Five local historians (William Devlin, Dr. Herb Janick, Judith Malin, Dr. Paulette Pepin, and Dr. Truman Warner) characterized the human history of the Still River in their 1995 booklet The River Runs Through It, which they prepared for a museum exhibit about the Still River. The narrative which follows is a condensation by Jack Kozuchowski, Danbury Coordinator of Environmental & Occupational Health Services and Project Director for the Still River Project. It includes some editorial additions and modifications that pertain to the environmental functions of the river. The links within lead you to photos that illustrate the rivers story. To return to this page, hit the back button on your browser. The rivers history is categorized into five phases : Harmony, Abuse, Revenge, Banishment, and Rediscovery. Harmony Prior to human settlement, glaciation, which characterizes its geologic history, which established the natural contemporary setting of the river: a slow, meandering watercourse with undercut banks, bounded by wooded swamps and broad, flat floodplains. The Mill Plain Swamp, the wetland area near Sanfords Pond, and some floodplain areas in Commece Park show how the river may have appeared prior to human settlement. The Photo Gallery illustrates how the river and its fringe floodplain may have appeared.
Native Americans were the first to settle the area along
the river. Henry Fenton, a local artifact collector, has archaeological evidence of Indian
villages along the Still River. The first Europeans to move into the area settled the
hills of the southern Berkshires (including Danbury), building towns in the river valleys.
Both Indian and early Yankee settlers lived a simple lifestyle in harmony with the river.
In return, the river provided a healthy sustenance for water supply, fishing and
agricultural activities with its clean water, the fertile topsoil of its floodplains, and
a healthy fish population. The rivers beauty provided a recreational outlet for
boating, swimming, and casual enjoyment.
As early as the 1790s, dams were constructed for mill sites, providing the opportunity for water extraction and the development of industries along its shores. The Hat Manufacturing industry was prominent along the river, and the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s made Danbury the hatting capital of the world. Hat manufacturing requires a large extractive use of water, which results in the discharge of the pollutant-tainted process water to a receiving stream. The Still River became the sewer for hat and other industries that grew up along the river. The discharges were toxic to aquatic life, in addition to turning the river different colors.
Another form of pollution occurred from the sewage discharges of the borough of Danbury. Prior to the 20th century, the disposal of sewage was an individual choice - people either built rudimentary cesspools in their yards or spilled their sewage directly onto the ground or into a watercourse. An 1885 survey discovered that of the 2800 families in Danbury, 1100 discharged their sewage directly on to the ground or into the rivers of the city (all of which empty into the Still River). These discharges tainted the Still River with bacteria, viruses, solids and nutrients. It lost its pristine character; odors were common and solids were often seen floating in the river. In 1880, the city fathers proposed Danburys first collection of household sewage. It was designed with only a minimum level of treatment - liming the sewage for odor control. It took a series of citizen lawsuits to force the city to upgrade the design to include a rudimentary primary treatment system. This treatment system involved passing the collected sewage over a series of filter beds to remove solids and pathogens. Over the years, further improvements were made.
Finally, the urbanization of Danbury resulted in transforming the land in the watershed - the land that drains into the Still River - into a patchwork of buildings, roads, parking lots, farmfield and lawns. This urbanization has changed a large portion of the surface cover from natural floodplain, forest, wetland and open field soils (with their associated vegetation) to impervious concrete, asphalt, and cultivated fields and lawns. These surfaces channeled runoff from major storm events directly to the river, discharging oils, salts, fertilizers, pesticides and other pollutants to the water. Impervious surfaces rush water from major storm events directly to the river, creating a fast swell of flood water in the main channel of the river, as opposed to the gradual rise in water that results when the sponge-like natural cover of soil and vegetation absorbs the first rush of rain.
The photos below exhibit examples of this abuse. All of
these changes to the Still River took its toll on the natural function of the river.
The most obvious result was flooding. As a result
of developing land right up to the shoreline of the river, human settlements along the
river became victims of the rivers tendency to flood over its channel during major storms
in an attempt to flow out on to a floodplain which no longer existed. In place of the
former floodplain, commercial and residential dwellings found themselves in the
river during major storm events. The hurricanes of 1939 and 1955 were examples of
the devastation that could occur, as a result of this flooding, as illustrated in the
Citizens also gave up on the recreational functions of the river. We were unable to use the river for fishing, swimming, or enjoyment of its former beauty. The river was ugly and lifeless, and people resigned themselves to the fact that the rivers only purpose was to convey water through the City and out toward the Housatonic River.
Industrial discharges were cleaned up and strictly monitored. In Danbury, and other area towns, all discharges to the river have to be permitted and the water of the discharge has to be pure enough to support aquatic life. A major breakthrough in water quality of the river occurred in the Danbury area in 1993 when the Bethel Sewage Treatment Plant was closed and joined with Danburys Plant which was upgraded with state of the art treatment to remove ammonia, which was the main culprit limiting aquatic life in the River downstream.
Finally, the City instituted a stormwater management program aimed at reducing the discharge of pollutants washing off of roads and parking areas that end up in the river.
But we can still do better. Our Environmental Restoration /Greenway project is all about the celebration of the Still Rivers revitalization. Our theme song - a ballad about the river by Connecticuts former State Troubadour Tom Callinan - says it all.