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Temple Island Collections (TIC), which produces souvenirs of London, claimed to be the owner of copyright which subsisted in a black and white photograph of a red bus travelling across Westminster Bridge (left). Judge Birss described (at ) the image as 'largely in black and white, with the Houses of Parliament and the bridge shown in grey. The sky is white, with no clouds or anything else visible. A bright red London Routemaster bus stands out on the bridge' (Image 1). Image 1 was created by Mr Fielder after manipulating a photo he took with Photoshop software and was first published in February 2006.
New English Teas (NET), as its name suggests, produces tea. It wished to use an image which Judge Birss described (at ) as containing 'these iconic London landmarks and with the same general form: grey scale Houses of Parliament and a red bus on the bridge' (Image 2). Image 2 (right) was created by Mr Houghton and Sphere Design after the combination and manipulation of four photographs taken by Mr Hougton.
Significantly, this was not the first time that the parties had been in dispute over NET's alleged infringement of Image 1. Prior to the proceedings in question, TIC had alleged that NET had infringed copyright in Image 1 by the use of the so called 'First Allegedly Infringing Work'. These proceedings settled settled on the basis that NET agreed to withdraw the 'First Allegedly Infringing Work'.
In the present proceedings, TIC claimed (at ) that Image 2 infringed its copyright in Image 1 by reproducing a substantial part of Image 1. NET responded (at ) that TIC 'cannot use use copyright law in effect to give them a monopoly in a black and white image of the Houses of Parliament with a red bus in it'. Instead, NET contended (at ) that 'the key consideration is the assessment of the relevant skill and labour which went into the expression of the copyright work and whether that skill and labour has been reproduced in the alleged infringement'.
Copyright: Photographs and originality
At trial it was common ground between the parties that the impact of European Union law meant that the judgment of the Court of Justice in Infopaq International A/S case v Danske Dagblades Forening (C-5/08  FSR 20) was such that copyright may subsist in a photograph if it is the author's own 'intellectual creation'. Judge Birss considered the scope of photographic copyright by reference to three aspects which could be considered 'original':
'(i) Residing in specialities of angle of shot, light and shade, exposure and effects achieved with filters, developing techniques and so on;
(ii) Residing in the creation of the scene to be photographed;
(iii) Deriving from being in the right place at the right time'.
He held (at ) that there was 'clearly room for originality' in aspect (i). He further held (at ) that the 'composition of a photography is capable of being a source of originality' as in aspects (ii) and (iii).
After analysing a number of other similar works depicting a red Routemaster, Westminster Bridge, Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament submitted by NET, Judge Birss was of the opinion (at ) that:
'(i) The Houses of Parliament, Big Ben and so on are iconic images of London. So too is the Routemaster bus.
(ii) The idea of putting such iconic images together is a common one. That includes in particular the idea of an image of Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament with a London bus on Westminster bridge (or the road nearby)...
(iii) The technique of highlighting an iconic object like a bus against a black and white image is not unique to Mr Fielder ...
(iv) Whether anyone had ever produced a black and white image of Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament with a red bus in it before Mr Fielder is not clear.'
For Judge Birss, the particular elements worthy of attention in the picture were (at ):
'(i) Its composition: not just Big Ben but a substantial
frontage of the Houses of Parliament and the arches of Westminster Bridge. The bus is on the central left side near a lamppost. It is framed by building behind it. People can be seen on the bridge and some are in front of the bus, but they are not prominent. Portcullis House is visible as well as the river itself.
(ii) The visual contrasts: one between the bright red bus and the monochrome background, and the other between the blank white sky and the rest of the photograph.
Having established that Image 1 was capable of copyright infringement, under sections 16 and 17 of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, that copyright is infringed by reproducing the whole or a substantial part of a work in a material form. 'Substantial part' in this instance is a matter of quality not quantity. According to the House of Lords decision in Designer Guild Ltd v Russell Williams (Textiles) Ltd  1 WLR 2416, Judge Birss had to decide: (a) whether there had been copying; (b) if yes to (a), which features had been copied; and (c) if yes to (a), whether the copying in (b) represents a substantial part of the original work.
Judge Birss also noted (at ) that 'visual significance must also be relevant to infringement and to the question of whether a substantial part of an artistic work has been taken. ... What is visually significant in an artistic work is not the skill and labour (or intellectual creative effort) which led up to the work, it is the product of that activity. The fact that the artist may have used commonplace techniques to produce his work is not the issue.'
Had Image 1 been copied?
Judge Birss found (at ) that Image 1 had been copied by Mr Houghton. Given the 'obvious similarities' between the two images, for Judge Birss, the onus fell to NET to argue that there had not been any copying. NET was unable to do so for two reasons. First, Mr Houghton had seen Image 1 (as demonstated by the earlier proceedings). Second, Mr Houghton did not suggest that he had seen any of the other similar works referred to in the evidence before seeing Mr Fielder's Image 1.
Judge Birss emphasised (at ) that any differences between Image 1 and Image 2 do not 'negative copying ... [but had] a bearing on whether a substantial part had been taken'. On the issue of the other similar works, Judge Birss went as far as to infer (at ) that Mr Houghton sought this material out after he had decided to produce an image similar to Image 1 and accordingly rejected the submission that the other similar works acted as a 'relevant independant source'.
What features had been copied?
Judge Birss addressed (at) features of composition and visual contrast. In terms of composition:
'i) Elements of the composition of the claimant's work which have not been taken are the prominent arches of the bridge and the river, the steps in the foreground and the prominent lamppost. The angle to the vertical is somewhat different since the road can be seen with the bus sitting on it in the defendants' image whereas from the angle of the claimant's picture a balustrade obscures the road. The angle presented by the facade of the Houses of Parliament is different: in the defendants' image the perspective of the facade falls away more sharply whereas in the claimant's image there is much less perspective. The bus is on the central right side of the image, touching Big Ben, it is not left of centre as in the claimant's picture. The defendants' bus is bigger and presents a slightly different angle to the viewer. There are no people in front of the defendants' bus.
ii) Although the images undoubtedly differ in their composition, elements of the overall composition of the claimant's image have been reproduced. The bus is a Routemaster, driving from right to left with Big Ben on the right of the bus. The riverside facade of the Houses of Parliament is part of the image. The bus is on Westminster Bridge (albeit in a different place) in both images. This is obvious in the claimant's image and can be seen from the presence of the balustrade on the left in the defendants' image. There are some people visible but they are small (and in different places). There is no other obvious traffic. The edge of Portcullis house is visible on the right. Running from top to bottom, there is a substantial amount of sky in the picture (albeit more in the claimant's) and the top of the bus is roughly the same height as the facade of the Houses of Parliament'.
'i) The element of bright red bus against a black and white background has been reproduced.
ii) The element of the blank white sky, which creates a strong sky line, has been reproduced. A small point arose that the image produced by Sphere actually has no sky at all, so that it takes on the background of the box it is placed on. Nothing turns on that since in use it is placed on a white (or very pale grey) tin'.
This was 'not an easy question', but Judge Birss found (at ) that Image 2 did reproduce a substantial part of Image 1 because they still include the key combination of 'visual contrast features with the basic composition of the scene itself'. Two factors influenced Judge Birss in arriving at this decision: the nature of Mr Fielder's image (at )(its appearance being the product of deliberate choices and deliberate manipulations) and the collection of other similar works relied upon by NET (at )(it counting against NET because 'the collection served to emphasise how different obstensibly independant expressions of the same idea actually look').
On the 1709 Blog, a certain Blogmeister commented that, if this decision is correct, then 'advice which I have given law students since I first taught copyright in the 1970s is no longer reliable, that the photographer who recreates the effect of another's photograph of a public scene or monument is now a copyright infringer, and that there may now be a notion of copyright in an idea, a lay-out or a scheme for such a photograph'.
This Kat admits that she was surprised by the decision. Although Judge Birss does concede it was a difficult to decide on the issue of 'substantial part', with respect his judgment does now seem to blur a fundamental aspect of copyright law, namely the idea/expression dichotomy.
The IPKat asks: was Judge Birss correct?
Merpel would like it known that any attempt to include a colourised version of her in a black and white photograph of a red bus travelling across Westminster Bridge with Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament in the background will need to be approved through official channels ...
The Wheels on the Bus here (this performance, by the GiggleBellies, has been watched by more than 16 million viewers. Lurid colour advisory)
The Wheels of Justice here