The preferred embodiment of lithotripter 19 further comprises a fused silica fiber 32 or 200-400 micron core diameter. In the preferred embodiment and as best seen in FIG. 4, the fiber 32 is a 300 micron core fiber which is insertable into the working channel 33 of an endoscope or ureterescope 38 for positioning adjacent to the targeted calcified matter 40. A conventional stone basket may be employed to grasp the targeted matter 40 and hold it adjacent to the working end 32' of the optical fiber 32 so as to accurately aim the laser pulses into the matter 40. The endoscope 38 may also include a conventional irrigation channel 35.
To enable a direct comparison of fragmentation performance and test the concept of SW light acting as a plasma igniter in stones where LW light alone cannot generate consistent plasma sparking, eleven (11) specific samples of calculi were selected among a group of 47 different biliary and urinary calculi samples which composition had been previously analyzed.
These eleven (11) test samples were selected as those being extremely difficult or impossible to fragment when exposed to the 504 nm light of a commercially available dye laser lithotripter or to the 755 nm LW light of the Q-switched Alexandrite laser lithotripter.
In a series of experiments with a dual wavelength Alexandrite test laser substantially similar to the one described herein as a preferred embodiment and shown in FIG. 1, each of the eleven (11) calculi samples were irradiated with different energy levels of SW and LW light which were transmitted simultaneously through a tapered 500-300 micron fused silica fiber. Substantially enhanced fragmentation performance, as well as, the synergistic interaction of the SW and LW pulse components were clearly demonstrated.
For example, white Apatit & Struvite stone #KI-XI, in which little or no plasma sparking could be generated with up to 60 mJ of 504 nm light or up to 100 mJ of 755 nm LW light, responded very effectively to the combination of 4 mJ SW and 40 mJ LW light.
In the case of Cystine stone #KI-XVI, which did not respond at all to 60 mJ of 504 nm light or 100 mJ of 755 nm LW light, fragmentation was readily accomplished with a combination of 4 mJ of SW light and 32 mJ of LW light.
Removal of any of the two beam components during stone exposure, resulted in instant reduction of fragmentation response.
Further, the hard Brushite surface layer of stone #KDI-8, in which no plasma sparking at all could be obtained with 60 mJ of 504 nm light or 100 mJ of 755 nm LW light, responded with consistent plasma sparking when irradiated with 7 mJ SW and 52 mJ LW light.
The experiments with the eleven (11) different stone samples have established that the combination of 4-12 mJ of SW light and 15-35 mJ of LW light generates pulses which ensure consistent plasma sparking and fragmentation in most stones when delivered through a 300 micron fused silica fiber.
The table in FIG. 6 summarizes the specific fragmentation responses of the eleven (11) different stone samples to the 504 nm light of a commercially available dye laser lithotripter, at energy levels of between 30 and 60 mJ (a "prior art" method), as well as, the composition, color and surface structure of the samples.
The table in FIG. 7 summarizes the fragmentation response of the same eleven (11) stone samples, when tested with different levels of SW and LW light generated by the dual wavelength Alexandrite test laser, in accordance with the present invention, employing spatially and temporally overlapped short wavelength and long wavelength light. A stone by stone comparision of the fragmentation responses tabulated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, clearly demonstrates the superior and consistent performance of the invention method and apparatus.
Since various changes may be made in the invention without departing from its spirit and essential characteristics, it is intended that all matter contained in the description shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4391275 *||Nov 28, 1980||Jul 5, 1983||Lasag Ag||Method for the surgical treatment of the eye|
|US4408602 *||Jan 14, 1981||Oct 11, 1983||Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Laser knife device|
|US4672969 *||Oct 6, 1983||Jun 16, 1987||Sonomo Corporation||Laser healing method|
|US4764930 *||Jan 27, 1988||Aug 16, 1988||Intelligent Surgical Lasers||Multiwavelength laser source|
|US4791927 *||Jul 1, 1987||Dec 20, 1988||Allied Corporation||Dual-wavelength laser scalpel background of the invention|
|WO1986006269A1 *||Apr 23, 1986||Nov 6, 1986||Candela Corp||Use of lasers to break down objects|
|1||"A Q-Switched Alexandrite Laser for Laser Induced Shock Wave Lithotripsy (LISL)-Basics and In Vitro Studies", European Laser Journal for Medicine and Surgery, E. Steiger and J. W. Kuper, 1988.|
|2||*||A Q Switched Alexandrite Laser for Laser Induced Shock Wave Lithotripsy (LISL) Basics and In Vitro Studies , European Laser Journal for Medicine and Surgery, E. Steiger and J. W. Kuper, 1988.|
|3||PCT/WIPO Publication #WO89/04147 based on PCT/US88/04000, Pub. Date May 18, 1989; Applicant, Filler, W. S., Title: ESWL Employing Non-Focused Spherical-Sector Shock Waves.|
|4||*||PCT/WIPO Publication WO89/04147 based on PCT/US88/04000, Pub. Date May 18, 1989; Applicant, Filler, W. S., Title: ESWL Employing Non Focused Spherical Sector Shock Waves.|
|5||Topical Meeting on Tunable Solid State Lasers Technical Digest, "Medical Applications of Alexandrite Laser Systems", Oct., 1987, Kuper et al.|
|6||*||Topical Meeting on Tunable Solid State Lasers Technical Digest, Medical Applications of Alexandrite Laser Systems , Oct., 1987, Kuper et al.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5242454 *||Jun 12, 1992||Sep 7, 1993||Omega Universal Technologies, Ltd.||Method for diagnosis and shock wave lithotripsy of stones in the submaxillary and parotid glands|
|US5312396 *||Jan 22, 1991||May 17, 1994||Massachusetts Institute Of Technology||Pulsed laser system for the surgical removal of tissue|
|US5496306 *||Nov 24, 1992||Mar 5, 1996||Light Age, Inc.||Pulse stretched solid-state laser lithotripter|
|US5507739 *||Jun 15, 1992||Apr 16, 1996||American Dental Technologies, Inc.||Dental laser|
|US5586132 *||Jul 27, 1994||Dec 17, 1996||Laser Industries Ltd.||Method and apparatus for generating bright light sources|
|US5746735 *||Aug 8, 1996||May 5, 1998||Cynosure, Inc.||Ultra long pulsed dye laser device for treatment of ectatic vessels and method therefor|
|US5749868 *||Sep 26, 1996||May 12, 1998||Cynosure, Inc.||Near infra-red selective photothermolysis for ectatic vessels and method therefor|
|US6375651||Feb 18, 2000||Apr 23, 2002||Scimed Life Systems, Inc.||Laser lithotripsy device with suction|
|US6391022||Jan 16, 1998||May 21, 2002||Cynosure, Inc.||Ultra long pulsed dye laser device for treatment of ectatic vessels and method therefor|
|US6440123 *||Apr 9, 1998||Aug 27, 2002||Konrad Engel||Metal probe for use in intracorporeal lithotripsy|
|US6579284||Apr 12, 2002||Jun 17, 2003||Cynosure, Inc.||Ultra long pulsed dye laser device for treatment of ectatic vessels and method therefor|
|US6726681||Mar 15, 2002||Apr 27, 2004||Scimed Life Systems, Inc.||Laser lithotripsy device with suction|
|US7104983||Mar 16, 2004||Sep 12, 2006||Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.||Laser lithotripsy device with suction|
|US7977602 *||Jul 12, 2011||Photon Dynamics, Inc.||Laser ablation using multiple wavelengths|
|US8531761 *||May 27, 2010||Sep 10, 2013||Massachusetts Institute Of Technology||High peak power optical amplifier|
|US8614853||Mar 9, 2010||Dec 24, 2013||Massachusetts Institute Of Technology||Two-dimensional wavelength-beam-combining of lasers using first-order grating stack|
|US8915948||Feb 15, 2008||Dec 23, 2014||Palomar Medical Technologies, Llc||Method and apparatus for photothermal treatment of tissue at depth|
|US9028536||Aug 3, 2009||May 12, 2015||Cynosure, Inc.||Picosecond laser apparatus and methods for its operation and use|
|US9136667||Aug 22, 2013||Sep 15, 2015||Massachusetts Institute Of Technology||High peak power optical amplifier|
|US20030144713 *||Jan 21, 2003||Jul 31, 2003||Cynosure, Inc.||Ultra-long flashlamp-excited pulse dye laser for therapy and method therefor|
|US20040022295 *||Sep 19, 2001||Feb 5, 2004||Jean-Mar Weulersse||High-peak-power laser device and application to the generation of light in the extreme ultraviolet|
|US20040049248 *||Nov 5, 2001||Mar 11, 2004||Karl-Heinz Schonborn||Device for the cleaning wounds by means of laser|
|US20040132228 *||Dec 17, 2003||Jul 8, 2004||Honeywell International Inc.||Method and system for fabricating an OLED|
|US20040243123 *||Mar 16, 2004||Dec 2, 2004||Scimed Life Systems, Inc.||Laser lithotripsy device with suction|
|US20060235376 *||Jun 21, 2006||Oct 19, 2006||Cardiodex Ltd.||Methods and apparatus for hemostasis following arterial catheterization|
|US20080230525 *||Mar 19, 2008||Sep 25, 2008||Photon Dynamics, Inc.||Laser ablation using multiple wavelengths|
|US20110222574 *||Sep 15, 2011||Massachusetts Institute Of Technology||Two-dimensional wavelength-beam-combining of lasers using first-order grating stack|
|US20110292498 *||May 27, 2010||Dec 1, 2011||Massachusetts Institute Of Technology||High peak power optical amplifier|
|US20130041355 *||Aug 11, 2011||Feb 14, 2013||Tammo Heeren||Reducing Damage From A Dielectric Breakdown in Surgical Applications|
|CN101674914B||Mar 21, 2008||Jan 9, 2013||光子动力学公司||Laser ablation using multiple wavelengths|
|WO2002027872A1 *||Sep 19, 2001||Apr 4, 2002||Commissariat Energie Atomique||High-peak-power laser device and application to the generation of light in the extreme ultraviolet|
|WO2010065638A2 *||Dec 2, 2009||Jun 10, 2010||Ceramoptec Industries, Inc.||Method and device for laser lithotripsy|
|WO2010065645A2 *||Dec 2, 2009||Jun 10, 2010||Ceramoptec Industries, Inc.||Laser induced vapor/plasma mediated medical procedures and device|
|WO2010065645A3 *||Dec 2, 2009||Sep 16, 2010||Ceramoptec Industries, Inc.||Laser induced vapor/plasma mediated medical procedures and device|
|WO2013159793A1 *||Apr 26, 2012||Oct 31, 2013||Dornier Medtech Laser Gmbh||A method for generating shaped laser pulses in a lithotripter and a lithotripter|
|WO2014074557A1 *||Nov 6, 2013||May 15, 2014||Ams Research Corporation||Dual wavelength laser lithotripsy|
|U.S. Classification||606/2.5, 606/3|
|International Classification||H01S3/08, A61B18/26, A61B17/22, A61B18/20, H01S3/11, H01S3/106, H01S3/23, A61N5/06, H01S3/109|
|Cooperative Classification||H01S3/109, H01S3/106, A61B18/26, H01S3/11, H01S3/2383, H01S3/0809|
|European Classification||H01S3/11, A61B18/26, H01S3/106, H01S3/109, H01S3/23P|
|Jun 19, 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ALLIED-SIGNAL, INC., COLUMBIA ROAD & PARK AVENUE,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MORRIS, ROBERT C.;REEL/FRAME:005113/0147
Effective date: 19890602
Owner name: KARL STORZ ENDOSCOPY-AMERICA, INC., 10111 W. JEFFE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DAMGAARD-IVERSEN, KARSTEN;REEL/FRAME:005113/0149
Effective date: 19890524
Owner name: ALLIED-SIGNAL INC., COLUMBIA ROAD & PARK AVENUE, M
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CHIN, TIMOTHY C.;REEL/FRAME:005113/0143
Effective date: 19890602
Owner name: ALLIED-SIGNAL, INC., COLUMBIA ROAD & PARK AVENUE,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:KUPER, JERRY W.;REEL/FRAME:005113/0145
Effective date: 19890602
|Nov 29, 1994||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Apr 21, 1995||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Apr 21, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 23, 1998||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 2, 1998||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CONTINENTAL STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY, AS AGE
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LASER ENERGETICS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:009580/0188
Effective date: 19980828
|Nov 1, 1999||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NEVYAS EYE ASSOCIATES, PC 401K PROFIT SHARING PLAN
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LASER ENERGETICS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:010371/0595
Effective date: 19991029
|Sep 24, 2002||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12
|Apr 12, 2004||AS||Assignment|
|Apr 14, 2004||AS||Assignment|
|Jun 21, 2004||AS||Assignment|