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Insight-motivated Learning: A Model to Improve Stress Management and Adherence in Chronic Health Conditions
Robert A. Ronzio, PhD; Patricia A. Ronzio, MEd
Abstract Patients’ nonadherence to prescriptive behavioral changes presents a frequent limitation in the treatment of chronic illness and serves as a focal point for educational programs and clinicians’ support of patients’ self-management. Recurrent emotional stress can compromise adherence. Insightmotivated learning (IML) is a holistic model in which personal insights form a basis for understanding recurrent stressors and related responses. Case examples, derived from coaching clients toward healthy lifestyles and monitoring the progress of patients with fibromyalgia, suggest that explorations of the physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional dimensions of wellness and insight-inspired solutions enhance self-efficacy and improve stress management. The field needs empirical studies to assess the capability of IML to improve self-management of treatment-resistant health conditions and promote long-term, healthful lifestyle change.
Robert A. Ronzio, PhD is an emeritus certified nutrition specialist and was awarded an honorary ND from Bastyr University. He is the author of the Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health (Facts on File, 2003). His publications include over 30 peer-reviewed papers in areas of molecular biology and nutrition, in addition to “Naturally Occurring Antioxidants” for the Textbook of Natural Medicine. He is co-founder of the Insight Learning Institute http://www.InsightLearningInstitute.org. Patricia A. Ronzio, MEd, is a healthy lifestyles coach with a master’s degree in health education. She is also a certified health education specialist (CHES), and a holistic stress management instructor (HSMI). She is the founder of http://www.newparadigmcoaching.com, http://www.dietfreenow.com, and co-founder of the Insight Learning Institute.
Corresponding authors: Patricia A. Ronzio, MEd: email@example.com Robert A. Ronzio, PhD: firstname.lastname@example.org
compliance or noncompliance. A recent Cochrane review indicates that “Current methods of improving adherence [to treatments] for chronic health problems are mostly complex and not very effective; so the full benefits of treatment cannot be realized.”3 Because nonadherence is so pervasive, strategies to improve adherence may improve patients’ health and well-being significantly. Why do patients resist prescriptive actions? Clearly their reasons are complex, reflecting intentional as well as nonintentional factors. Behavioral research suggests that people fail to follow prescriptive actions when they do not understand potential benefits, when they do not believe they can change, or when they lack an effective plan and reliable social support. Patients may feel uncomfortable about clinicians’ recommendations because they do not feel understood4 or they feel they do not have the time or energy to make the necessary lifestyle changes due to recurrent work-family daily pressures.5 Limitations of Traditional Education Programs for Patients Systems-oriented chronic care now considers patients’ selfmanagement and support of that self-management to be key elements of that care,6,7 and it is logical to focus on self-management education to improve clinical outcomes. Beyond the didactic presentation of information and a disease focus, patients’ education can emphasize learning strategies and improved self-management.8 Key elements in self-management of chronic disease include a strong sense of self-efficacy, a feeling of empowerment, and effective emotional functioning including management of negative emotional states.9 Indeed, the education will have limited impact unless it addresses patients’ immediate concerns and reflects their lifestyles.7,10 The vast array of information available to the public and the multiple resources available to clinicians have not been
hronic disease poses an increasingly heavy burden on health-care resources, and general agreement exists that faulty lifestyles are a major contributor to this crisis. Paradoxically, most people visiting a clinician’s office are well-aware of health risks associated with habits such as smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and imbalanced diets, yet they resist changing their routines. This resistance manifests as nonadherence to treatmentdirected goals and actions, a response that drastically curtails good clinical outcomes on a global scale. In developed countries, only 50% of patients with chronic illness follow treatment recommendations.1 Examples include diabetes, metabolic syndrome, breast cancer, and HIV treatment. Less than 50% of US adults follow dietary recommendations.2 Adherence is a more general and less pejorative term than
Integrative Medicine • Vol. 11, No. 2 • Apr/May 2012
Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning
reflecting patients’ thoughts and feelings. Provide guidance for insights and self-determined goals rather than advice or solutions. For example.20. and (3) conscious awareness of new solutions. Chu and MacGregor recently reviewed the current status of insight problem solving. 7. 5. Chronic Stress: A Barrier to Behavioral Change Beyond its role as a risk factor for multiple diseases. 2. support. but it also predicts negative clinical outcomes. however. Support patients’ evaluation of actions without judgment. Promote insights as a motivation for behavioral change via insight-inspired solutions. Though their efficacy is well-established. 2 • Apr/May 2012 23 . please visit copyright. challenges of day-to-day living frequently become recurrent energy drains. especially with regard to stress management. To subscribe. in contrast to externally focused attention. including physical exercise. Emphasize empathy. Assertiveness and effective communication skills are also beneficial. illustrated by the case examples described below.20 During the incubation phase. studies indicate that chronic psychological stress (distress) presents a barrier to patients’ compliance and self-management. mental. researchers found high levels of stress and medication nonadherence to be risk factors for stroke.21 Mechanistic studies typically employ highly structured environments. prayer. Acknowledge that patients have the innate capacity to discover insights. spirit.20 Mental preparation can improve insight problem solving. effective stress management needs to address the interaction of body. No.20 Insight problem solving progresses through (1) an impasse where familiar problem-solving solutions do not work. awaits empirical testing. along with preferential right hemisphere activation.13 Stress contributed to nonadherence for patients with a history of hypertension.16 Multidisciplinary education programs for patients often recommend stress management techniques. Unless effectively managed. and emotions. rather than pain intensity. meditation.11 Clinicians may not appreciate how difficult it is to change behavior. and social support. It is noteworthy that these education programs rarely explore the spiritual dimension in discussions of stress.19 InSIGHT-MOTIVATED LEArnInG: A MODEL TO EnHAnCE PATIEnTS’ ADHErEnCE THrOUGH STrESS MAnAGEMEnT The Principles of Insight-motivated Learning The authors propose that insight learning provides a viable approach to augment a patient’s daily self-management of her or his health condition.23. characterized by a subjective “Aha!” experience. Encourage patients to explore ramifications of energy drains within the physical. Employ active listening. 4.23 This state. 11. (2) an incubation period without further conscious work on finding a solution (postimpasse restructuring). 3. Patients’ education. certain findings are relevant. Medical practitioners have used extensive research and behavioral theory to develop and amplify strategies to manage the stages of the stress response. these modalities often do not acknowledge patients’ immediate concerns or improve their innate problem-solving skills to resolve recurrent life issues that initiate chronic stress patterns. processing). Upon encountering patients’ resistance. visit imjournal. 6.com.com enough to alleviate nonadherence. the patient is already dealing with her or his condition on a daily basis.24 Studies suggest that reduced anxiety and positive affect (possibly enhanced by relaxation and adequate sleep).12 It is worthwhile to examine how stress can impact patients’ adherence. in which the combined effects exceed that of a single wellness domain. chronic stress can prevent adoption of more healthful activities.18 In this context.22. possibly provided by a clinician or case manager. To share or copy this article.25. planning. also can improve success with insight solutions. a temptation exists to repeat information or advice “until they get it. such as directing attention inward and reducing visual input to increase the brain’s readiness to detect weakly activated solutions.14 In managing rheumatoid arthritis. This hypothesis. Most people have experienced flashes of insight.4 Patients’ psychological stress can make a significant contribution to refractory health problems and unhealthful lifestyles. as the result of which they have solved previously baffling problems. Insight learning can augment this task because insights are personal constructs by which individuals can discern and resolve problems. were more accurate predictors of the degree of negative orientation to their illness. is characterized by looser connections between single words and concepts or visual perceptions and by an increased readiness to detect remote connections.This article is protected by copyright. Principles of Insight-motivated Learning 1.” Not only is this response ineffective. it is important to realize that self-management is inevitable. patients’ perceived stress levels.22 Thus a positive state of mind favors insight problem solving.17 To have a lasting impact. mindfulness. Insight-motivated learning (IML) derives from the authors’ experience: 12 years of coaching women Table. Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning Integrative Medicine • Vol. and humor may promote this process as does reduced visual attention for details (big picture). Learning Through Insights As a starting point. and acceptance of patients’ choices and discovery process. progressive relaxation. spiritual.19 In addition to analytical problem solving (monitoring. and emotional dimensions of wellness. the subconscious evaluates weak or diffuse associations. evaluating. Use ISSN#1543953X.15 Although the impact of repeated stressors can be highly heterogeneous.26 Directing attention to a particular aspect of a problem with cues (environmental hints). and researchers have done little work to study insight learning in a clinical setting. major problem-solving strategy. Nonetheless. Different neural processes characterize each of these stages. Insight learning occurs when problem solvers stimulate neural pathways that permit them to tap elusive new connections. mind. generally neglects this powerful problem-solving strategy. insight learning represents a second. Addressing routine stressors directly interrupts the stress response upstream. personal insights offer a practical approach to improve management of chronic stress while encouraging patients’ self-efficacy through mind-body explorations.
does even a small fraction of this issue derive from a mental. Beyond the physical domain (eg. associated perceptions. willpower. They are the patient’s prerogative. Step 2: Acknowledge and Evaluate Prior Strategies to Generate New Awareness (New Insights) Acknowledging positive actions previously used to resolve the self-selected problem can prove to individuals that they are capable of taking action to improve their lives. rest. for example. issues around self-esteem. recurring and specific issue blocking progress towards the presenting problem. immediate entrenched stress patterns will affect the degree to which patients can focus and act on clinical advice and recommendations. 24 Integrative Medicine • Vol. and their habitual responses. CM: What are previous strategies you used to deal with this issue? What worked? What didn’t work? P: I tried to take a healthy snack to eat on the way home but I ended up eating it at work. Recurring. Or. Step 3 Beyond the physical domain. as fresh perspectives and new understandings.27 Case Manager (CM): What is one recurring issue that is blocking your progress? Patient (P): I stop at a convenience store and eat junk food in my car on the way home from work. The Table summarizes the key principles of IML. agement. or (3) emotional—recognizing emotions—anger. On one hand. A case example focused on weight loss illustrates the six steps as follows. and feelings (emotional domain). assertiveness. patients can move beyond this limitation as they derive new awareness of a stress-behavior chain.com.18 The IML model comprises a cyclic process that provides multiple opportunities for patients to obtain new insights within the wellness paradigm as presented in the Figure. physical fitness. Insights. dealing with spousal recriminations or overwork. are prerequisites for insight-based solutions because they provide an avenue for transformative thinking. Step 4: Formulate a Specific and Achievable Goal Based on Reflection and New Insights Patients use new insights and a fresh perspective to develop a goal unique to their experiences and their self-discoveries. visit imjournal. or emotional dimension of wellness? Step 4 Formulate a specific and achievable goal based on new insights. Six Steps to Patients’ Insight-motivated Learning Step 1 Identify an immediate. and outcomes. stressful issues (energy drains) before focusing on therapeutic goals. Use ISSN#1543953X. whether or not goal was attained. Step 1: Identify an Immediate. I have no self-discipline. Step 3: Consider the Possibility That Even a Small Fraction of the Immediate Problem Is Not Due to a Lack of Willpower Could an underlying factor to this issue exist that the patient has overlooked? This inquiry can help the patient see the situation in a new light (further insight building). and sleep). 2 • Apr/May 2012 Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning . please visit copyright. and self-care.com toward healthy lifestyles and formerly monitoring progress of patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia at a fibromyalgia rehabilitation center during 4 years as a consultant. health care professionals do not define the patient’s immediate problems. Step 2 Acknowledge and evaluate prior strategies to deal with this issue and generate new awareness (new insights) Step 5 Consider consequences of choices. spiritual. guilt. (2) spiritual—life meaning or connection to a higher power. the authors suggest that these principles can support patients’ self-inquiry and help them deactivate stressors beyond those that they first acknowledge. select a different pressing energy drain. life purpose and meaning (spiritual domain).This article is protected by copyright. and changing an issue in the physical plane. I am expected to do the work of three people. goals.16 IML supports the wellness paradigm. do other wellness domains come into play: (1) mental—negative thoughts. fear. and creativity come into play. Take action toward self-selected goal. recurrent thoughts/ emotional patterns. IML seeks to improve adherence by supporting patients in addressing recurrent. overeating. wisdom. drastically curtails results. Evaluating without judgment why those strategies were ineffective can reveal new possibilities when personal intuition. the nature of a given stressor. Self- Step 6 Continue insight-guided exploration of current issue within the same or another wellness domain. To share or copy this article. To subscribe. what could it be about? P: I have a lot of stress in my job. When patients identify energy drains. or loneliness—or expressing them appropriately? CM: Even if just 1% of this issue is not about your weight. It’s exhausting just trying to keep up. nutrition. Wellness combines all of these factors. On the other hand. they gradually can trust their abilities to explore the rich world of thoughts (mental domain). No. 11. adjusting the details until “certain” of follow through. without addressing other dimensions. Extract insights from experience without self-judgment. or self-discipline. Based on observations of how patients and coaching clients with fibromyalgia successfully change their behavior. With encourFigure. a physical domain issue). they frequently focus on overt stress-response symptoms (eg. and Specific Issue Blocking Progress Toward the Presenting Problem For effective self-management support.
11. recent findings suggest that patients with FSS experience an increased incidence of prolonged psychological stress. among others. please visit copyright. I plan to do a few minutes of slow breathing in my car when I leave work and before I head home—twice this week. Patients can adjust specific details of a goal (eg.28 CM: Do your insights suggest a new approach to deal with this immediate problem? P: I didn’t realize how exhausted I was with the demands of my work.32 Patients’ negative attitudes can impact dramatically the continuation and even worsening of chronic pain.com selected lifestyle goals encourage personal commitment because they help promote self-efficacy. To share or copy this article. including anxiety. What will you commit to do next week? P: I am committing to do the slow breathing in my car five days this week. She had stopped the exercises but decided to return to water aerobics to help moderate her stress level and ultimately deal more positively with personal relationships. The IML model acknowledges the creative ability of each individual to discover new understandings of recurring personal problems that act as barriers to health-promoting activities. Overeating can’t be helping. Use ISSN#1543953X. it’s adding pounds. CM: You got some powerful insights from following through on your goal. This step entails a “guilt-free” evaluation. A growing sense of self-worth can enhance self-efficacy. understanding that actions are the direct consequence of personal choices enhances personal empowerment. Such an evaluation of consequences assists patients in moving beyond the limitations of self-criticism. . With new awareness. P: On the two days I did the slow breathing. An insight-inspired exploration may not resolve a persistent problem.33 Among patients experiencing widespread musculoskeletal pain. CM: On a scale of 0-10. employment. I also want to explore my angry feelings. including functional somatic syndromes (FSS) and long-term weight loss/weight management.30 Potential Applications of Insight-motivated Learning IML may be useful as an adjunct to multidisciplinary approaches for treatment-resistant conditions in which psychological stress is implicated. Self-management to reduce psychological stress promotes self-efficacy. shorten the time or the frequency of the activity) to help them become confident. the patient can choose to take a new action beyond self-criticism or self-blame. however. a cornerstone for collaborative care and self-management. Step 5: Follow-up: Consider Consequences of Choices and Whether or Not the Goal was Attained Patients evaluate results of their action or inaction because they can derive useful insights from either outcome. and disturbed sleep are independent risk factors for IBS in individuals previously free of it. diagnosed with fibromyalgia by a rheumatologist. patients may choose either to explore a different aspect of the same issue (in another wellness domain) or to select another lifestyle problem.com. a belief in the ability to make positive lifestyle changes. Step 6: Insight-guided Exploration of Current Issue Following a self-evaluation based on insights gained. Encouraging patients’ insights need not require timeconsuming interactions with patients. IML emphasizes new insights that foster new awareness and deeper understanding of choices and their consequences. Her new insight— that her emotional upset was linked to increased musculoskeletal pain and “feeling blue”—helped her recall an insight-inspired solution—that she felt more positive after doing pool exercises. chronic fatigue syndrome.” how certain are you that you will follow through? P: I’m an “8”for this goal. This cluster of syndromes includes fibromyalgia. it only provides feedback.This article is protected by copyright. Furthermore.16 Thus progress in attaining goals contributes to increased self-confidence and sets the stage for forming additional goals. The CM’s follow-up at the end of the contracted interval can provide additional encouragement. fear of failure. new awareness derived from insights serves as a springboard for exploring a wide range of possible solutions. a 65-yearold female patient. To subscribe. No. No “right” or “wrong” choice exists. CM: How do you think you could do that? P: My friend does slow breathing to relax. visit imjournal. and “nonadherence.” including psychological stressors. IML may play a useful role in ameliorating this response. As an example. She affirmed that she wanted to get better and to experience her former physical well-being. had experienced intermittent symptoms.34 Consequently. and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The etiology of FSS is apparently multifactorial. and financial problems). I felt much calmer and didn’t need to eat as much junk food on the way home. She saw herself as an “organizer” and wanted to return to volunteer work. that promote symptoms. CM: With your new insights what would you like to focus on going forward? P: I’d like to focus on my stress level. I realized that I am very angry and am trying to stuff my anger with food. legal. Nonetheless. But I still ate some. . 2 • Apr/May 2012 25 . . We are looking for new insights to help you move forward. Functional Somatic Syndromes.29 The authors’ experience with coaching clients and patients with fibromyalgia suggests that insights can increase self-worth as well as self-efficacy. with 10 being “absolutely certain” and 0 being “not certain at all. Self-Efficacy As an Insight-motivated Learning Goal As a modality to enhance behavioral change. Her physician had recom- Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning Integrative Medicine • Vol. persistent personal problems (relationships. life’s prior events altered the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis. setting the stage for “trigger events. .31 Psychosocial factors.” which connotes an external judgment. She noticed that symptoms worsened after “a really bad time” with relatives at a wedding. and the stress is still there. CM: How did you do with your goal? Remember our discussion does not recognize an “apparent” failure. Insights offer a route to manage stress and counter negative self-perceptions without reliance on external direction.
35 Among women. a bowl of popcorn.42 Patients need not see themselves as “doing something wrong. improve day-to-day functioning and symptom management. She repeatedly regained lost weight. Alternatively. mood. interpersonal relationships.” after weight regain.40 Indeed. Her insights gave her the opportunity to realize that she was not a failure because she was unable to lose weight on a diet and keep it off.45 Insight-motivated Learning Differs From Motivational Interviewing IML prepares a pathway to self-efficacy and self-management 26 Integrative Medicine • Vol.29 Problem solving approaches can enhance symptom management and quality of life for cancer patients43 and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression among healthy volunteers. Potential Benefits of Insight-motivated Learning Because IML emphasizes patients’ empowerment. in conjunction with behavioral programs. often achieve weight loss for up to 6 months. visit imjournal. I’m eating because I’m vegging out in front of the TV.” This client was open to exploring an insight-motivated approach to understand and resolve issues around body weight. and reduced vegetable intake. From these insights. This realization was “a huge relief ” and gave her the confidence and impetus to continue exploring “real” reasons for her weight issues. Related research is suggestive. however. Using IML. high job demands. Long-term Weight Management. after initial success with cognitive behavioral treatment or guided group self-help. or a sense of victimization. however. Use ISSN#1543953X. a reduced frequency of main meals. While “overweight” and “obesity” reflect societal. Patients can use IML to augment recommended stress management modalities beyond face-to-face meetings with a clinician. nonjudgmental self-awareness can be an effective stress reduction intervention. The client had exhausted dieting as a solution to weight management. She discovered understandable reasons why she “used” food.41 Ensuing relapses with dieting often lead to feelings of guilt. The field. For patients with chronic illness. it can serve as an adjunct to clinical protocols to strengthen patients’ education. then I felt sad after eating it. needs empirical studies to determine whether insight learning can enhance stress management. and ego-threatening situations—were correlated with increased consumption of high fat/sugar snacks.6. health-centered approaches focused on lifestyle attributes that deemphasize eating and food and reveal opportunities for health-promoting behaviors.” as being “weak willed” or “irresponsible. feelings.37 In addition. she became more confident that she could nurture herself in a healthy way. patients use their immediate circumstances as opportunities to obtain new understanding of energy drains rather than focusing on the global issue of weight management/weight loss. To subscribe. The insight journal emphasized thoughts and emotional patterns and became a vehicle for IML. The long-term objective remains conversion of a new behavior to a life-long practice. and psychological factors. however. During her introspection. IML seeks to minimize self-blame and acknowledges that patients care for themselves as well as possible at a given moment. increase psychological well-being (self-esteem.39 Calorie-restrictive diets and increased physical exercise. 11. and any new insights during a 6-day period. 2 • Apr/May 2012 Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning . and a helping of spaghetti. and my ability to know when I’m hungry.com mended low-impact. and energy level). I eat a brownie. moderate physical exercise earlier. environmental. the risk of weight regain increased with weight cycling and eating in response to negative emotions (including depression) and stress. She sincerely wanted to understand why she could not lose weight and was willing to do the work to find out. Nonetheless. self-determination of lifestyle goals enhanced perceived selfefficacy. frustration. and improve patients’ satisfaction. She confided to “feeling like a failure. the patient arrived at these conclusions: Now I’m beginning to see that food is just something to give me energy. I am not going to make it the only way that I do something special for myself. most women with excessive weight regained lost weight after 3 years. I cannot believe the difference in my level of productivity. my ability to listen to myself. Independent self-exploration with insight learning reflects patients’ increased responsibility for health-related activities and enhances life-long self-management. eventual relapse and nonadherence are the common experience. To share or copy this article. Examples of insights from her 6-day diary included these comments: I felt guilty about going out to get chocolate.36 Daily hassles— including work-related problems.This article is protected by copyright. I have caught myself in the middle of eating and realized I just wanted a break. With each insight. research suggests that psychological stress is associated with long-term risk. I’m not physically hungry at all. No. when she ended a diet. Major insights included the following: Eating is one of the only constants in my life where I can get pleasure. and low job influence were associated with increased weight gain. physiological.38. please visit copyright.44 Individuals apparently solve problems with insights more readily when they are in a positive mood. The client chose to keep an “insight journal” in which she recorded her thoughts.23 Increased. the patient selected this approach only after she saw it as an effective way to reduce her emotional stress. work-related stress. such as effective stress management. a 30-year-old coaching client weighing 250 lbs successfully lost up to 50 lbs using various popular diet plans. Individuals scoring highest for stress and emotion-related eating were over 13 times as likely to be “overweight or obese” compared to those scoring lowest. fear. the patient observed how stress triggered overeating. In another case example. I’m trying to relax. I eat because I want a break.com. and reiteration of IML offers the opportunity for cumulative positive actions. self-efficacy. my overall attitude.
The field needs research to establish whether IML can improve adherence to treatment protocols and improve stress management. Success with IML is a function of how safe the patient feels. 2007:10(3):222-229. Bull Publishing Company: 1994. Joyner-Grantham J. Accessed October 27. Patient Educ Couns. Improving adherence to a cholesterollowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. The origins of insight in resting-state brain activity. SUMMArY As a model that incorporates insight learning. Lorig K. In terms of readiness to change behavior. Diabesity: An overview of a rising epidemic. In the cited case examples. preparation (ready to change). 4. Integrating psychologic approaches into the behavioral management of cardiac patients. To subscribe. Using MI. No. 8. related to smoking cessation. Ackloo E. Butterworth SW. A followup visit is useful to anchor new learning.com and can be contrasted with motivational interviewing (MI). How Can a Busy Clinician Use Insight-motivated Learning? IML’s long-range objective is to promote patients’ self-management and personal responsibility for health. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. Lorig K. health literacy. Mount DL. Ferrario CM. Am Fam Physician. clinicians identify patients’ objections to a therapeutic behavioral change. Gsel A. Because patients may be unaccustomed to such self-discovery. Lahelma E. Coleman MT. Farag YM. Eur J Epidemiol. encouragement to explore the mental. Gould E. A survey to help patients begin to identify sources of psychosocial stress. For further guidance. 2011. are important contributors to success. Palo Alto. Holman H. “I already know what’s sucking out all of my energy. 2007. the clinician serves as an initial facilitator for this process.20(5):411-419. Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning Integrative Medicine • Vol. REFERENCES 1. Nephrol Dial Transplant.338(5):368-372. The cognitive nature of forgiveness: using cognitive strategies of primary appraisal and coping to describe the process of forgiving. Macaskill A. for example. If the patient uncovers deep personal issues through the IML process. 6. J Clin Psychol. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Bodenheimer T. Dunbar-Jacob J. Coughlan R. McCorkle OD. 17. 2005. recalling patients’ insights and very real successes. has been published. Journal writing can be a powerful introspective/problem-solving tool. 2009. lifestyle action and patient inertia on blood pressure control in a hypertensive emergency department population. 10th edition.47 Will the patient have the opportunity to define and explore her or his immediate and specific stressors? In the words of a client. MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Patients with chronic health issues can experience frustration and disappointment within the health-care system. MI may involve multiple coaching sessions. Sahota N.This article is protected by copyright. Newton KS. Rozanski A. 2005. World Health Organization. help patients brainstorm ways to overcome those objections. or reduction of elevated blood pressure.who. An insight journal can also function as a record of new perspectives and personal victories. Instead. clinicians have found monthly phone calls for up to 6 months to be effective. IML does not rely on predetermined health outcomes. 2004. Human performance on insight problem solving: a review.288(19):2469-2475.57(1):134-142. Factors of non-compliance with the therapeutic regimen among hypertensive men and women: a case control study to investigate risk factors of stroke. 2008. Baune BT. These calls can be an opportunity to provide support during relapses. Managing Stress. Ingram BL. 15. 7. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. 9. taking action and maintenance stages. 11. AIDS Care. Aljeesh Y. especially in a medical setting. Cline DM. unique perspectives and fresh understandings that provide new solutions for energy drains. 18. Mitty E.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_ report/en/. 10. 2011. 11. Comprehensive Stress Management. 4th edition. Patient Educ Couns. 2005. Haynes RB. Swendeman D. medication compliance is not. Holman H.67(Suppl 1):S67-S73.4. 2 • Apr/May 2012 27 . Influencing patient adherence to treatment guidelines.14(6 Suppl B). referral may be appropriate. 2010. et al. World Health Organization. 16. 19. Boston. Discovery of personal insights serves as motivation for new actions by patients. Sobel D. Greenberg JS. Does the patient feel validated? The clinician or empathic staff member can support patients with reflective listening and compassion in discovering unique solutions instead of giving advice. 2005. using their creative insights. Common elements in self-management of HIV and other chronic illnesses: an integrative framework. Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S. 3. MacGregor JN. Chu Y.63(6):555-566. Yao X. and set goals to meet the treatment objective. Neuropsychologia. Clinicians can encourage patients to recall recent “Aha!” experiences as examples of insight learning. 2009.2:CD000011. It should be emphasized that insight learning is not a novel strategy.3(2):119-150. Simmons DR. Medication adherence is a partnership. Fleck JI.72(8):1503-1510. Maltby J.31(4):290-298. Public Health Nutr. IML represents a dynamic process. Grumbach K. rather. Experience with coaching clients and patients with fibromyalgia suggests that subjective outcomes can include enhanced stress management and improved day-today functioning in conjunction with improved self-worth and self-efficacy. Am J Med Sci. 2011:26(1):28-35.” Clinicians need not assign wellness dimensions per se. With its many tasks. implementation of IML can occur during a 10-minute extension of an office visit. together with practice and reinforcement for new activities. McDonald HP. Lallukka T. Use ISSN#1543953X. J Manag Care Pharm. 2008 Apr. et al. Burke LE. 2008. Using IML. A helpful option is to use an “insight circle” support group in which participants focus on IML and personal empowerment.46 MI typically focuses on a range of health outcomes. Self-reported influences of hopelessness. Therefore a trusting and emotionally safe environment would seem to precede optimal use of IML. It should be emphasized that IML does not replace counseling or standard therapeutic modalities.21(10):13211334.com. JAMA. creating additional obstacles to open communication. 13. Sereika SM. clinical support can take the form of short periodic check-ins. To share or copy this article. Psychosom Med. leading to reduced symptom severity and frequency and maintenance of healthful lifestyle changes. emotional. Roos E. Orchard TJ. or spiritual wellness domains can serve as door openers to discover new perspectives and personal truth about a given situation. 2002. S21-S24. a brief phone call or an e-mail exchange may suffice. J Probl Solving. Living a healthy life with chronic conditions. weight loss.59(2):192-198. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 26. Recurrent social support. 2008. Green DL. please visit copyright. it is an innate mode of problem solving. Bender R. visit imjournal. Kounios J. Gaballa MR. 5. Supporting self-management in patients with chronic illness. Sudbury. Seaward BL. 12. IML focuses on patients’ self-selected energy drains and immediate stressors. patients could use IML through the contemplation (thinking about change). Psychological stress as a predictor of psychological adjustment and health status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Curtis R. Gillett R. http://www. which may or may not be directly related to presenting complaints or selected therapeutic interventions. patients can use their innate creativity and insightgenerating skills to arrive at new. 2.46(1):281-291. MA: McGraw Hill. IML encouraged patients to see a given stressful situation in a new light and helped them interrupt ingrained stress responses. IML turns immediate problem solving over to patients. 14. Rotheram-Borus MJ. In contrast to MI. Associations of work-family conflicts with food habits and physical activity. 2005.48 With trust and safety in place. CA. Geriatr Nurs. Groarke A.
Leeper JD. Phelan S. New York. 2008. Frymiare JL. Psychon Bull Rev.This week more patients in the USA were left unwell with no hope. Treatment modalities of obesity: what fits whom? Diabetes Care. Kounios J. 11. 46. O’Connor DB. Deccache A.com The Neurological Integration System by Neurolink is a cutting-edge approach to healthcare transforming practices around the globe.29(4):283-293. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2002. Mutsuura H. d’Hoore W. 2004. 2 • Apr/May 2012 Ronzio and Ronzio—Insight-motivated Learning . NY. 35. McBeth J. Nyklicek I. Avon Books: 1994.82(Suppl 1):222S-225S.17(10):882-890. Jung-Beeman M.170(2):181-192. Testing a new cognitive behavioral treatment for obesity: A randomized controlled trial with three-year follow-up.3(1):e1459. IN: Author House. Behav Res Ther. Bowden EM. please visit copyright.18(4):210-216. Effectiveness of a web-based self-help intervention for symptoms of depression. 25. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008. Moderation of psychosocial risk factors through dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis in the onset of chronic. 2009. Turk DC. et al. 30. et al. Perko M.57(2):153-157. 41. Arthritis Rheum.neurolinkglobal. Heitmann BL. 27. Gyntelberg F. 2009. 2003. 20. 2009.53(4):213-223. 2008. 42. A brain mechanism for facilitation of insight by positive affect. 2007. Cooper Z. PLoS Biol. Fukunaga M. Health Psychol. Psychosocial risk markers for new onset irritable bowel syndrome – results of a large prospective population-based study. Carrier K. 39. Hainer V. Use ISSN#1543953X. Kanbara K. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Taught for over 25 years in the USA. Can J Psychiatry. Elfhag K. J Neurosci Nurs. Haberman J. 2009. Cam Fam Physician. NIS will transform your practice. 2008. Toplak H. 38. Ozier AD. Conner M. McNeil DW. J Med Internet Res.106. The prepared mind: neural activity prior to problem presentation predicts subsequent solution by sudden insight. To share or copy this article. 37. visit imjournal. Funnell MM. NIS provides healthcare professionals with tools to treat a wider range of complaints.10(1):e7. Jung-Beeman M. Who succeeds in maintaining weight loss? A conceptual review of factors associated with weight loss maintenance and weight regain. Deconstructing insight: EEG correlates with insightful problem solving. with superior results. for a range of complaints · Learn tools to treat complaints you have not been able to previously · Learn how to address the immune system and resolve long standing complaints in the process · Quicker patient recovery time with sustainable results · Fast and simple – start applying it with patients immediately You now have access to the best healthcare technology available! Don’t miss the opportunity to learn this practice changing system. 2005. Wing RR. Tunks ER. Robison J. Bloomington. Were some of them yours? Expand the scope of your practice today – and give your patients the help they need tomorrow! This article is protected by copyright. Timmerman GM. The use of individualized goal setting to facilitate behavior change in women with multiple sclerosis. Nicholl BI. Sandkuhler S. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: Is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? Ann Behav Med. et al.27(Suppl 1):S20-S31. Silman AJ. Macfarlane GJ. McCorkle R.14(3):458-463. 2008. Zaslavsky AM. 45.2(4):E97.56(1):360-371. Am J Clin Nutr. Cuijpers P. 36. 2008. Subramaniam K. 2010. Ferguson E. Patient empowerment: reflections on the challenge of fostering the adoption of a new paradigm. 2006. He Y. Patient empowerment in theory and practice: polysemy or cacophony? Patient Educ Couns. 2005. Obes Rev. 2008.com.66(1):13-20. Given B. 23. Psychological approaches in the treatment of chronic pain patients – when pills. McMillan B. Stuifbergen AK. 2008. Pain and fatigue management: results of a nursing randomized clinical trial. Smits N. scalpels and needles are not enough. 33.35(3):331-340. 22. Kuijpers K. Overweight and obesity are associated with emotion and stress-related eating as measured by the eating and appraisal due to emotions and stress questionnaire. Diclemente CC. 28.34(4):291-298. Block JP. Am J Epidemiol. Role for a sense of self-worth in weight-loss treatments: helping patients develop self-efficacy. Becker H. Swanson KS. Ayanian JZ. M. et al. To subscribe. 2008. Jung-Beeman M. Psychosocial stress and change in weight among US adults. 44. 31. Depression and anxiety correlate differently with salivary free cortisol in the morning in patients with functional somatic syndrome. Doll HA. et al. Rossner S. Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. 2003. Oncol Nurs Forum. Gamborg M. 2004. Bowden EM. 48.10(3):730-737. · Learn step-by-step protocols to address real CAUSES. 29. Aujoulat I.com 28 Integrative Medicine • Vol. Parrish TB. Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior.48(8):706-713. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009. Given CW. Allergies/ Asthma Chronic Fatigue Depression Infections Learning Difﬁculties Structural Pain 21. Prochaska JO. 2005. Bhattacharya J. 43. Mitrakou A. Kouuonios J. Burnham J. Norcross JC.35(2):94-99. Call us today for your FREE Interactive CD and seminar schedule USA/ Canada (toll free) 1-888 745 8014 www. The Spirit and Science of Holistic Health.21(3):415-432. 40. Overgaard D. van Straten A.108(1):49-56. anxiety and stress: randomized controlled trial. Anderson RM. PLoS ONE. Aha! Insight experience correlates with solution activation in the right hemisphere. Kullberg V. 24. Martins RK. Aha! The cognitive neuroscience of insight. widespread musculoskeletal pain: findings of a population-based prospective cohort study. Pain. Review of Motivational Interviewing in promoting health behaviors. 34. 32.137(1):147-155.29(6):949-956. Knol LL. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. J Cogn Neurosci. Jones F.6(1):6785. Patient Educ Couns.54(4):543-547. Halder SL. Beeman. 2007. Gupta A. Bowden EM. and improve results. Kounios J. Cochrane G. 47. Psychol Sci. Psychological workload and weight gain among women with and without familial obesity. J Am Diet Assoc.31(Suppl 2):S269-S277. Ding L. et al. Kendrick OW. No. Hawker DM. et al. 2006. Changing for Good.
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