US 8131551 B1
A system and method of controlling the movement of a virtual agent while the agent is speaking to a human user during a conversation is disclosed. The method comprises receiving speech data to be spoken by the virtual agent, performing a prosodic analysis of the speech data, selecting matching prosody patterns from a speaking database and controlling the virtual agent movement according to the selected prosody patterns.
1. A system comprising:
a first module controlling the processor to perform a prosodic analysis and a syntactic analysis of speech data to be spoken by a virtual agent to a user, the prosodic analysis comprising analyzing speech intonations comprising loudness and accent, identifying prosodic phrase boundaries in the speech data, and identifying a type for each of the prosodic phrase boundaries;
a second module controlling the processor to determine a culture of the user based on an analysis of prosody associated with received speech from the user, the analysis being independent of an identity of the user; and
a third module controlling the processor to control movement of the virtual agent according to the prosodic analysis, the syntactic analysis, and the culture of the user and not based on a previously-stored template for controlling the movement, wherein the movement of the virtual agent at each of the prosodic phrase boundaries is selected based on the type identified for each of the prosodic phrase boundaries.
2. The system of
3. The system of
a fourth module controlling the processor to receive the speech data to be spoken by the virtual agent to the user.
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
a fourth module controlling the processor, after the virtual agent finishes speaking to the user, to receive additional speech data from the user and transmit the additional speech data to the server for speech processing in order to generate a response by the virtual agent to the user.
7. The system of
a fifth module controlling the processor, after the user finishes a speech segment, to receive responsive speech from the server for generating a virtual agent response to the user.
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. A system for controlling movement of a virtual agent on a client device while the virtual agent is speaking to a user, the system comprising a server that:
transmits speech data to be spoken by the virtual agent to the client device over a network;
generates virtual agent movement data based on a prosodic analysis, a syntactic analysis of the speech data and a culture of the user determined based on an analysis of prosody associated with received speech from the user, independent of an identity of the user, an identification of phrase boundaries in each utterance defined in the speech data and a phrase boundary type for each of the phrase boundaries, and not based on a previously-stored template for controlling the movement of the virtual agent, wherein the virtual agent movement data is configured to synchronize the movement of the virtual agent with phrase boundaries and to reflect a pitch accent associated with the phrase boundary type associated with each of the phrase boundaries; and
transmits the virtual agent movement data to the client device over the network for controlling movement of the virtual agent while the virtual agent speaks to the user.
13. The system of
14. A system for controlling movement of a virtual animated entity during a transition from speaking to listening, the system comprising:
a first module controlling the processor, as the virtual animated entity is concluding a speaking segment, to select transition movement data based at least in part on a syntactic analysis of speech to be spoken by the virtual animated entity and further based on a user culture determined by an analysis of prosody associated with received speech from a user, the analysis being independent of an identity of the user and the transition movement data not based on a previously-stored template for controlling the movement of the virtual animated entity; and
a second module controlling the processor to control the movement of the virtual animated entity from a first time the virtual animated entity has approximately finished speaking and through a second time at which the virtual animated entity stops speaking based on the user culture, wherein after the virtual animated entity stops speaking the transition movement data continues to control movement of the virtual animated entity to signal the user to speak.
15. The system of
16. A system for controlling movement of a virtual animated entity during a transition from talking to listening, the system comprising:
a first module controlling the processor, approximately at an end of the virtual animated entity talking, to select transition movement data based at least in part on a syntactic analysis of speech to be spoken by the virtual animated entity and further based on a user culture determined by an analysis of prosody associated with received speech from a user, the analysis being independent of an identity of the user and the transition movement data not based on a previously-stored template for controlling movement of the virtual animated entity; and
a second module controlling the processor to control the movement of the virtual animated entity to indicate that the virtual animated entity is approximately finished talking and will soon listen for speech data from the user based on the user culture, the movement including movement after the virtual animated entity finishes talking to signal the user to speak.
17. The system of
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/173,184, filed Jun. 17, 2002, which claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/380,954, filed May 16, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/173,341, Attorney Docket No. 2002-0040 filed on Jun. 17, 2002, and the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to controlling animations and more specifically to a system and method of providing reactive behavior to virtual agents when a human/computer interaction is taking place.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Much work has recently been focused on generating visual Text-to-Speech interactions between a human user and a computer device. The natural interaction between a computer and human is increasing as conversational agents or virtual agents improve, but the widespread acceptance and use of virtual agents is hindered by unnatural interactions with the virtual agent. Studies show that a customer's impression of a company's quality is heavily influenced by the customer's experience with the company. Brand management and customer relations management (CRM) drive much of a company's focus on its interaction with the customer. When a virtual agent is not pleasing to interact with, a customer will have a negative impression of the company represented by the virtual agent.
Movements of the head of a virtual agent must be natural or viewers will dislike the virtual agent. If the head movement is random, the impression is of a more synthetic object. In some cases, the head appears to float over a background. This approach is judged by many viewers to be “eerie.”
One can try to interpret the meaning of the text with a natural language understanding tool and then derive some behavior from that. Yet, such an approach is usually not feasible, since natural language understanding is very unreliable. A wrong interpretation can do considerable harm to the animation. For example, if the face is smiling while articulating a sad or tragic message, the speaker comes across as cynical or mean spirited. Most viewers dislike such animations and may become upset.
An alternative approach is to use ‘canned’ animation patterns. This means that a few head motion patterns are stored and repeatedly applied. This can work for a short while, yet the repetitive nature of such animations soon annoys viewers.
Yet another approach is to provide recorded head movements for the virtual agent. While this improves the natural look of the virtual agent, unless those head movements are synchronized to the text being spoken, to the viewer the movements become unnatural and random.
Movement of the head of a virtual agent is occasionally mentioned in the literature but few details re given. See, e.g., Cassell. J. Sullivan, J. Prevost, S., Churchill, E., (eds.), “Embodied Conversational Agents”, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000; Hadar, U., Steiner, T. J., Grant, E. C. Rose, F. C., “The timing of shifts in head postures during conversation”, Human Movement Science, 3, pp.237-245, 1984; and Parke, F. I., Waters, K, “Computer Facial Animation”, A. K. Peters, Wellesley, Mass., 1997.
Some have studied emotional expressions of facts and also describe non-emotional facial movements that mark syntactic elements of sentences, in particular sentence endings. But the emphasis is on head movement that are semantically driven, such as nods indicating agreement. See, e.g., Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., “Manual for the Facial Action Coding System”, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978.
Conventionally, animations in virtual agents are controlled through interpretation of the text generated from a spoken dialog system that is used by a Text-to-Speech (TTS) module to generate the synthetic voice to carry on a conversation with a user. The system interprets the text and manually adds movements and expressions to the virtual agent.
Yet another attempt at providing virtual agent movement is illustrated by the FaceXpress development product available for virtual agents and offered through LifeFX®. The FaceXpress is a tool that enables a developer to control the expression of the virtual agent.
The process of manually adding movements to the virtual agent is a slow and cumbersome process. Further, quicker systems do not provide a realistic visual movement that is acceptable to the user. The traditional methods of controlling virtual agent movement preclude the opportunity of engaging in a realistic interaction between a user and a virtual agent.
What is needed in the art is a new method of controlling head movement in a virtual agent such that the agent's movement is more natural and real. There are two parts to this process: (1) controlling the head movements of the virtual agent when the agent is talking, and (2) controlling the head movements when the agent is listening. The related patent application referenced above relates to item (2). This disclosure relates to item (1) and how to control head movements when the virtual agent is speaking to a human user.
The present invention utilizes prosody to control the movement of the head of a virtual agent in a conversation with a human. Prosody relates to speech elements such as pauses, tone, pitch, timing effects and loudness. Using these elements to control the movement of the virtual agent head enables a more natural appearing interaction with the uses.
One embodiment of the invention relates to a method of controlling the virtual agent while the virtual agent is speaking to the user. The method comprises receiving speech data to be spoken by the virtual agent, performing as prosodic analysis of the speech data, and controlling the virtual agent movement according to the prosodic analysis.
Other embodiments of the invention include a system or apparatus for controlling the virtual agent movements while the virtual agent is speaking to the user and as computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for operating a computer device to control the head movements of a virtual agent when speaking to the user.
The present invention enables animating head movements of virtual agents that are more convincing when as human is having an interactive conversation. When the facial expressions and head movements of the virtual agent respond essentially simultaneously to the speech of the user, the agent appears more like a human itself. This is important for producing convincing agents that can be used in customer service applications, e.g., for automating call centers with web-based user interfaces.
Being able to control the facial expressions and head movements automatically, without having to interpret the text or the situation, opens for the first time the possibility of creating photo-realistic animations automatically. For applications such as customer service, the visual impression of the animation has to be of high quality in order to please the customer. Many companies have tried to use visual text-to-speech in such applications but failed because the quality was not sufficient.
The foregoing advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments of the invention with reference to the corresponding accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG 7 illustrates an example of determining precise head movements for a virtual agent;
In human-to-human conversations, many visual cues aid in the exchange of information and whose turn it is to speak. For example, when a first person is speaking and is about to finish, his or her facial expression and head movement provide visual cues that are recognised by the listener as indicating that it is the listener's turn to talk. Further, while the first person is speaking, the listener will often exhibit head motions such as nodding or smiling at the appropriate time to indicate that the words or meanings provided by the first person are heard and understood.
These kinds of very natural movements for humans that assist in an efficient and natural conversation are difficult to replicate when as human is speaking to a virtual animated entity or virtual agent.
Head movements, facial expressions, and gestures, applied by the speaker for underlining the meaning of the text, usually accompany speech. Such movements aid the understanding of the spoken text, but they also convey a lot of additional information about the speaker, such as the emotional state or the speaker's temper.
Mostly, pyschologists have studied nonverbal components in face-to-face communication extensively. Such studies typically link head and facial movements or gestures qualitatively to parts of the text. Many of the more prominent movements are clearly related to the content of spoken text or to the situation at hand. For example, much of the body language in conversations is used to facilitate turn taking. Other movements are applied to emphasize a point of view. Some movements serve basic biological needs, such as blinking to wet the eyes. Moreover, people always tend to move slightly to relax some muscles while others contract. Being completely still is unnatural for humans and requires considerable concentration.
Beside movements that are obviously related to the meaning the text, many facial expressions and head shifts are ore to the text's syntactic and prosodic structure. For example, a stress on a word is often accompanied by a nod of the head. A rising voice at the end of a phrase may be underlined with a rise of the head, possibly combined with rising eyebrows. These are the type of facial and head movements used according to the present invention. Since they are analogous to prosody in speech analysis, these kinds of facial and head movements are called “visual prosody.”
Speech prosody involves a complex array of phonetic parameters that express attitude, assumptions, and attention and can be represented as a parallel channel of information to the meaning of the speech. As such, prosody supports a listener's recovery of the basic message contained in speech as well as the speaker's attitude toward the message and the listener as well.
Little information exists about prosodic movements, and no quantitative results have been published that show how such head and facial movements correlate with elements of speech.
The object of the present invention is to synthesize naturally looking virtual agents and especially to synthesize a speaking virtual agent. The virtual agent may be a person or any kind of entity such as an animal or other object like a robot.
Many of the classical animation techniques have only limited applicability for the types of talking heads described here. Artists have long been able to express emotions and personality in cartoon characters with just a few strokes of a pen. See, e.g., Culhane, S, Animation: From Script to Screen, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1988.
However, as talking heads look more and more like real, recorded humans, viewers become more critical of small deviations from what is considered natural. For example, a cartoon character needs only very rough lip-sound synchronization to be perceived as pleasant. A photo-realistic head, on the other hand, has to show perfect synchronization. Otherwise the depicted person may seem to have a speech disability, which may be embarrassing to a viewer.
Emulating human behavior perfectly requires an understanding of the content of the text. Since many of the movements are closely coupled to prosodic elements of the text, the present invention relates to deriving naturally looking head movements using just the prosodic information.
Prosody describes the way speech is intonated with such elements as pauses, pitch, timing effects, and loudness. The details of the intonation are influenced by the personality of the speaker, by the speaker's emotional state, as well as by the content of the text. Yet, underneath personal variations lie well-defined rules that govern the intonation of a language. See, e.g. Huang, X., Acero, A., Hon, H., Spoken Language Processing, Prentice Hall, 2001, pp.739-791, incorporated herein. Predicting the prosody from text is one of the major tasks for text-to-speech synthesizers. Therefore, fairly reliable tools exist for this task.
The text according to the present invention can be recorded or received from a number of sources. For example, text can be recorded from (1) short sentences plus greetings, (2) sentences designed to cover all diphones in English, (3) short children's stories, and (4) paragraphs of publications like the Wall Street Journal. As can be understood, text can come from any source.
In order to practice the present invention, a database may need to be developed. For example, a database containing about 1,075 sentences was compiled from recordings of six different speakers. Five speakers talked for about 15 minutes each, pronouncing text from the first two sources. The sixth speaker is recorded for over two hours, articulating the whole data set. In this latter case the speaker instructed to speak some of the text while expressing a number of different emotions.
A prosodic prediction tool identifies prosodic phrase boundaries and pitch accents on the whole database, i.e., labels of the expected prosody. These events are labeled according to the ToBI (Tones and Break Indices) prosody classification scheme. For more information on the ToBI method, see, e.g., Beckman, J. Herschberg, The ToBI Annotation Conventions, and K. Silverman, M. Beckman, J. Pitrelli, M. Osterndorf, C. Wightman, P. Price, J. Pierrehumbert, J. Herschberg, “ToBI: A Standard for Labeling English Prosody”, Int. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing, 1992, Banff, Canada, pp. 867-870.
ToBI labels not only denote accents and boundaries, but also associate then with a symbolic description of the pitch movement in their vicinity. The symbols indicate whether the fundamental frequency (F0) is rising or failing. The two-tone levels, high (H) and low (L), describe the pitch relative to the local pitch range.
The second table in
A conversation with a talking head will appear natural only if not just the speaking, or active, portion of the conversation animated carefully with appropriate facial and head movements, but also the passive, or listening part. Tests with talking heads indicate that one of the most frequent complaints relates to appropriate listening behavior.
The present invention addresses the issue of how to control the movement and expression on the face of an animated agent while listening. The invention solves the problem by controlling facial and head movements through prosodic and syntactic elements in the text entered by a user, i.e., the text that the talking head is supposed to listen to and ‘understand’. Adding listening visual prosody, i.e., proper facial and head movements while listening, makes the talking head seem to comprehend the human partner's input.
Text or speech data received from a source 102 may be words spoken by a user in a conversation with a virtual agent or from any other source. From this speech data, a prosodic analysis module 104 performs a syntactic analysis to determine and extract prosodic and syntactic patterns with the speech data.
After the prosodic structure of an utterance has been determined, this information has to be translated into movements of the head and facial parts. One way is to store many prosodic patterns and their corresponding head movements in a database. In a speaking, listening or transition mode for the virtual agent, when the system prepares to synthesize a sentence to be spoken by the virtual agent, the system searches for a sample in the database with similar prosodic events and select the corresponding head and facial movements. This produces very naturally looking animations. The aspect of the invention does require a large number of patterns have to be stored and the whole database has to be searched for every new animation.
The precise form of the head and facial movements is not critical and varies widely from person to person. What matters is that the movements are synchronized with the prosodic events. Such movements can be generated with a rule-based model or a finite state machine. For this approach, the inventors analyzed recorded sequences and determined the probability of particular head movements for each of the main prosodic events. For example, the system looks at how often a nod is happening on a stress, or a raised eyebrow at the end of a question. Using such a model, the system calculates for each prosodic event in the sequence the likelihood that a prominent head movement occurs. This model or rule-based approach can produce naturally looking sequences if enough samples are analyzed to determine all the probabilities properly. It has the advantage that it is computationally less costly than a sample-based approach.
As an example, if a user were to elevate his voice in a conversation with another human, the listening person may naturally pull back and raise his eyebrows at the outburst. Similarly, the listening database will store such behavioral patterns for appropriate responses to the detected prosody in the speech data directed at the virtual agent.
Once the selection module 106 selects the behavioral patterns, the data is transmitted to the virtual agent in real-time to control the listening behavior, i.e., facial and head movements, of the virtual agent. For example, suppose a person is talking in a monotone voice for several minutes to the virtual agent. The behavior of the virtual agent according to the prosody of the monotone speech will be appropriate for such language. This may be, for example, minor movements and eye blinking. However, if the person suddenly yells at the virtual agent, the sudden change in the prosody of the speech would be immediately processed, and a change in the listening behavior pattern would shift in the virtual agent, and the virtual agent would exhibit a surprised or eye-brow-raising expression in response to the outburst.
In addition to listening and speaking behavior, there are also transition periods, which must be animated appropriately. When the input text stops, the behavior has to switch to a ‘planning’ or ‘preparation’ stage, where it is clear that the head is getting ready for a response. Control moves from the listening selection module 106 to the transition selection module 112.
The transition selection module 112 controls the data flow between the transition database 114 and the movement of the virtual agent 116. The selection module 112 matches prosody and syntactic patterns drawn from a transition database 114. The transition database stores behavior patterns appropriate for transition behaviors. For example, when one speaker is done, certain movements of the head or behaviors will indicate the other person's turn to talk. If one person continues to talk and the other wants to speak, a certain transition visual behavior will indicate a desire to cut in and talk. Once the transition pattern is selected, the selection module 112 transmits the data to the virtual agent for controlling the behavioral facial and head movements in real-time for a more natural experience for the user.
Once a transition is complete, the conversation proceeds to the virtual agent's turn to talk. Here, the selection module 118 will receive is phoneme string having prosodic and syntactic patterns 124 from a text generation module 126. Those of skill in the art are aware of means for text generation in the context of a spoken dialog service.
The speaking movement selection module 118 uses the prosodic and syntactic patterns from the generated text to select from a speaking database 120 the appropriate prosodic and syntactic behavioral patterns to control the speaking behavior and facial movements of the virtual agent 122. A virtual agent-rendering module (not shown) may exist either on a server or a client device as network capacity and design dictate. In this regard, modules 110, 116 and 122 may or may not be rendering modules in system.
At the end of text output from the virtual agent, the virtual agent should signal to the viewer that now it is his or her turn to speak. The speaking database may comprise, for example, an audio-visual database of recorded speech. The database may be organized in a variety of ways. The database may include segments of audio-visual speech of a person reading text that includes an audio and video component. Thus, during times of listening, speaking or transition, the system searches the speaking database and selects segments of matching visual prosody patters from the database and the system controls the virtual agent movements according to the movements of the person recorded in the selected audio-visual recorded speech segments. In this manner, the user can experience a more realistic and natural movement of the virtual agent.
In another aspect of the invention, the speaking behavior database is not utilized and a model is used for determining virtual agent movements according to speech data. The model may be automatically trained or be handcrafted. Using the model approach, however, provides a different means of determining virtual agent movement based on speech data than the lookup speaking database. Similar models may be employed for listening movements as well as transition movement. Thus, there are a variety of different ways wherein a system can associate and coordinate virtual agent movement for speaking, listening and transition segments of a human-computer dialog.
A conversation control module 128 controls the interaction between the text generation module 126 (voice and content virtual agent) and receiving the text or speech data from the source 102. These modules preferably exist and are operational on a computer server or servers. The particular kind of computer device or network on which these modules run is immaterial to the present invention. For example, they may be on an intranet, or the Internet or operational over a wireless network. Those of skill in the art will understand that other dialog modules are related to the conversation module and may include an automatic speech recognition module, a spoken language understanding module, a dialog management module, a presentation module and a text-to-speech module.
The server 144A includes a prosodic analysis module 146 that analyzes the prosodic elements of the received speech. According to this prosodic analysis, in real-time, a listening behavior module 148 in the server 144A transmits data associated with controlling the head movements of the virtual agent 160. Thus, while the user 139 speaks to the virtual agent 160, it appears that the agent is “listening.” The listening behavior includes any behavior up to and through a transition from listening to preparing to speak. Therefore, data transmitted as shown in module 148 includes transition movements from listening to speaking.
Next, a response module 150 generates a response to the user's speech or question. The response, as is known in the art, may be generated according to processes performed by an automatic speech recognition module, a spoken language understanding module, a dialog manager module, a presentation manager, and/or a text-to-speech module. (
A realistic conversation, including the visual experience of watching a virtual agent 160 on the client device 140A, takes place between the user and the virtual agent 160 over the network 142.
The transmission over a network 142 such as a packet network is not limited to cases where prosody is the primary basis for generating movements. For example, in some cases, the virtual agent 160 responses are preprogrammed such that the response and the virtual agent 160 motion are known in advance. In this case, then the data associated with the response as well as the head movements are both transmitted over the network 142 in the response phase of the conversation between the user and the virtual agent 160.
The server 144B performs the necessary processing to carry on a dialog with the user 139, including automatic speech recognition (ASR) 149, spoken language understanding (SLU) 151, dialog management (DM) 153, text-to-speech processing (TTS) 155, and prosodic analysis and virtual agent movement control 157 for the response of the virtual agent 160.
The present aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific processing examples provided above. The combination of prosodic analysis and other ASR, SLU, DM and TTS processes necessary to carry out a spoken and visual dialog with the user 139 may be shared in any combination between the client device 140B and the server 144B.
Recording real people and correlating their behavior with the prosodic information in the text enables the automation of the process of generating facial expressions and head movements. Prosodic information can be extracted reliably from text without the need of a high-level analysis of the semantic content. Measurements confirm a strong correlation between prosodic information and behavioral patterns. This is not only true for the correlation between behavioral patterns and the text spoken by a person, but also for the correlation between to spoken by one person and the behavioral patterns of the listener.
Accents within spoken text are prime candidates for placing prominent head movements. Hence, their reliable identification is of main interest here. Stress within isolated words has been compiled in lexica for many different languages. Within continuous speech, however, the accents are not necessarily placed at the location of the lexical stress. Context or the desire to highlight specific parts of a sentence may shift the place of an accent. It is therefore necessary to consider the whole sentence in order to predict where accents will appear.
Any interruption of the speech flow is another event predestined for placing head or facial movements. Many disfluencies in speech are unpredictable events, such as a speaker's hesitations. Often, a user inserts the sounds ‘ah’ or ‘uh’ the spontaneously into the flow of speech. However, other short interruptions are predictably placed at phrase boundaries. Prosodic phrases, which are meaningful units, make it easier for the listener to follow. That is why prosodic phrase boundaries often coincide with major syntactic boundaries and punctuation marks.
As shown in
In this case, the phone durations in column 200 were extracted from the spoken text with a phone-labeling tool. Alternatively, the prosody analysis tools can predict phone durations from the text. Accents are shown here at the height of the last phone of a syllable, but it has to be understood that the syllable as a whole is considered accented and not an individual phone.
Of the different accent types, the H* accents strongly dominate (see
The prosody predictor according to research associated with the present invention has been trained with ToBI hand labels for 1,477 utterances of one speaker. The accent yes/no decision is correct in 89% of all syllables and the yes/no decision for phrase boundaries in 95%. The accent types are predicted correctly in 59% of all syllables and the boundary types in 74% of all cases. All the speakers recorded are different from the speaker used to train the prosody predictor. One voice can be used as well to train for prosody prediction.
Associated with the present invention is gathering data on face recognition from human readers. Natural head and facial movements while reading text provide the information for generating the head movements of a virtual agent. Hence, when using a human speaker, the speakers must be able to move their heads freely while they pronounce text. It is preferable that no sensors on the person's head be used while gathering the human data. The natural features of each human face are used since no markers or other artifacts for aiding the recognition systems are used.
In an exemplary data gathering method, recordings are done with the speaker sitting in front of a teleprompter, looking straight into a camera. The frame size is 720×480 pixels and the head's height is typically about ⅔ of the frame height. The total of the recording corresponds to 3 hours and 15 minutes of text. Facial features are extracted from these videos and head poses for each of over 700,000 frames. Recordings may be done at, for example, 60 frames per second.
In order to determine the precise head movements as well as the movements of facial parts, the positions of several facial feature points must be measured with a high accuracy. A face recognition system according to the present invention proceeds in multiple steps, each one refining the precision of the previous step. See, e.g., “Face analysis for the synthesis of photo-realistic talking heads,” Graf, H. P., Cosatto, E. and Ezzat, T., Proc. Fourth IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Grenoble, France, IEEE, Computer Society, Los Alamitos, 2000, pp. 189-194.
Using motion, color and shape information, the head's position and the location of the main facial features are determined first with a low accuracy. Then, smaller areas are searched with a set of matched filters, in order to identify specific feature points with high precision.
When the system analyzes as new image, the first steps of the face recognition, namely shape and color analysis, provide information such as how wide open the mouth is. One can therefore select kernels of mouth corners corresponding to a mouth of similar proportions. Image and kernels are Fourier transformed for the convolution, which is computationally more efficient for larger kernels. In this way a whole set of filter kernels is scanned over the image, identifying the feature points.
The head pose is calculated from the location of the eye corners and the nostrils in the image.
There is a tradeoff between accuracy and selectivity of the filters. Larger filter kernels tend to be more accurate, yet they are more selective. For example, when the head rotates, the more selective filters are useable over a smaller range of orientations. Hence, more different filters have to be prepared. Preferably, the system typically tunes the filters to provide an average precision of between one and one and a half pixels. Then the positions are filtered over time to improve the accuracy to better than one pixel. Some events, for example eye blinks, can be so rapid that a filtering over time distorts the measurements too much. Such events are marked and the pose calculation is suspended for a few frames.
Beside the head pose, the present invention focuses on the positions of the eyebrows, the shape of the eyes and the direction of gaze. These facial parts move extensively during speech and are a major part of any visual expression of a speaker's face. They are measured with similar filters as described above. They do not need to be measured with the same precision as the features used for measuring head poses. Whether eyebrows move up one pixel more or less does not change the face's appearance markedly.
The first part of our face analysis, where the head and facial parts are measured with a low accuracy, works well for any face. Sufficient redundancy is built into the system to handle even glasses and beards. The filters for measuring feature positions with high accuracy, on the other hand, are designed specifically for each person, using samples of that person's face.
For identifying prosodic movements, the rotation angles of the head around the x-, y-, and z-axis are determined, together with the translations.
All the recorded head and facial movements were added spontaneously by the speakers while they were reading from the teleprompter. The speakers were not aware that the head movements would be analyzed. For most of the recordings the speakers were asked to show a ‘neutral’ emotional state.
For the analysis, each of the six signals representing rotations and translations of the head are split into two frequency bands: (1) 0-2 Hz: slow had movements and (2) 2Hz-15Hz faster head movements associated with speech.
Movements in the low frequency range extend over several syllables and often over multiple words. Such movements tend to be caused by a change of posture by the speaker, rather than being related to the speech.
The faster movements, on the other hand, are closely related to the prosody of the text. Accents are often underlined with nods that extend typically over two to four phones. This pattern is clearly visible in
A further characteristic feature of visual prosody is the initial head movement, leading into a speech segment after a pause.
The mechanics for rotations around each of three axes are different and, consequently, the details of the motion patterns vary somewhat. Yet, the main characteristics of all three these rotations are similar and can be summarized with a few basic patterns:
Summarizing these patterns, where each one can be executed around the x-, y-, or z-axis:
Having such motion primitives allows describing head movements with the primitivies' types, amplitudes and durations. This provides a simple framework for characterizing a wide variety of head movements with just a few numbers. Table 1 shows some statistical data of the appearance of these primitives in one part of the text database. This illustrates the percentage of pitch accents accompanied by a major head movement. The text corpus associated with this table was 100 short sentences and greetings.
The amplitudes of the movements can vary substantially, as is illustrated by the graph 270 in
The patterns described here are not always as clearly visible as in the graphs of
Head and facial movements during speech exhibit a wide variety of patterns that depend on personality, mood, content of the text being spoken, and other factors. Despite large variations from person to person, patterns of head and racial movements are strongly correlated with the prosodic structure of the text. Angles and amplitudes of the head movements vary widely, yet their timing shows surprising consistency. Similarly, raised eyebrows are often placed at prosodic events—sometimes with head nods, at other times without. Visual prosody is not nearly as rigidly defined as acoustic prosody, but it is clearly identifiable in the speech of most people.
Recent progress in face recognition enables an automatic registration of head and facial movements and opens the opportunity to analyze them quantitatively without any intrusive measuring devices. Such information is a key ingredient for further progress in synthesizing natural-looking talking heads. Lip-sound synchronization has reached a stage where most viewers judge it as natural. The next step of improvement lies in realistic behavioral patterns. Several sequences were synthesized where the head movements consisted of concatenations of the motion primitives described above. With good motion-prosody synchronization, the heads look much more engaging and even give the illusion that they ‘understand’ what they articulate and that they actively listen to the speaker.
Prosody prediction tools exist for several languages and the present invention is applicable to any language for which such tools are available. Even if there are no prosody tools available for a particular language, it may be possible to generate one. Typically the generation of a prosody prediction tools is much simpler than a language understanding tool. If no good prosody prediction tools exist, many prosodic elements can still be predicted from the syntactic structure of the text. Therefore the concept of visual prosody is applicable to any language.
In another aspect of the invention, it is noted that the basic elements of prosody such as pauses, pitch, rate or relative duration, and loudness, are culturally driven in that different cultures will attach different meanings to prosodic elements. Accordingly, an aspect of this invention is to provide a system and method of adapting prosodic speaking, transition and listening movements of a virtual agent that adapt to the appropriate culture of the speaker.
Further gradations may include differences in dialect or accents wherein the prosodic responses may be different, for example, between a person from New York City and Georgia.
In this embodiment of the invention, a database of speaking, transition, and listening movements as described above is compiled for each set of cultural possibilities. For example, an English set is generated as well as a Japanese set. As shown in
Suppose the speaker selects Japanese via the determination module. The system then knows that to enable a natural looking virtual agent in the conversation using the prosodic nature of the speech it will receive, the appropriate set of speaking, listening and transition databases must be selected. An example of such a change may be that the virtual agent would bow at the culturally appropriate times in one conversation, and if the user is from a different culture, then those agent movements would not be displayed during that conversation. A selection module (282) then selects that appropriate set of databases (284) for use in the conversation with the speaker.
The system proceeds then to modify, if necessary, the prosodic-driven movements of the virtual agent according to the selected databases (284) such that the Japanese user will experience a more natural conversation. The system also operates dynamically wherein if the user part-way through a conversation switches to English, ends the conversation, or indicates a different cultural set, then the process returns to the language determination module (280) for making that switch, and then continuing to select the appropriate set of databases for proceeding with the conversation with the user.
The number of databases is only limited by the storage space. Databases for Spanish, English with a New York Accent, English with a Southern Accent, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, French, Senior Citizen, Teenager, Ethnicity, etc. may be stored and ready for the specific cultural movement that will appeal most to the particular user.
Although the above description may contain specific details, they should not be construed as limiting the claims in any way. Other configurations of the described embodiments of the invention are part of the scope of this invention. For example, any electronic communication between people where an animated entity can deliver the message is contemplated. Email and instant messaging as well as other forms of communication are being developed such as broadband 3G and 4G wireless technologies wherein animated entities as generally described herein may apply. Further, visual prosody contains a strong personality component and some trademark movements may be associated with certain personalities. The system can be trained to exhibit prosodic behavior of a particular person or one that is considered more ‘generic’. Accordingly, the appended claims and their legal equivalents should only define the invention, rather than any specific examples given.
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