Botanical Names of Vegetables
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A botanical illustrator is a person who paints, sketches or otherwise illustrates botanical subjects such as trees and flowers. The job requires great artistic skill, attention to fine detail, and technical botanical knowledge. Typical illustrations will be in watercolour, in life size, or if not, the scale shown, and show face and reverse of leaves, flowers, bud, seed and root system.
The use of illustrations was frequently seen in the herbals, seed catalogues and popular works of natural history. The illustrations produced during the eighteenth and nineteenth century are regarded as both appealing and scientifically valid. The finer detail of the printing processes, greatly improving at this time, allowed artists such as Franz and Ferdinand Bauer to depict the minute aspects of the subject. The use of exploded details would further illustrate the description given in the accompanying text. These details allowed a non scientific audience to go some way in identifying the species, the widening interest in natural history and horticulture was an inducement to the production of many Floras and regular publications.
Many books and publication continued to use the illustrators, even after printed matter began to incorporate photography. It would be many years before the colour printing would equal the illustrators plates. The accuracy and craft of the illustrators had developed in tandem with the botanists concerned, the work came to be accepted as important to the botanists and their institutions. The illustrated publication, Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1787), was to eventually appoint an official artist. The 220 year old magazine, long associated with the Linnaean Society and Kew Gardens, is now primarily one of finer botanical illustration. A stream of the finest illustrators to appear in print have been featured in the magazine.
The contribution of botanical illustrators continues to be praised and sought, very fine examples continue to be produced. In the 1980s, Celia Rosser undertook to illustrate every Banksia species for the masterwork, The Banksias. When another species was described after its publication,Banksia rosserae, it was named to honour her mammoth accomplishment. Other illustrators, such as the profuse illustratorMatilda Smith, have been specifically honoured for this work.
Botanical illustration is sometimes used as a type for attribution of a botanical name to a taxon. The ability of botanists to conserve a dried specimens, or restrictions in safe transport, has meant illustrations have been nominated as the type for that name. Many minute plants, which may only be viewed under a microscope, are often identified by an illustration to overcome the difficulties in using slide mounted specimens. The standards for this are by international agreement (Art 37.5 of the Vienna Code, 2006).
Famous botanical illustrators include:
- Alois Auer
- James Andrew
- Elizabeth Blackwell (illustrator)
- Ferdinand Bauer
- Franz Bauer
- â€ŽHarry Bolus
- Olivia Marie Braida-Chiusano
- Priscilla Susan Bury
- Gillian Condy
- Sydenham Edwards
- Georg Dionysius Ehret
- Anne-Marie Evans
- Walter Hood Fitch
- Frances W. Horne
- Barbara Jeppe
- Kawahara Keiga
- Cythna Letty
- Christine Marais
- Margaret Mee
- Philippa Nikulinsky
- Marianne North
- Sydney Parkinson
- Jenny Phillips Botanical Artist
- Pierre-Joseph RedoutÃ©
- Lewis Roberts (naturalist)
- Celia Rosser
- Ellis Rowan
- Vera Scarth-Johnson
- Jill Smythies
- Matilda Smith
- James Sowerby
- Elizabeth Twining
- Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst
A common name of an organism (also known as a vernacular name,colloquial name, trivial name, trivial epithet, country name, or farmer's name) is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with a scientific name. A common name is not necessarily a commonly used name.
The use of common names in folk taxonomy
Not all common names form part of a classification of objects, but many do. Folk taxonomy, a classification of objects which uses common names, has no formal rules. In contrast, scientific or biological nomenclature is a global system that uniquely denotes particular organisms, and helps anchor their position within the hierarchical scientific classification system. Maintenance of this system involves formal rules of nomenclature and periodic international meetings, such as those laid down by the ICZN.
Common names and the binomial system
The form of scientific names for organisms that we know as binomial nomenclature is derived from the simple and practical noun-adjective form of vernacular names used by prehistoric culturesâ€”with a collective name such as owl, made more specific by the addition of an adjective such as screechâ€” only with the use of Latin as a universal language. Linnaeus himself published a Flora of his homeland Sweden, Flora Svecica (1745), and in this he recorded the Swedish common names region by region along with the scientific names â€” and the Swedish common names were all binomials (e.g. plant no. 84 RÃ¥g-losta and plant no. 85 Ren-losta) â€” the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system.
Linnaean authority William T. Stearn expresses the link between common names and Latin scientific names as
Geographic range of use
The geographic range over which a particular common name is used varies; some common names have a very local application, while others are virtually universal within a particular language. Vernacular names are generally treated as having a fairly restricted application, usually referring to the native language of a country or locality as opposed to more broad-based usage. A colloquial name may be regarded as of very local use, insufficient to be included in the general dictionaries of the language concerned.
Lists of common names
Lists of general interest
- Plant by common name
- Garden plants
- Culinary herbs and spices
- Poisonous plants
- Plants in the Bible
- Culinary vegetables
- Useful plants
- Plants and animals
See lists of collective nouns (e.g. a flock of sheep, forest of trees, hive of bees)
Some organizations have created official lists of common names, or guidelines for creating common names, hoping to standardize the use of common names.
For example, the Australian Fish Names List or AFNS was compiled through a process involving work by taxonomic and seafood industry experts, drafted using the CAAB (Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota) taxon management system of the CSIRO, and including input through public and industry consultations by the Australian Fish Names Committee (AFNC). The AFNS has been an official Australian Standard since July 2007 and has existed in draft form (The Australian Fish Names List) since 2001. Seafood Services Australia (SSA) serve as the Secretariat for the AFNC. SSA is an accredited Standards Australia (Australiaâ€™s peak non-government standards development organisation) Standards Development
A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was published in The Auk in 1978.
This is a list of vegetables in the culinary sense. This means that the list includes some botanical fruits such as pumpkins, and does not include herbs, ...
The formal system of naming species of living things is called binomial nomenclature (especially in botany, but also used by zoologists), binominal nomenclature (since 1953 the technically correct form in zoology), or binary nomenclature. This system of naming was invented byLinnaeus. The up-to-date version of the rules of naming for animals and plants are laid out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature respectively.
The essence of the binomial system of naming is this: each species name has two parts, the genus name and the species name (also known as the specific epithet), for example, Homo sapiens, which is the scientific name of the human species. Every two-part scientific name is either formed out of (modern scientific)Latin or is a Latinized version of words from other languages.
The two-part name of a species is commonly known as its Latin name. However,biologists and philologists prefer to use the term scientific name rather than "Latin name", because the words used to create these names are not always from the Latin language, even though words from other languages have usually been Latinized in order to make them suitable for this purpose. Species names are often derived from Ancient Greek words, or words from numerous other languages. Frequently species names are based on the surname of a person, such as a well-regarded scientist, or are a Latinized version of a relevant place name.
Carl von LinnÃ© (also known as Linnaeus) chose to use a two-word naming system, and did not use what over time came to be a full seven-category system (kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species.) Linnaeus chose a binomial nomenclature scheme, using only the genus name and the specific name or epithet which together form the whole name of the species. For example, humans belong to genus Homo and their specific name is sapiens. Humans as a species are thus classified as Homo sapiens. The first letter of the first name, the genus, is always capitalized, while that of the second is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Conventionally, all names of genera and lower taxa are always italicised, while family names and higher taxa are printed in plain text. Species can be divided into a further rank, giving rise to a trinomial name for a subspecies (trinomenfor animals,ternary namefor plants).
Biologists, when using a name of a species, usually also give the authority and date of the species description. Thus zoologists will give the name of a particular sea snail species as: Patella vulgataLinnaeus, 1758. The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who it was that described the species; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found, in this case the bookSystema Naturae.
The adoption of a system of binomial nomenclature is due to Swedishbotanist and physicianCarl von LinnÃ© also known by his Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (1707â€“1778). Linnaeus attempted to describe the entire known natural world, giving every species (mineral, plant, or animal) a two-part name. This was an improvement over descriptive names that involved a whole descriptive phrase comprising numerous words. However, binomial nomenclature in various forms had existed before Linnaeus, and was used by the Bauhins, who lived nearly two hundred years earlier.
The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the stability of names it generally favors:
- Clarity. It avoids the confusions that can be created when attempting to use common names to refer to a species. Common names often differ even from one part of a country to another part, and certainly vary from one country to another. In contrast, the scientific name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding confusion and difficulties of translation.
- Stability. The procedures associated with establishing binomial nomenclature tend to favor stability. Even though such stability as exists is far from absolute, it is still advantageous. For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), if possible the species descriptor is kept the same. Similarly if what were previously thought to be distinct species are demoted from species to a lower rank, former species names may be retained as infraspecific descriptors.
Despite the rules favoring stability and uniqueness, in practice a single species may have several scientific names in circulation, depending largely on taxonomic point of view (see synonymy).
The genus name and specific descriptor may come from any source. Often they are ordinary New Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (often a naturalist), a name from the local language etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including in-jokes and puns. However, names are always treated gra
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Answers:vegetative propagation, the ability of plants to reproduce without sexual reproduction, by producing new plants from existing vegetative structures. Some plants, such as the Canada thistle and most bamboos, send out long underground stems that produce new plants, often at considerable distances from the original plant. Such plants can form enormous colonies of new plants within a relatively few years. Many trees, such as the beech and aspen, send up root sprouts, and large colonies of new trees thus arise. In other trees, the lower branches may produce roots where they rest upon the ground, and new trees are produced. The leaves of some plants produce buds at their edges, which develop in turn into miniature plants that fall off and take root. Specialists in the fields of agriculture and horticulture take advantage of the regenerative ability of plants through such techniques as the rooting of cuttings; grafting and budding of fruit trees; layering, or inducing the tips of branches to produce new plants; the cutting apart of clusters of perennials perennial, any plant that under natural conditions lives for several to many growing seasons, as contrasted to an annual or a biennial. Botanically, the term perennial Advantages and Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation Advantages The offsprings are genetically identical and therefore advantageous traits can be preserved. Only one parent is required which eliminates the need for special mechanisms such as pollination, etc. It is faster. For example, bacteria can multiply every 20 minutes. This helps the organisms to increase in number at a rapid rate that balances the loss in number due to various causes. Many plants are able to tide over unfavourable conditions. This is because of the presence of organs of asexual reproduction like the tubers, corm, bulbs, etc. Vegetative propagation is especially beneficial to the agriculturists and horticulturists. They can raise crops like bananas, sugarcane, potato, etc that do not produce viable seeds. The seedless varieties of fruits are also a result of vegetative propagation. The modern technique of tissue culture can be used to grow virus-free plants. Disadvantages The plants gradually lose their vigour as there is no genetic variation. They are more prone to diseases that are specific to the species. This can result in the destruction of an entire crop. Since many plants are produced, it results in overcrowding and lack of nutrients.
Answers:Index of plants = links to profile: http://www.liveandfeel.com/ List of indications = link to helpful plants = links to profile: http://www.pfaf.org/leaflets/med_uses.php
Answers:American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Tonic, stimulant. Used by Chinese for thousands of years. Angelica (Angelica archangelica L.). Stomachache, indigestion, fever, colds, cough, rheumatism. According to legend, an angel revealed in a dream that angelica could cure the plague. Beebalm, Bergamot, Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma). Oswego Indians make leaf tea for colic, gas, colds, fevers, stomach disorders, nosebleeds, insomnia, heart trouble, and to induce sweating. Physicians once used it to expel worms and gas. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis). Emetic, fever, rheumatism. Bachelors of the Ponca tribe would rub the root on their hand and try to shake hands with the woman they wished to marry. Root is used as a dye by Indian, American and French dyers. Toxic: do not ingest. Blue Flag (Iris versicolor). Root tea used by American Indians as purgative. Physicians once used root to cleanse blood. Used in homeopathy for migraines. Considered poisonous. Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.). Stimulant, respiratory ailments. Root paste used by American Indians on sores. Emetic, purgative. Calamint (Calamintha nuttallii). Diaphoretic, soothes indigestion. Leaves smell like pennyroyal, and used as substitute for pennyroyal. Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis). Debility of lower extremities. American Indians used for "love potions." Potentially toxic; degree of toxicity unknown. Catnip (Nepeta cataria). Headache, stomachache, colic, insomnia, chronic bronchitis. Before the introduction of Chinese tea, catmint was used to make tea by the English peasantry. Celandine (Cheldonium majus L.). Cataracts. Medieval remedy for jaundice and liver ailments. Juice to remove warts.
Answers:I think they are created with a computer program called "Bryce". they look very realistic. here's some links with pictures. also, Bryce is a canyon in the US state of Utah. (I've included links to pictures of Trees growing there.) most of them seem to be pine trees