|Número de publicación||US7938531 B2|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 11/612,383|
|Fecha de publicación||10 May 2011|
|Fecha de presentación||18 Dic 2006|
|Fecha de prioridad||27 Sep 2006|
|También publicado como||US20080231682|
|Número de publicación||11612383, 612383, US 7938531 B2, US 7938531B2, US-B2-7938531, US7938531 B2, US7938531B2|
|Inventores||Michelin de la Peña Grandeza, Vincent Peter Crisostomo Valentus, William Henry Reed|
|Cesionario original||Lexmark International, Inc.|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (132), Clasificaciones (7), Eventos legales (2)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/827,117, filed Sep. 27, 2006, entitled “Optical Navigation System using Reduced Reference and Sample Objects and Enhanced Target Tracking Method.”
Generally, the present invention relates to handheld printers. Particularly, it relates to improving print quality in handheld printers of the type able to print in random motion patterns. In one aspect, sensors optically provide position information of the printer regardless of user movement patterns. In another, particular printer control architectures are contemplated. Still other aspects relate to computational efficiencies relative to position sensor signals. Other noteworthy features relate to assessing validity of position sensor signals.
As is known, handheld printers afford mobile convenience to users. Unlike their immobile or stationary counterparts, users determine the navigation path of a given swath of printing. In some instances, this includes random movement over a media. In others, it includes back-and-forth movement attempting to simulate a stationary printer. Regardless, successful handheld printing dictates that image information relative to the printer location be available at all times. However, all users do not navigate in the same fashion. Nor do they navigate at the same speed or housing orientation. For at least these reasons, handheld printers rely heavily on sensor inputs, such as those from optical sensors or encoders, for printing images. Yet, sensor inputs are sometimes limited in their capabilities and print jobs are interrupted due to lost or inaccurate printer location calculations.
If the printer location ever becomes lost, the printer can either quit printing or guess at location. If printing quits, users have incomplete print jobs. If locations are guessed, print quality suffers. In either, poor results are obtained. In the event printer locations are not completely lost, but simply inaccurate, print quality suffers because of inappropriately placed ink print patterns being deposited on the media. Error accumulation also adds to the problem of ink placement.
To overcome this, certain prior art has suggested sensors that identify typographic structures on the media to determine position of the printhead relative to the paper. This has shortcomings, however, for want of positioning assistance in areas or regions of the media where no typographic structures exist.
In other art, optical sensors are employed to correlate current locations to previous locations to find a delta between the locations. Appreciating typical optical sensors have numerous data pixels, correlation becomes computationally extensive because comparisons of large amounts of pixel data to other large amounts of pixel data require large storage and processing power. Because the sensors also sample fairly rapidly, the volume of pixel data increases quickly thereby requiring correlation techniques to have relatively fast processing times.
Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for robust, multi-directional and random printing handheld printers having improved print quality. Particularly, there are needs by which handheld printers are able to ascertain position regardless of particularized media area or regions. The need further extends to processing of sensor signals with less computational complexity while still remaining fast and powerful. Naturally, any improvements should further contemplate good engineering practices, such as relative inexpensiveness, stability, flexibility, ease of manufacturing, etc.
The above-mentioned and other problems become solved by applying the principles and teachings associated with the hereinafter described handheld printing with optical positioning. Specifically, methods and apparatus contemplate handheld printers manipulated randomly or predictably over a media on which an image is printed. In this regard, a position sensor transmits and receives light from the media and an output signal thereof is provided to a controller to assist in ascertaining positioning of the printer regardless of how users maneuver the printer. Over time, the position sensor signal typifies a previous location and a current location. The controller searches the current location for a presence of the previous location and correlates same to a printhead for printing the image or not. To improve computational efficiency, the controller reduces a relative size of the signals from the position sensor before conducting the searching. In a basic sense, the previous frame of pixel data is reduced in size to a target frame, in turn, reduced to a one-dimensional matrix form. The current frame is reduced in sized to a two-dimensional form with one-dimensional portions thereof, having a same size as the one-dimensional matrix form of the previous frame, being searchable for a presence of the one-dimensional matrix form. In a correlation matrix, a highest correlation between values of the one-dimensional matrix form and the one-dimensional portion of the two-dimensional current frame indicate the presence of the previous in the current. In this manner, aspects of the invention define an optical navigation system for a handheld printer that builds upon prior art correlation approaches between past and present positioning signals, or data, for determining movement. It features the use of variations in computation of correlation and other distortion functions to minimize computation. The navigation system also employs an enhanced search algorithm to further reduce significantly the computation thereby making it fit for real-time application.
Methods and apparatus further include handheld printers manipulated back and forth by an operator during use to print an image on a media. The image is printed with various actuators of an inkjet printhead and a controller correlates the location of the printhead to the image and causes printing by the actuators or not as a user maneuvers a housing of the printer. A position sensor, preferably optical, provides input to the controller. The sensor is also representatively an off-the-shelf type sensor to facilitate manufacturing simplicity and minimize costs. Its signal typifies a plurality of pixels (representing grayscale values of light reflected from the media) in a matrix frame indicating a current position frame and, over time, a previous position frame. The controller compares the two frames to find a presence of the previous position frame in the current frame, in turn, ascertaining a location of the printer and printhead. As before, the controller reduces a relative size of both frames before the step of comparing to improve computational efficiency, especially by way of speeding-up the process of evaluation. Specific reduction techniques contemplate converting a matrix frame of pixels in m×n form indicative of a previous and current location, where m and n may equal one another, into smaller matrices, including one-dimensional and square matrix forms. Possible search areas within the current frame showing a presence of the previous frame utilize knowledge about the previous movement history of the printer to predict where-to-look locations.
Position sensor signal validity and handheld printer controller architectures are other noteworthy features. For example, position sensor signal validity contemplates an intake checker between the sensor and controller, or as part and parcel of the controller, that arranges the information of the sensor signal so that a relative distance between the housing and the media can be ascertained. It also contemplates establishment of a threshold inquiry determining whether the housing of the printer is relatively close or far away from the media and whether such is sufficient to conduct further signal processing. Validity checking also considers application per every signal received from the sensor or application randomly, on occasion or at predetermined time intervals.
In still other embodiments, architecture of the handheld printer contemplates one or more position sensors, a controller and an inkjet printhead that are coordinated to print an image. As part of the functionality of the controller, such as part of an ASIC, discrete chips, a microprocessor, software, firmware, etc., the controller includes one or more of: a transformer or reducer to reduce a relative size of the output of the position sensor, including a summation component to sum full or partial rows or columns of the matrix form of the position sensor signal to make the signals smaller; a comparator to ascertain differences between position sensor signals indicative of current and previous locations, or to find a presence of the previous location within the current location; and a navigation output calculator to track and make inferences/calculations contemplating prior movements or history of the printer housing movement when examining possible search areas within the current location for instances of the previous location. Local or remote storage for the controller is also contemplated.
These and other embodiments, aspects, advantages, and features of the present invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following description of the invention and referenced drawings or by practice of the invention. The aspects, advantages, and features of the invention are realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, procedures, and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification, illustrate several aspects of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and like numerals represent like details in the various figures. Also, it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that process, mechanical, electrical, architectural, software and/or other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. In accordance with the present invention, a handheld printer for printing with optical positioning, especially by way of optical position sensors, is hereafter described.
Preliminarily, however, skilled artisans will appreciate that an iterative process occurs in evaluating signals (and attendant data) from position sensors in a handheld printer. That is, a current or present signal will over time become a previous signal, while another signal thereafter becomes another current or present signal, and so on. In other words, that which is current becomes previous, and that which is most recently obtained is current. The description, therefore, may sometimes refer to a current or present signal as a previous signal, when in the context of comparison to a later signal. Appreciating embodiments of position sensors often provide an analog output that varies over time, this concept also extends to manipulations of the position sensor signal itself and whether such exists in the confines of the sensor or in downstream processing structures and/or software, firmware, etc., such as is observed in digitized representations of an analog output. Still further, optical position sensors often render an output signal that varies over time, but the information therein may represent a two-dimensional array or matrix of pixels, each pixel with their own data. Thus, signals of position sensors, while shown hereafter as two-dimensional matrix frames of pixels of data, may also embody their analog counterpart, not shown, that is manipulated by the sensor and/or in downstream processing structures and/or software, firmware, etc.
For clarity, the terms pixels of data, arrays, matrix frames, matrix, matrix form, or the like, whether used singularly or as plurals, may be used interchangeably throughout the specification. Because a transformation or reduction of relative sizes of signals from position sensors are also taught in the specification, this further translates into a transformation or reduction of relative sizes of matrix frames, matrices, and forms thereof, and vice versa, for the signals of position sensors that are regularly described hereafter in matrix form. Also, representations of a matrix frame of pixels of data may have a certain matrix size or form and, because of a later reduction in that size or form, a representation in the specification of a smaller matrix compared to a larger matrix may be given. For example, a matrix frame may have an initial size of 20×20 pixels of data. In reduction, it may be made smaller into a 10×10 form, in turn, made smaller into a 1×10 or 10×1 form. Alternatively, a 20×20 form may be reduced in relative size to a 11×20 or 20×11 form that is searched for a presence of the 1×10 or 10×1 form. This does not mean, however, that the sizes given are limiting, unless so defined in the claims, and that any matrix size is acceptable herein. The addition of extra pixels of data may also be found in a reduced size of a matrix frame or signal and still be embraced by the invention. In other words, the notion of the instant invention is not limited by the addition of extra elements. As an example, a matrix frame of pixel data having a 20×20 matrix form that is reduced into an 11×20 matrix form, further contemplates pixels above the limit of 11×20. That is, so long as whole or parts thereof have a reduction, the concept applies. From the specification below, this will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
With reference to
At one surface 118 of the housing 112 is a portion 119 of a flexible circuit, especially a tape automated bond (TAB) circuit 120. At 121, another portion 121 is adhered to surface 122. Electrically, the TAB circuit 120 supports a plurality of input/output (I/O) connectors 124 for connecting an actuator chip 125 (also known as a heater chip or transducer chip) to the handheld printer during use. Pluralities of electrical conductors 126 exist on the TAB circuit to connect and short the I/O connectors 124 to the input terminals (bond pads 128) of the actuator chip 125 and skilled artisans know various techniques for facilitating this. In an exemplary embodiment, the TAB circuit is a polyimide material and the electrical conductors and connectors are copper or aluminum-copper. For simplicity,
At 132, the actuator chip 125 contains at least one ink via that fluidly connects to the ink of the compartment 116. During printhead manufacturing, the actuator chip 125 is attached to the housing with any of a variety of adhesives, epoxies, etc., as is well known in the art. To eject ink, the actuator chip contains columns (column A-column D) of fluid firing actuators, such as thermal heaters. In other actuator chips, the fluid firing actuators embody piezoelectric elements, MEMs devices, and the like. In either, this crowded figure simplifies the actuators as four columns of six dots or darkened circles but in actual practice the actuators might number several dozen, hundred or thousand. Also, vertically adjacent ones of the actuators may or may not have a lateral spacing gap or stagger in between. In general, the actuators indeed have vertical spacing, such as about 1/300th, 1/600th, 1/1200th, or 1/2400th of an inch along the longitudinal extent of the via. Further, the individual actuators are typically formed as a series of thin film layers made via growth, deposition, masking, patterning, photolithography and/or etching or other processing steps on a substrate, such as silicon. A nozzle member with pluralities of nozzle holes, not shown, is adhered to or fabricated as another thin film layer on the actuator chip such that the nozzle holes generally align with and are positioned above the actuators to eject ink at times pursuant to commands of a controller.
With reference to
In other aspects, the controller contemplates an intake checker 31 between the sensor and controller, or part and parcel of the controller, to assess validity of the signal(s) of the position sensor and to arrange the information thereof such that an actual or proximate relative distance D between the housing and the media can be ascertained. It also contemplates establishment of a threshold inquiry determining whether the housing of the printer is relatively close or far away from the media and whether such is sufficient to conduct further signal processing. As will be seen with reference to
In addition, the controller 22 contemplates a to-be-printed representation of an image 32, especially in bitmap form. In turn, it correlates the position of the printhead, especially individual actuators, to the image. It then prints the image with ink 35 on the media 16 according to the image pattern 36 in the pixels 38. A has-been-printed image 34 may also be stored or accessed by the controller to keep track of future printing and to determine whether the image has been printed completely or not. In structure, the controller embodies an ASIC, discrete IC chips, FPGA's, firmware, software, a microprocessor, combinations thereof or the like. Alternatively, the to-be-printed image 32 is dynamically updated to remove pixels that have been printed so that the has-been printed information 34 is merged with the to-be-printed information. In either, the controller further includes a memory to keep track of image data. The memory also includes storage and accessibility relative to position sensor signals and their manipulation to compute printer location. Memory will also find utility in general housekeeping matters, such as storage of an operating system, of sorts, display panel items, print jobs, user features, etc. In some figures, memory will be shown, as a whole or in part, with a fairly traditional cylinder symbol.
While not intuitive, the mentioning of a position sensor 20 as an optical sensor structure does not mean the positioning is limited to optics, per se. For instance, skilled artisans will appreciate that a sophisticated x-y mechanical encoder could also provide position sensor information for reasons relating to previous and current positioning information. The same is also true of structures having energy in other than a traditionally optical range. That is, optics may include infrared (IR) or radio frequency (RF) ranges and technology. For convenience, however, all of the foregoing and any and all other hereafter developed technology able to provide current location information and, over time, previous location information, fall under the heading of “optical” positioning, signals, position sensors, position data, etc.
With reference to
In arrangement, the controller includes an intake checker 31 that receives the signals from the position sensor 20. Its role, then, is twofold. First, it is to assess the validity of the signal, e.g., whether the printer housing exists close enough or too far away from the media to be effective and such is the role of the field checker component 33. Second, it is to arrange the data of the signal into current and previous frames 37, 39 and such is the role of the data arranger component 35.
With this in mind, a typical signal from the position sensor is of an analog form that becomes converted into digital form representatively described herein as frame data, matrix data, pluralities of pixels arranged as a matrix or in matrix form, or by use of other similar language. In general, this digital form consists of a two-dimensional form of pixels having a matrix size of m×n, whereby m and n may be equal or unequal. In a representative embodiment,
With reference back to
Within computational box 41 of the controller, a variety of functional components serve to determine a precise location of the printer, in turn, to correlate same to the printhead, especially the fluid firing actuators and to the image to-be-printed on the media. In general, the components consist of: both frame and target reducers 43, 45; a target market-selector 47; a target pair limiter-selector 49; a comparator 51; a highlighter 53; a navigation output calculator 55; and memories to store and retrieve certain computations. As with the controller, however, physical boundaries are shown with each component, but are not to be limited to any artificial, physical or functional boundaries unless specifically claimed.
At a high level, the components compare the current and previous frames to find a presence of the previous frame in the current frame, in turn, ascertaining a location of the printer and printhead. To improve computational efficiency, the components reduce a relative size of both frames before comparing. In this manner, the process of comparison evaluation is sped-up and storage requirements are minimized relative to the prior art, for example. To a lesser extent, computational efficiency could also be realized by a reduction of a single frame, vice two frames, and the claims support such a construction, but it is preferred to reduce both frames. Frame reduction can also occur in parallel for the current and previous frames or in series, with either reduction occurring first.
Remaining at a high level of discussion,
At steps 107 and 109, a new signal (or continuation of the previous signal separated in time from earlier, appreciating that the position sensor might provide its output as a contiguous analog stream of data (and/or noise) that varies over time) is received from the position sensor, such that the signal indicative of the current location at step 103 has now become a signal indicative of a previous location of the printer and the new signal is now the signal indicative of the current location of the printer. At step 111, the controller reduces the relative size of the signals, both the current and previous, to search the reduced signal indicative of the current location of the printer for a presence of the reduced signal indicative of the previous location of the printer, step 113. In that a prior signal (either embodied as a previous or current signal) was given in matrix form as m×n, where m and n equaled one another at size 20×20, the controller will reduce the 20×20 form into something less, such as 1×20, 20×1, 20×11, etc., and the searching will examine the 20×11 form for a presence of the 1×10 form, for example, including or not intermediate reductions of size of one or more of the matrices.
Once the comparison or searching of frames reveals the presence of the earlier in the latter, e.g., the previous in the current, the controller will use this information to correlate the printer to the printhead and to the image for printing. It will also keep track of this data in the sense that operators of printers often traverse the housing in a given direction of movement, such that a history of prior movement can be used to help minimize search areas in the current frame for a presence of the previous frame. That is, if a movement trend is established by an operator, the presence of the earlier data can be first examined in a certain area of the current data, to save search time. This notion, however, will be addressed in greater detail later. Returning to the flow chart, repeat processing of steps 103 through 113 occurs over and over again, for as many times necessary, to continually know position or navigate the printer.
With reference to
With reference to
Particularly, each of
Regardless of how assessed, once the signal is deemed valid, the data arranger 35 takes the pixels of data and converts them into current and previous matrix frames. In the latter, a target (a subset) will be established that is looked for in a subset of the former. Also, the looking-for or searching of the latter in the former, is a searching of sorts for matching grayscale values of the pixels. Skilled artisans will appreciate that because surface imperfections in a media will yield a high level of light saturation for a certain portion of a media's surface and a low level of light saturation for another portion, if the high level of light saturation can be found in a first signal and then again in a later, second signal, a delta between the two signals can be known. From the delta, an amount of movement can be ascertained. For example, consider a particularly raised surface imperfection in a media that yields a grayscale value of high saturation, such as a 250 value, and such is found at a grid location of (8, 8) in an m×n matrix indicative of a signal of a position sensor showing a previous frame, while all other surrounding pixels yield low grayscale saturations at a value of 10. Over time, if an m×n matrix indicative of a signal of a position sensor showing a current frame revealed a grayscale value of 250 surrounded on all sides by grayscale values of 10, and the grid location of the 250 grayscale value was found at a grid location of (10, 10), it can be fairly inferred that a grid movement in the pixels equals 2 over and 2 down, or (10-8, 10-8). In turn, this can be directly correlated to the movement of the printhead and its fluid firing actuators relative to a to-be-printed image. But looking for this unique grayscale value in pixel data relative to a particularly raised surface imperfection in a media can be computationally intensive if one has to scour the entire current frame (e.g., 20×20) for the presence of the entire previous frame (e.g., 20×20). Thus, the foregoing implicates an advantageous notion that convenience can be realized if somehow the latter could be solely examined just for that particular grayscale nuance associated with the raised surface imperfection. Convenience could also be found by avoiding searching an entire current frame and just focusing on a particular area, if somehow a past movement history of the printer could be known.
With this in mind, and appreciating that modern position sensors will have fairly high sample rates, a target of the previous frame to be searched for in a later or current frame is well situated by looking for a movement of a relative center in the previous frame in the current frame. Of course, there is no requirement that the center be the location of the target. It is a complication, however, if a target were established at an extreme boundary of a previous matrix frame and a user manipulated the printer such that no grayscale values had commonality in the latter frame. For at least this reason, a relative center is established as a target to be looked for. In functionality, it is the target marker-selector, component 41 (
With reference back to
With reference to
From here, the two-dimensions of the target are reduced into a one-dimensional form. Namely, the matrix form 87, having a single 10×1 form, is the result of reducing the target. To accomplish this, a variety of techniques can be used. For instance, the target may be reduced by way of a summation component that sums either an entirety of the rows or the columns of the target (or a partiality of the rows or columns of the overall 81-previous frame). In this example, it is the rows that are summed to arrive at the matrix form 87. Particularly, the summation value at grid location (0, 1) of matrix form 87 is 1686. It is obtained by summing each of the individual grayscale values of the pixels in row 5 of the target. Thus, 1686=167+167+167+169+173+177+171+166+165+164. As another example, the summation value at grid location (9, 1) of matrix form 87 is 1751 and is obtained by summing each of the individual grayscale values of the pixels in row 14 of the target. Thus, 1751=158+165+167+172+174+183+183+185+183+181. In turn, the other summation values at grid locations (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1), (7, 1) and (8, 1) are obtained by summing the grayscale values of each of rows 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the target, respectively. From here, it is this smaller one-dimensional matrix form 87 that a presence thereof will be searched for in a later or current frame to indicate movement of the printer. It is also where certain computational advantage over the prior art is achieved.
Before then, however, skilled artisans will observe that two reductions of the matrix frame 81-previous have now occurred. That is, identifying a target, e.g., center 85, transformed the original matrix frame of pixels of data into a smaller or reduced target by half. Namely, the original matrix frame had a two-dimensional size of 20×20, whereas the target only possessed a size of 10×10, e.g., the first reduction. From there, the target itself was reduced into a one-dimensional form of 10×1, e.g., the second reduction. The invention, however, is not limited as to requiring both reductions or requiring one reduction in favor of another. Thus, a 20×20 matrix form could have been reduced to a single dimension 20×1 in the same fashion as the target was reduced, for example. Conversely, the skipping of the second reduction into a one-dimensional form would facilitate a searching of a smaller or reduced matrix form, e.g., 10×10, in a second or current matrix form that achieves computational advantage over scouring a 20×20 matrix form for a previous frame in a 20×20 matrix form for a current frame. Also, a reduction to a single dimension is not limited to just rows. Alternatively, it could include a reduction in form of columns such that a 1×10 matrix form results from a larger 10×10 target, as will be shown in greater detail relative to later
In functionality of the controller of the printer, it is the target reducer, component 45 (
With reference to
To actually arrive at the reduced matrix form 91, another plurality of summation functions occur. That is, a portion 93 of row 1 of matrix frame 81-current ranges in grayscale values from column 1 to column 10 of 138, 143, 145, 153, 159, 164, 168, 175, 181, and 177. By adding theses, a summation value of 1603 is obtained and is placed in the 20×11 reduced matrix form 91 at grid location (1, 2) where the word SUM is located (in later
For instance, to get the summation value of 1563 at the one left grid location (1, 1) of reduced matrix form 91, the grayscale values of row 1 are summed, but this time only from column 0 to column 9 of the matrix frame 81-current. Specifically, the adding of grayscale values 137, 138, 143, 145, 153, 159, 164, 168, 175, and 181 corresponds to a summation value of 1563. Similarly, a one right grid location (1, 3) of reduced matrix form 91 corresponds to a summation value of 1632 and is arrived at by adding the grayscale values of row 1 of the matrix frame 81-current, but only from columns 2 through 11. Specifically, the adding of grayscale values 143, 145, 153, 159, 164, 168, 175, 181, 177, and 167 corresponds to a summation value of 1632. Similarly still, a two right grid location (1, 4) of reduced matrix form 91 corresponds to a summation value of 1651 and is arrived at by adding the grayscale values of row 1 of the matrix frame 81-current, but only from columns 3 through 12. Specifically, the adding of grayscale values 145, 153, 159, 164, 168, 175, 181, 177, 167 and 162 corresponds to a summation value of 1651. This process is then similarly repeated and skilled artisans can see the pattern to produce the summation values of the reduced matrix form 91 for all of row 1. The same is then done for each of the other nineteen rows of the twenty row matrix form, 81-current.
In functionality of the controller of the printer, it is the frame reducer, component 43 (
With reference to
For actual comparison calculations between the grayscale values of the one-dimensional reduced matrix form 87 and those of the box 98 in the reduced matrix form 97, skilled artisans will observe the grayscale values in box 98 in
With reference to
Mean Absolute Difference (Mean Absolute Error)
Mean Squared Difference (Mean Squared Error)
Pixel Difference Classification
In practice then: at grid location (0, 0) of the correlation matrix 97 corresponding to the searching of
That is, the original target to be searched-for in a subsequent matrix, was first selected as a relative center, e.g., grid location (5, 5) of the correlation matrix, and has now moved to grid location (6, 6). Thus, a movement of 1 column over and 1 row down has been observed and may provide a clue for the future movement of the printer. If the pattern holds true, the next search between current and previous frames would reveal a best match at grid location (7, 7) of the correlation matrix, and then at (8, 8) and so on. Based on this, knowledge of the past can then be used to discriminate ties between two or more correlation values and also help establish a possible search area, described further below in detail, to save computational time by avoiding looking at the entire current frame for a presence of the previous frame.
In functionality of the controller of the printer, it is the target pair limiter-selector, component 49 (
With reference to
With reference to
From here, the two-dimensions of the target are reduced into a one-dimensional form. Namely, the matrix form 187 having a single 1×10 form. To accomplish this, a variety of techniques can be used. In a representative embodiment, it is accomplished by a summation component for either an entirety of the rows or the columns of the target. In this example, it is the columns that are summed to arrive at the matrix form 187. Particularly, the summation value at grid location (1, 0) of matrix form 187 is 1639. It is obtained by summing each of the individual grayscale values of the pixels in column 5 of the target. Thus, 1639=167+168+166+164+165+165+165+161+160+158. As another example, the summation value at grid location (1, 9) of matrix form 187 is 1716. It is obtained by summing each of the individual grayscale values of the pixels in column 14 of the target. Thus, 1716=164+162+165+168+170+174+174+179+179+181. The other summation values at grid locations (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7) and (1, 8) are obtained by summing the grayscale values of each of columns 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the target, respectively. From here, it is this smaller one-dimensional matrix form 187 that a presence will be searched for in a later or current frame to indicate movement of the printer. It is also where certain computational advantage over the prior art is achieved.
Before then, however, skilled artisans will also observe that another two reductions of the matrix frame 181-previous have now occurred. That is, identifying a target, e.g., center 185, transformed the original matrix frame of pixels of data into a smaller or reduced target by half. Namely, the original matrix frame had a two-dimensional size of 20×20, whereas the target only possessed a size of 10×10, e.g., the first reduction. From there, the target itself was reduced into a one-dimensional form of 1×10, e.g., the second reduction. The invention, however, is not limited as to requiring both reductions or requiring one reduction in favor of another. Thus, a 20×20 matrix form could have been reduced to a single dimension 1×20 in the same fashion as the target was reduced, for example. Conversely, the skipping of the second reduction into a one-dimensional form would facilitate a searching of a smaller or reduced matrix form, e.g., 10×10, in a second or current matrix form that achieves computational advantage over scouring a 20×20 matrix form for a previous frame in a 20×20 matrix form for a current frame.
In functionality, it is again the target reducer, component 45 (
With reference to
To actually arrive at the reduced matrix form 191, another plurality of summation functions occur. For example, a portion 193 of column 1 ranging from row 1 to row 10 includes grayscale values of 138, 137, 141, 142, 140, 145, 148, 148, 146, and 147. By adding theses, a summation value of 1432 is obtained and is placed in the 11×20 reduced matrix form 191 at grid location (1, 1) where the word SUM is located (in later
In functionality, it is again the frame reducer, component 43 (
With reference to
For comparison calculations, skilled artisans will observe the grayscale values in box 198 in
With reference to
With reference to
In other words, the target pair limiter-selector 49 decides what part of the current frame will be used for comparison with the marked target. All possible target-sized values in the current frame are determined, traversed and compared with the target within the comparator 51 through the previously mentioned distortion criterion or matching functions such as cross correlation, mean absolute difference, mean square difference, pixel difference classification, integral proportions, or a combination of such methods. From there, the result of comparing the reduced target (previous) and one of the possible target-sized values in the reduced (current) frame will be stored in the comparison results memory 56. Over time, this process is repeated up to the number of all the possible target-sized values within the boundary set by the target pair limiter-selector 49. When that number is reached, the highlighter 53 will determine the minimum value in the comparison results memory 56.
With reference to
With reference to
To remedy this, there is a possible search area (PSA) tolerance value that increases the PSA in which the target can be found. Naturally, the tolerance value could be large or small depending upon computational preference. Sampling frequencies, basic assumptions and other criteria would be typical information used in setting or selecting its precise value. As a representative example, consider a PSA tolerance value=1, whereby the possible search area is increased by one row and column in all directions, such that adding 1 column to the left, 1 column to the right, 1 row on top, and 1 row at the bottom increases the PSA to 4×4, element 225. For this, there is then sixteen correlation coefficients (e.g., from the correlation matrix) to be searched, as opposed to 121 coefficients. On the other hand, if the PSA tolerance value were to equal two, there would then be thirty six correlation coefficients as seen by element 227.
In the remaining
As a result, the below table summarizes certain improvements of the invention:
No. of comparison
Target search method
Entire frame (correlation matrix)
121 (11 × 11)
Based on previous movement
4 (2 × 2)
Based on previous movement
16 (4 × 4)
plus PSA tolerance value
Based on previous movement
36 (6 × 6)
plus PSA tolerance value
Based on previous movement
64 (8 × 8)
plus PSA tolerance value
Aside from the aforementioned method of determining the PSA where the tolerance value is determined based on the maximum possible movement of the target, there are several other approaches on minimizing the area to search for the target. For example, the PSA before was increased in all directions (all sides) regardless the direction of the target's movement of one row up and one column left. In other embodiments, it is expected to only increase the PSA on sides thereof anticipating target movement. It also contemplates an addition of at least 1 row or column in an opposite side of movement based on a change of direction of the printer, since after the deceleration just before switching the direction of motion, it will come to a state where the target has stopped moving in preparation for a movement to the other direction. The minimum addition to the opposite direction is a method used just in case the sampling rate could not catch up and the no-movement state was not captured. This can be increased up to a value less than the set PA tolerance. With reference to
Another way to accomplish this is by setting a threshold for the value of the peak comparison result before increasing the PSA of the target's next location. For example, using correlation, e.g., correlation matrix (
Other expanding of the PSA can be accomplished as follows. For instance, a minimum PSA tolerance value could be set, such as to one. In the event, a best match is not found between a previous and current frame, an increase of the tolerance value could then occur to two, for example, and so on. Stopping the increase could then occur when the maximum correlation value, e.g., the correlation matrix (of the increased tolerance values) is less than the existing or previous maximum correlation value.
In any embodiment, certain advantages of the invention over the prior art are readily apparent. For example, the invention at hand provides enhanced computation processing for navigating a handheld printer, ultimately improving print quality regardless of user manipulation. It also adds a simple architecture for performing same. Position signal validity checking and PSA, including tolerance values, or not, are other noteworthy features.
Finally, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional embodiments are also possible without departing from the teachings of the present invention. This detailed description, and particularly the specific details of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, is given primarily for clarity of understanding, and no unnecessary limitations are to be imported, for modifications will become obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Relatively apparent modifications, of course, include combining the various features of one or more figures with the features of one or more of other figures.
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|FR2561992B1||Título no disponible|
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|JP62083158A||Título no disponible|
|Clasificación de EE.UU.||347/109|
|Clasificación cooperativa||H04N1/107, B41J3/36, H04N2201/0082|
|Clasificación europea||H04N1/107, B41J3/36|
|18 Dic 2006||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: LEXMARK INTERNATIONAL, INC., KENTUCKY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GRANDEZA, MICHELIN DE LA PENA;VALENTUS, VINCENT PETER CRISOSTOMO;REED, WILLIAM HENRY;REEL/FRAME:018649/0908;SIGNING DATES FROM 20061212 TO 20061215
Owner name: LEXMARK INTERNATIONAL, INC., KENTUCKY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GRANDEZA, MICHELIN DE LA PENA;VALENTUS, VINCENT PETER CRISOSTOMO;REED, WILLIAM HENRY;SIGNING DATES FROM 20061212 TO 20061215;REEL/FRAME:018649/0908
|15 Oct 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4