In today’s Libya, local is king. Yet, if the country is to become a functioning state governed by an elected leadership capable of empowering its citizens and providing an equitable distribution of its resource wealth, then, the interim government of the National Transitional Council (NTC) must become king.
In the run-up to the June elections many militias and civil society organizations are lambasting the interim government’s mission to centralize authority rather than, more importantly, its lacklustre results at achieving that task. On March 5th, notables in Benghazi – Libya’s second city and capital of the Eastern region of Cyrenaica – proposed to compensate for the ineffectiveness of the central NTC authorities by asking them to relinquish certain powers to sub-state bodies such as an autonomous Cyrenaican provincial government. On April 17th, they met again to demand that NTC authorities change the election law and stake their claim to Libya’s resource rich Sirte basin.
Since the start of April, ongoing clashes in Libya’s main southern cities of Sebha and Kufra led to similar calls for special regional autonomy arrangements, dubbed “˜federalism’ in the Libyan political discourse. These calls for the delegation of overlapping, autonomous, and ill-defined powers to localities and regions bear only the vaguest resemblance to types of federalism that exist in the United States, Germany, or India. Worse than being ill-named, such proposals are ill-timed as it is manifestly impossible to act upon them until the constitutional convention is convened following the elections.
Local Popularity Translates into Power for the Militias
There are many valid reasons why Libyans would trust local actors over central ones. The local militias courageously vanquished Gadhafi and in many areas have provided a modicum of security and social welfare functions in his wake. In fact, in the absence of functioning NTC institutions throughout most of Tripolitania (Libya’s Western region) the militias have become judge, jury, prison guard, and executioner. Rather than focusing on rebuilding infrastructure or creating a functioning bureaucracy, the militias tend to concern themselves with the populist issues of purging the Libyan state of those who served under Gadhafi and attending to the needs of their home communities. These issues are highly popular with wide swathes of the population.
Nevertheless, the time has come where militias and local activist groups constitute the primary barrier to stability, reconstruction, and a democratic transition. Paradoxically, the technocrats of the NTC are Libya’s only real hope. Tragically, these very technocrats appear more hapless every day. Top bureaucrats repeatedly fail to delegate authority and to benefit from the skills and goodwill of the Libyan people.
For example, the primary pillar of the NTC campaign to curb the militias has been offering a one-time demobilization payment to revolutionary fighters in exchange for registration with the Warrior’s Affairs Committee. Rather than successfully facilitating a widespread shift from fighters to either join the national army or return to civilian employment (the ostensible aims of the program) the NTC has determined that much of the allocated $1.4 Billion was fraudulently awarded and has actually reinforced militia solidarity. After this announcement on April 10th, fighters protested against the NTC in Tripoli and raised new traffic checkpoints. This failure was most likely caused by decisions taken at the top levels without the sufficient local input and buy-in needed to make such an undertaking successful
Even well thought out NTC demobilisation programs will not succeed if the conditions that nourish the militias remain. Just recently, necessity gave rise to a new militia in the Arab town of Rugdalein – an area that remained loyal to Mu’ammar Gadhafi until his very last days. Men from Rugdalein knew they needed to prepare to stand their ground, as they watched Libyans from other localities known for supporting Qadhafi, such as Tuwarga, being forcibly evicted from their homes. On April 2nd, the predominately Berber militias from Zwara attacked men, women, and children in Rugdalein and scores were killed in an example of traditional Libyan feud settling. In the eyes of the inhabitants of Rugdalein, the central government was powerless to protect them and only their militiamen defended their community.
Similar plot lines have been unfolding near Kufra where the Tabu ethnic group have become locked in a blood feud with the Libyan Shield Brigade – an Arab militia dominated by the Zwai tribe. Though formally linked to the NTC, The Libyan Shield Brigade refuses to follow its orders to forge a cease-fire and the feud continues. Such feuds have reinforced local solidarities and forced minority groups to adopt a siege mentality. Lacking capable local agents who abide by their orders, the NTC has been helpless to intervene – either to reign in pro-NTC militias or to protect the civilians of minority groups.
History of Federalism in Libya
Over-eager commentators warn that Libya is poised to fracture along regional, tribal, and provincial lines. Ambassador Akbar Ahmed, Chair of Islamic Studies at American University in Washington, has written in an Al-Jazeera English Opinion piece that federalism is the only solution which would be in fitting with Libyan history.
The reverse is true. Federalism was tried in the Kingdom of Libya between 1951 and 1963. It facilitated dysfunctional governance, widespread corruption, and redundant government offices at the national and provincial levels simultaneously enacting conflicting policies. Provincial legislators and bureaucrats were local notables protecting their fiefdoms – similar to the militias and regional strongmen of today. Taxation policy was subject to a provincial veto rendering wide-scale planning unwieldy. When Libya was a poor desert economy prior to 1961, central planning and streamlined infrastructural budgets were not yet necessary; however, with the influx of oil wealth post-1961, federalism needed to be abandoned when the inefficiencies it fostered impeded the rapid development of Libya that would otherwise have been possible. Protracted battles in 1963 over which authorities had the right to tax foreign companies operating in Libya were its final death knell.
Federalism or Autonomy plans would prove even more divisive today
Today’s Libya requires the rapid creation of nation-wide institutions and human capital which Libyan history shows is incompatible with federalism. Yet, the proponents of federalism wish to decide taxes and budgets at the provincial level – a sure recipe for gridlock. Furthermore, one of the few positive legacies of Gadhafi’s rule is his construction of extensive water and oil pipelines that link the provinces together. For example, much of Libya’s oil is extracted in Cyrenaica and brought via pipelines to the Sirte Basin, while the majority of Libya’s groundwater comes from aquifers in southern Cyrenaica but is consumed in the populous areas of Western Tripolitania. A return to a ‘federal’ governmental model would inevitably endanger these gains unleashing a competition over strategic resources – especially those in the Sirte Basin where Cyrenaica and Tripolitania meet. Federalism would also weaken the Libyan central authorities making them even less able to militarily protect vulnerable groups and develop the local connections needed to successfully administer Libya.
Another Direction – Creating a Functional Chain of Command
The NTC’s current failings point in another direction – careful delegation of local powers to the spontaneous organizations that arose in each town and region during the uprisings, creating a chain of command that links these organizations to the central government. The central government must devolve some of its authority to engender “˜buy in’ from local actors. Such actions, combined with strategic communications, could bolster the NTC’s ever-dwindling popularity.
Misratans should run their town’s affairs through their new democratically-elected local council and Benghazi transparency activists must be involved in their local governance – but only as representatives of the central government and not as their own fiefdoms. In post-Gadhafi Libya, peripheral actors will continuously rebel if they do not feel they have a say in their own governance. Federalism is not the only way to give them that say. In fact, the discourse surrounding federalism has proved so toxic that, the Benghazi declaration of March 5th unleashed scores of anti-federalism protests leading to NTC officials stating that they would use force to prevent an Eastern federal region from coming into being. Further backlash was occasioned by the April 17th meeting of the pro-federalism “˜Congress of the People of Cyrenaica’.
Like Afghanistan and Yemen, Libya may be yet another country in which the culture and history of peripheral actors does not allow them to easily accept a subordinate position, even to a central authority they accept as legitimate. However, Libya is certainly the only example of an oil-rich Arab country where the periphery remains dominant; usually the economic requirements of the extractive industries necessitate nationwide infrastructure and coherent chains of command. Given Libya’s history and shared infrastructure, appeasement of local actors via promises of regional autonomy is a recipe for confusion and inefficiency. In the long term, enshrining a federal system would almost certainly doom the implementation of any coherent, countrywide development plan.
Jason Pack researches Libyan history at Cambridge University. He is president of Libya-Analysis.com and the author of In War’s Wake: The Struggle for Post-Qadhafi Libya.