Tony Shaw, Denise J. Youngblood. Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Minds. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010. 301 pp. $34.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-7006-1743-2.
Reviewed by Joshua Akers (James Madison University)
Published on H-War (March, 2013)
Commissioned by Margaret Sankey
In Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Minds, Tony Shaw and Denise Youngblood offer an ambitious survey of Soviet and American film during the Cold War. The authors situate their work within “the new Cold War history” (p. 5), aiming to understand the Cold War from the bottom up by using popular culture. While acknowledging the vast body of scholarship focused on American propaganda film during World War II, the authors identify historians’ sparse consideration of cinema between 1945 and 1989. Shaw and Youngblood contend that Cinematic Cold War is not only the first comparative study of American and Soviet film, but also the first work to seriously treat film between 1945 and 1989 (pp. 4-5). The authors clearly identify their main argument in the introduction: “Culture, interpreted both as a way of life and a range of products (including paintings, television programs, and films), was a critical determinant of the Cold War, not an adjunct to diplomacy and military affairs, but a factor that shaped the meaning and nature of the conflict for millions of people from beginning to end” (p. 6).
The authors organize the work into two sections. Part 1, “Industry , State, and Cold War Controversy,” traces the development of a distinct Cold War film culture in the United States and Soviet Union. Part 2, “Sites of Conflict,” explores the contours of Cold War ideology by using specific film pairs (e.g., Incident at Map Grid 36-80  and Rambo: First Blood Part II ) to detail each of the ideological themes traced in part 1 of the work. Each pairing of films “relates either directly to a key propaganda theme or a seminal Cold War issue” (p. 9). It is in this section that the authors marshal unpublished scripts, censors’ reports, government records, reviews, and box office returns to situate the films in their broader context. One should also note that Shaw and Youngblood use these specific films (ten in all) to draw conclusions about the larger corpus of films produced during the Cold War. This allows them to avoid simply cataloging films.
The authors divide the American film industry into a number of thematic periods. One argument is that between 1947 and 1953--a time when McCarthyism eclipsed many domestic issues--Hollywood openly declared war on communism. Intense pressures from above drove Hollywood’s bellicosity toward communism more than an internal desire by producers, directors, and actors to fight Reds. Thus, the influence of the House Un-American Activities Committee, the American Legion, and the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, gave impetus to a strong anticommunist spate of Hollywood films.
However, as the influence of McCarthy politics waned in the later 1950s, the character of Hollywood films began to change. Daniel Taradash’s Storm Center (1956) and The Communist Dream (1956) implicitly questioned “American Cold War orthodoxy” (p. 25). This trend was further elaborated between 1962 and 1980, when films used comedy, drama, and the Vietnam War to “de-communize” the Russians, Chinese, and Koreans (p. 30). The election of Ronald Reagan, though, placed the Cold War in high relief and the president’s attacks on the film industry gave rise to more anticommunist cinema. Finally, between 1986 and 1990, American films presaged the rapprochement between the Soviet Union and the United States by commending Mikhail Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika initiatives in the Soviet Union. Late 1980s film harkened back to the early 1960s, when in both cases American filmmakers highlighted the similarities between Americans and Russians.
The authors also delineate four “periods” of filmmaking in the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1988 (p. 40). During the early Cold War (1946-53) the Soviet government established the Ministry of Cinematography, “giving film a considerably elevated status among the arts, but also drawing cinema even closer to the bosom of the state” (p. 40). Soviet films adhered to three specific political goals during this time: the accurate portrayal of Americans as warmongers, contrasting the “two worlds” of an aggressive, capitalist America and the peace-loving Soviet Union, and the need to portray the Soviet state as “fundamentally peaceful” (p. 47). Like its American counterpart, Soviet film during this period lacked nuance and catered to specific geopolitical Cold War aims.
During what the author’s label the “Era of ‘Positive Legitimation,’” the Soviet government abolished the Ministry of Cinematography, replacing it with the Main Administration of Cinema Affairs. This restructuring placed filmmakers further away from the direct supervision of Communist Party officials. Whereas in the previous period filmmakers adopted “hard” propaganda--the overt denunciation of America, and the extolling of Soviet virtue vis-à-vis its enemies--this era is defined by “soft” propaganda. Soft propaganda comprised films that obscured the nationality of foreign spies and saboteurs, centered on internal weaknesses, and mainly took place within the Soviet Union. These films also placed romantic love, individualism, and familial relationships at the fore while limiting their critique of Western society. The authors argue that “Soviet life, modest though it may be compared with material life in the West, was still preferable” (p. 49).
Anti-American sentiment in Soviet films ratcheted up during the 1980s, primarily because Jimmy Carter, and especially Ronald Reagan, adopted aggressive stances on communism. Soviet films lambasted Hollywood as anti-democratic, ignorant, and uncultured. However, during Mikael Gorbachev’s glasnost film producers rushed to produce critical commentaries on the Soviet past. In these two detailed case studies of American and Russian filmmaking, the authors find that political, diplomatic, and cultural tones marched in lockstep. An eruption of Soviet-American hostilities typically led to a concomitant rise in anti-American/-Soviet propaganda film in each country.
One limitation of this work is that Shaw and Youngblood are unable to capture the “audience” of Soviet and American films. This is unfortunate, considering the work’s thesis hinges on the authors’ ability to showcase how film constructed meaning during the Cold War for the average American and Russian. To successfully describe a history of the Cold War from the bottom up also requires some measure of audience reception and response to popular culture. For example, when discussing early Soviet film (1946-53), the authors contend that anti-Americanism failed to take hold in the moviegoing population. “Indeed,” continues Shaw and Youngblood, “given the popularity of American trophy films, it might be argued that moviegoers were the segment of the population most likely to admire Americans and American culture” (p. 47). This is an intriguing claim, but one that is unsupported by evidence in the work. The authors’ incorporation of box office records, government files, and behind-the-scenes materials from Hollywood and the Ministry of Cinematography is laudable. However, these sources do not lend themselves to an authoritative description of audience reaction to film in either country. In the end, the authors are far more persuasive when describing the political attitudes of filmmakers, producers, directors, and government officials than when attempting to interpret the audience’s perception of film.
This work intersects nicely with other studies of film and comic books during the Cold War. For example, William R. Savage’s Comic Books and America (1984) and Bradford Wright’s Comic Book Nation (2001) analyze comic books during the postwar era and both suggest that Front-Line Combat and Two-Fisted Tales, Korean War comics published by Entertainment Comics (EC) between 1952 and 1954, emphasized the similarities between Reds and American soldiers. Similarly, in chapter 1, Shaw and Youngblood argue that American filmmakers during the 1960s and 1970s attempted to de-communize Russians, Chinese, and Koreans by making them appear more human. While Russian filmmakers did not laud Americans, the era of “positive legitimation” witnessed the softening of anti-American caricatures and rhetoric in film.
On the whole, both scholars of the Cold War and twentieth-century film will appreciate this work. Those interested in comparative histories of the USSR and the United States will find this work’s methodology and organization useful.
in this work
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl.
Joshua Akers. Review of Shaw, Tony; Youngblood, Denise J., Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Minds.
H-War, H-Net Reviews.
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