I've seen a lot of people using a preamplifier pedal. What does that pedal do?
Do I need one on my pedalboard?
A pre-amp amplifies a quiet signal such as that from a passive guitar pickup, or a microphone, into a louder signal suitable for the input of a power amplifier.
A couple of terms:
Some guitar amps contain their own preamp, or at least are capable of sounding good with an instrument level input. But some amplifiers need line level input to get any kind of useful sound. Additionally a preamp can be an effective way of overdriving an amp, where the instrument alone wouldn't have enough power.
You also encounter preamps in the world of HiFi, where they are used to bring the signal from a turntable up to the level required by the main amp.
Different preamps have different design goals. Some are designed to amplify the sound as accurately as possible. Other preamps are intended to colour the sound and add their own character.
You may have a pre-amp already, and not know it. A lot of multi-FX pedals accept instrument-level inputs, but output at line-level.
Every pedal in your pedalboard already incorporates a preamp, or can be regarded as one. An overdrive pedal is a preamp. A distortion pedal is a preamp. A chorus pedal is a preamp. En equalizer pedal is a preamp.
All of these boxes are designed such that any of them can be the first element in your signal chain right after the instrument, dealing with the weak signal from a passive pickup. Even the ones that do not provide a level boost still boost the signal's current driving ability: the devices can drive a lower impedance load (such as a line level input) than your guitar is able to. They meet any reasonable definition of the word preamp.
So for instance if all you have is a guitar, amp and a 10 band equalizer stomp-box, plus a pair of cables, you have a preamp. You should be able to plug into the box, from that patch into the power amp, and play with reasonably good sound. This setup is very similar to going through the clean channel of a guitar amplifier.
When people tell you that they have a pre-amp in their pedalboard or that you should get one, they probably mean "guitar preamp".
"guitar preamp" is a kind of marketing word which refers to an electronic device that provides a more or less complete solution for taking the signal from a guitar and preparing a tone-shaped signal that is ready to go into a power-amp. Guitar pre-amps have features like switching between multiple channels that have independent settings, and integrate a lot more controls. Whereas a distortion pedal might have just a simple tone control and a switch for bypass, a preamp pedal might have a switch between two channels, and a more sophisticated EQ, and perhaps even a delay effect built in.
Basically it's just a more functionally integrated unit than regular pedals. For an example of a guitar pre-amp in a pedal format, look at, for instance, the ADA APP-1: a new item from a re-start of the same company that brought us the ADA MP-1 rackmount MIDI-controlled tube preamp in the late 1980's. What is this, really? It's something like having an A/B box, and several compression, distortion and EQ pedals rolled into one enclosure.
If you have this in your pedal board, chances are that some of your boxes become unnecessary and can be taken out.
I installed a small tube pre amp at the end of my pedals. I can adjust the mid levels and boost the weaker signals. I have a couple pedals that make unwanted noise. The pre amps cleans that up and being a tube type amp it give the sound a warmer feel.