Characteristics of Group Think
Groupthink occurs when the pressures to conform are so great,
that independent thinking and action are restricted. The primary symptoms
of groupthink include:
Illusion of invulnerability-- the team believes that it's decision
making is beyond question, which creates excessive optimism and encourages
extreme risk taking.
Belief in the inherent morality of the group-- this inclines
members to ignore the moral or ethical consequences of their decisions
Collective rationalization-- these efforts lead to the team discounting
warnings that might have otherwise led them to reconsider their assumptions
before they recommit to past policy decisions.
Out-group stereotypes-- others are framed as too evil or stupid
to warrant consideration of their strategies or attempts to negotiate with
Self-censorship-- members feel inclined to avoid deviation from
concensus, and minimize the significance of their doubts and counterarguments
Illusion of unanimity-- partly from the silence of self-censorship,
members share the belief that they are unanimous in their judgements; silence
Direct pressure on dissenters-- challenges or sanctioning comments
are made to those who express strong arguments against the team's stereotypes,
illusions, or commitments; loyal members do not bring up questions.
Self-appointed mindguards-- these members protect the team from
adverse information that might threaten the shared illusions regarding
the effectiveness or morality of the team's decisions.