FUNCTIONAL FIBRINOGEN ASSAY INDICATES THAT FIBRINOGEN IS CRITICAL IN CORRECTING ABNORMAL CLOT STRENGTH FOLLOWING TRAUMA
Harr, Jeffrey N.*; Moore, Ernest E.*†‡; Ghasabyan, Arsen†‡; Chin, Theresa L.*; Sauaia, Angela*‡; Banerjee, Anirban‡; Silliman, Christopher C.‡§∥
*Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; †Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver; ‡Trauma Research Center and §Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora; and ∥Research Department, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado
Received 12 Jul 2012; first review completed 2 Aug 2012; accepted in final form 10 Oct 2012
Address reprint requests to Ernest E. Moore, MD, 777 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204. E-mail: email@example.com.
This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (P50 GM049222 T32 GM008315 grants).
ABSTRACT: Thromboelastography (TEG) is emerging as the standard in the management of acute coagulopathies in injured patients. Although TEG is sensitive in detecting abnormalities in clot strength, one shortcoming is differentiating between fibrinogen and platelet contributions to clot integrity. Current American algorithms suggest platelet transfusion, whereas European guidelines suggest fibrinogen concentrates for correcting low clot strength. Therefore, we hypothesized that a TEG-based functional fibrinogen (FF) assay would assess the contribution of fibrinogen and platelets to clot strength and provide insight to transfusion priorities. Blood samples were obtained from trauma patients on arrival to the emergency department or who were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (n = 68). Citrated kaolin TEG, FF, and von Clauss fibrinogen levels (plasma-based clinical standard) were measured. Correlations were assessed using linear regression models. In vitro studies were also performed with adding fibrinogen concentrates to blood collected from healthy volunteers (n = 10). Functional fibrinogen and citrated kaolin TEG parameters were measured. Functional fibrinogen strongly correlated with von Clauss fibrinogen levels (R2 = 0.87) and clot strength (R2 = 0.80). The mean fibrinogen contribution to clot strength was 30%; however, there was a direct linear relationship with fibrinogen level and percent fibrinogen contribution to clot strength (R2 = 0.83). Traditional TEG parameters associated with fibrinogen activity (α angle and kinetic time) had significantly lower correlations with FF (R2 = 0.70 and 0.35). Furthermore, platelet count had only a moderate correlation to clot strength (R2 = 0.51). The addition of fibrinogen concentrate in in vitro studies increased clot strength (MA) (60.44 ± 1.48 to 68.12 ± 1.39) and percent fibrinogen contribution to clot strength (23.8% ± 1.8% to 37.7% ± 2.5%). Functional fibrinogen can be performed rapidly with TEG and correlates well with the standard von Clauss fibrinogen assay. Both fibrinogen and platelet contribution of clot strength can be derived from FF. Moreover, FF had a stronger correlation to clot strength, and increased levels were directly associated with increased percent contribution to clot strength. In vitro studies also demonstrated an increase in FF, clot strength, and percent fibrinogen contribution to clot strength with the addition of fibrinogen concentrate. These data suggest that fibrinogen should be addressed early in trauma patients manifesting acute coagulopathy of trauma.
Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the second leading cause of death following trauma, accounting for nearly 40% of early mortality, and patients who have a coagulopathy on arrival to the emergency department are four times more likely to die than those without a coagulopathy (1, 2). Therefore, early recognition of the acute coagulopathy of trauma (ACOT) is imperative, and viscoelastic hemostatic assays have proven useful in the identification and treatment of ACOT (3–7). Consequently, viscoelastic hemostatic assays have been widely adopted and are emerging as the standard of care in the management of trauma patients.
Although viscoelastic hemostatic assays have been reported to be superior to traditional plasma-based tests (i.e., activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio [INR]) (4, 6, 8, 9), there remains debate regarding therapeutic interventions for correcting abnormal parameters. This debate stems from the understanding of the cell-based model of hemostasis. Clot strength is the ultimate measure of hemostatic capacity and reflects the interaction between platelets and fibrin(ogen), both critical for stable clot formation. With the availability of fibrinogen concentrates, many European trauma centers infuse fibrinogen early to correct for abnormalities in clot strength because fibrinogen concentrates are easily stored and thus available for immediate use (10–12). However, in the United States, platelets are used preferentially to correct abnormal clot strength following trauma, because platelets provide the surface for coagulation complexes to form, increasing thrombin generation (13).
The TEG 5000 (Haemonetics, Niles, Ill) is the most widely used viscoelastic hemostatic assay in the United States, but a potential shortcoming of this device is differentiating between platelet and fibrin(ogen) contribution to clot integrity. Traditionally, the kinetic time (k-time) and α angle have been used to assess fibrinogen function, but correlations to clinical fibrinogen levels have been inadequate (14, 15). However, with the recent development of the TEG functional fibrinogen (FF) assay, this limitation can be addressed, but has not yet been evaluated in the trauma population. With this assay, the fibrinogen that is actively involved in thrombus formation can be measured and be compared with overall clot strength. Therefore, we hypothesized that the TEG FF assay would assess the contribution of fibrinogen and platelets to clot strength in severely injured patients and provide insight to transfusion regimens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prospective observational study
This prospective observational study was conducted at the Denver Health Medical Center, the academic level I trauma center for the University of Colorado–Denver, and was approved by the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board. Citrated whole-blood samples were obtained from trauma patients (n = 68), meeting field criteria for a trauma alert or activation status, on arrival to the emergency department or within the first 5 days of admission to the surgical intensive care unit to capture a broad range of fibrinogen levels. Patients with known coagulopathies, on antiplatelet therapy, or younger than 18 years, prisoners, and pregnant women were excluded from this study. No patients in this study received colloid resuscitative fluids with known affects on coagulation, such as hetastarch. All blood samples were collected in 3.5 mL plastic Vacutainers (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) containing 3.2% citrate.
The von Clauss assay is the clinical criterion standard for measuring plasma fibrinogen levels and was performed by the clinical laboratory (16). For this assay, a standard curve is generated by obtaining thrombin time on different dilutions of plasma with a known fibrinogen level. Citrated whole blood is then collected from a patient and centrifuged, and the plasma portion is obtained. The plasma is then diluted 1:10, and a thrombin time is obtained. The measured thrombin time is then noted on the standard curve, and the fibrinogen concentration is extrapolated.
The FF and kaolin thromboelastography (TEG) assays were provided by Haemonetics (Niles, Ill) and performed on the TEG 5000 device in the trauma research laboratory. The samples for both TEG and the von Clauss assay were collected simultaneously, and trained research personnel performed the TEG within 30 min following blood collection. For the kaolin TEG assay, 1 mL of citrated blood was added to the designated kaolin vial and gently mixed. A 340-μL aliquot was transferred from the kaolin vial to a 37°C TEG cup preloaded with 20 μL 0.2 mol/L CaCl2. To perform the FF assay, 0.5 mL of citrated blood was added to the designated FF vial containing a mixture of kaolin and a monoclonal glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist and gently mixed. A 340-μL aliquot was transferred from the FF vial to a 37°C TEG cup preloaded with 20 μL 0.2 mol/L CaCl2. The FF assay measures the FF level (FLEV), which is extrapolated from the MAfibrinogen value. In performing both the kaolin TEG and FF TEG, the independent contribution of fibrinogen and platelets to overall clot strength (MA) can be determined by the equation MA = MAplatelet + MAfibrinogen (Fig. 1).
In vitro studies
In vitro studies were performed on citrated whole-blood samples obtained from healthy volunteers (n = 10) to demonstrate the causal role of fibrinogen on clot strength. Venipuncture was performed with a 21-guage needle in an antecubital vein, and blood was collected into two separate 3.5-mL plastic Vacutainers containing 3.2% citrate. In one citrated whole-blood sample, 20 mg of lyophilized human fibrinogen concentrate (product F3879; Sigma-Aldrich Co, St Louis, Mo) was slowly added directly to the Vacutainer and gently inverted until the powder was completely dissolved. This method limited the volume change as well as the change in concentration of citrate in the Vacutainer. Prestudy experiments were performed to determine the optimal addition of fibrinogen to roughly double the FF concentration. Both kaolin and FF TEGs were performed within 30 min of collection as above on each sample, and all TEG parameters were recorded. Normal TEG parameters for our clinical laboratory include k-time (1.1c3.5 min), α angle (55.0-78.0 degrees), MA (55.8–73.3 mm), and FLEV (200-445 mg/dL).
Patient demographics are reported as the mean ± SD or the median with interquartile range (IQR) if the variable did not follow a normal distribution. Thromboelastography parameters in the in vitro study are reported as the mean ± SEM. Correlations in the prospective observational study were assessed using linear and polynomial regression models, and a two-tailed, paired Student t test was used to determine significance in the in vitro studies. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
In this clinical study, 66% of patients were male, with a mean age of 38 ± 12.3 years. The median injury severity score (ISS) and base deficit were 23.5 (IQR, 17–33) and 12 mEq/L (IQR, 8–15.25), respectively, and 55% of patients sustained blunt trauma. von Clauss fibrinogen levels ranged from 59 to 840 mg/dL. Functional fibrinogen FLEV values ranged between 100 and 734 mg/dL. There was a significant correlation between the von Clauss fibrinogen assay and the FF assay (R2 = 0.87, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2). Furthermore, both the von Clauss fibrinogen levels and the FLEV had a significant correlation to clot strength (MA) (R2 = 0.75 and 0.80, respectively, P < 0.0001), with FLEV having a modestly higher correlation coefficient than the von Clauss fibrinogen level (Fig. 3). Both assays appeared to show that fibrinogen levels greater than 200 mg/dL correlated with normal clot strength values and reached a plateau at levels greater than 500 mg/dL. On the other hand, platelet count did not correlate as well as fibrinogen levels. Although significant, the platelet count had only a moderate correlation to clot strength (R2 = 0.51, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 4). Moreover, an increase in platelet count did not appear to contribute to clot strength at numbers greater than 300,000/μL. In addition, there was no association of reaction time (R-time) with either von Clauss fibrinogen or FLEV (R2 = 0.001 and 0.026, respectively).
With regard to individual component contributions to clot strength, von Clauss fibrinogen levels appeared to have a direct linear correlation to the percent fibrinogen contribution to clot strength (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 5). Therefore, as fibrinogen levels increased, so did the fibrinogen component to clot strength. Moreover, there was no evidence of a plateau in this relationship. Conversely, platelet count had a poor correlation to the percent platelet contribution to clot strength (R2 = 0.07, P = 0.047). In fact, an increase in platelet count appeared to decrease the platelet contribution to clot strength.
To determine the association of FLEV to traditional TEG measures of fibrinogen function, correlations to k-time and α angle were also examined. K-time had a moderate, inverse linear correlation to FLEV (R2 = 0.35, P < 0.0001). However, at FLEV levels less than 115 mg/dL, k-time lost its association, accounting for the decrease in the correlation coefficient, but this sample size is limited. Consequently, α angle had a stronger association to FLEV but also had a decreased association for FLEV levels less than 115 mg/dL and reached a plateau at FLEV levels greater than 400 mg/dL (R2 = 0.70, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 6).
In the in vitro studies, healthy volunteers had a mean age of 35 ± 6 years, and 50% were male. Addition of fibrinogen concentrate to citrated whole blood increased FLEV from 263.1 ± 20.5 to 468.1 ± 31.4 mg/dL (P = 0.0008). In addition, an increase in FLEV increased clot strength from 60.44 ± 1.48 to 68.12 ± 1.39 dyn/cm2 (P = 0.0009). This subsequently increased the percent fibrinogen contribution to clot strength from 23.8% ± 1.8% to 37.7% ± 2.5% (P = 0.003). Traditional TEG parameters of fibrinogen function also significantly changed. K-time shortened from 3.06 ± 0.33 to 2.02 ± 0.18 min (P = 0.005), and α angle increased from 52.78 ± 2.28 to 60.84 ± 2.54 degrees (P = 0.0153), which corresponded to the clinical study values. In addition, the R-time shortened from 8.57 to 5.84 min (P = 0.002), indicating that the addition of fibrinogen enhances all aspects of clot formation and stability.
These data show that the TEG-based FF assay correlates well to the standard von Clauss assay and that fibrinogen is critical in correcting abnormal clot strength in trauma patients. Acute coagulopathy of trauma contributes to increased morbidity and mortality following severe injury, and rapid diagnosis and appropriate blood component treatment are crucial to improving outcomes. The role of fibrinogen in ACOT has not been well characterized and is generally considered impaired from a combination of endogenous factors (activated protein C and release of tPA from the endothelium) (17–19), as well as dilution from crystalloid and packed red blood cell resuscitation. Typically, fibrinogen levels are not obtained in the initial evaluation of severely injured patients at risk for significant coagulopathy. The implementation of viscoelastic hemostatic assays in trauma management offers a superior assessment of coagulation that can be achieved more rapidly than plasma-based assays. Similarly, results of the FF assay can be achieved in less than 15 min and can be run simultaneously with a rapid or kaolin TEG.
In our prospective observational study, the FF assay correlated well with the most common clinical assay used to measure fibrinogen levels and demonstrated that the FF assay can be accurately used for use in the management of severely injured patients. Furthermore, the FF assay was able to determine the relative fibrinogen and platelet contributions to clot strength and correlated fibrinogen levels to increased clot strength, as well as increased fibrinogen contribution to clot strength. These associations were subsequently confirmed by in vitro studies. Platelets, which are known to contribute up to 80% of total clot strength in normal individuals, had a much poorer correlation to clot strength, which likely reflects the fact that platelet count and platelet function are separate entities. Therefore, platelet function may ultimately be a better parameter to use to guide resuscitation (20). Moreover, platelet counts greater than 100,000/μL were associated with normal clot strength parameters, and counts greater than 300,000/μL were associated with no increase in clot strength. Interestingly, there was a decrease in percent platelet contribution to clot strength with an increase in platelet count. This may be partly explained by the cell-based model of hemostasis. Because coagulation complexes form on the surface of the platelet, increasing the amount of platelet surface area may ultimately increase thrombin generation, even in the setting of trauma when platelets become inhibited (21). This increase in thrombin generation, and subsequent fibrin production, likely increases the fibrinogen contribution to clot strength disproportionally greater than the platelet contribution to clot strength, which plateaus. Therefore, this decreases the relative platelet contribution to clot strength and is not reflective of platelet inhibition.
The traditional TEG parameters of measuring fibrinogen function (k-time and α angle) have some value, because k-time had a moderate correlation to fibrinogen levels, and α angle had a much stronger correlation. In fact, almost all α angle values greater than 55.0 degrees, the minimal normal reference value, had fibrinogen levels greater than 200 mg/dL. Therefore, α angle may be used to assess fibrinogen function. However, the FF assay had similar correlations to clinically measured fibrinogen levels as well as clot strength. Furthermore, k-time and α angle were poorer predictors of fibrinogen function with fibrinogen levels less than 115 mg/dL and greater than 400 mg/dL, and therefore this is a limitation of using these parameters to assess fibrinogen function. Lastly, k-time and α angle do not allow for the assessment of platelet function, as well as fibrinogen and platelet contributions to clot strength.
The in vitro studies further demonstrated that fibrinogen is directly responsible for an increase in clot strength, as well as increased fibrinogen contribution to clot strength. Interestingly, data from our in vitro studies were very similar to data from our clinical studies. The changes observed in TEG parameters from increasing FLEVs in vitro corresponded to similar changes in clot strength, percent fibrinogen contribution to clot strength, k-time, and α angle in our observational study. Therefore, we are reassured of the validity of our in vitro work, suggesting that TEG results from clinically relevant in vitro studies may translate to the clinical arena.
A limitation to this study is that we have not defined the ACOT, but the most described definition is an INR greater than 1.5. Of this patient population studied, 29.4% had an INR greater than 1.5 on arrival to the ED, but with limited FF and kaolin TEG data on patients arriving to the ED, we cannot make any conclusions on initial fibrinogen level and ACOT defined by INR in this study. We also recognize that plasma-based assays are not the optimal tool to detect coagulopathies, and at our institution, we use TEG parameters below our clinical reference range in patients who are actively bleeding to characterize patients with ACOT. These parameters include R-time, k-time, α angle, MA, or LY30. However, these reference ranges may differ between institutions, or some may characterize only patients with ACOT who have a low MA or significant lysis. Therefore, we feel a standard TEG definition is required, and future studies are needed, as TEG is becoming the standard of care.
The direct clinical implication of these data suggests that fibrinogen levels should be addressed early in severely injured patients at risk for ACOT. The von Clauss assay is not a rapid point-of-care test, but the FF assay can be easily performed in institutions already using TEG, which can be run simultaneously with a rapid TEG. Although normal values for k-time and α angle are associated with FLEV greater than 115 mg/dL, FLEV is a better predictor of clot strength and also derives platelet contribution to clot strength. Consequently, data from this clinical study demonstrate that fibrinogen levels greater than 100 mg/dL may not be adequate in addressing severely injured patients with abnormally low clot strength and suggest levels greater than 200 mg/dL to achieve normal clot strength parameters. Moreover, platelet counts greater than 100,000/μL appear adequate to achieve normal clot strength parameters. Therefore, patients with a platelet count greater than 100,000/μL and an abnormal clot strength may need to be given fibrinogen to address the coagulopathy. Another advantage of the FF assay is that all other TEG assays are affected by patients on antiplatelet therapy, except for the FF assay. Therefore, if patients with known, or unknown, antiplatelet therapy use present with an abnormally low MA on a rapid or kaolin TEG, with a normal platelet count and a normal FF, platelets should be the next blood component given in the setting of an actively bleeding patient. However, if this same patient also has an abnormally low FF, then blood components containing fibrinogen should be considered earlier in the management of this patient. The FF assay allows for more precision in component-specific resuscitation.
In summary, our results demonstrate that the FF assay is an accurate and rapid point-of-care assay and that fibrinogen is critical to clot strength. Therefore, these data further suggest that fibrinogen levels should be addressed early in severely injured trauma patients presenting with abnormal clot strengths. Although fibrinogen concentrates have a known high concentration of fibrinogen that is easily stored and rapidly available to transfuse, they are not currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in trauma. Options to increase fibrinogen levels include fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. A unit of fresh frozen plasma (≈250 mL) contains approximately 725 mg (2.9 mg/mL) of fibrinogen, whereas a unit of cryoprecipitate (≈20 mL) contains approximately 183 mg (8.8 mg/mL) (21). These data also suggest that platelets should be transfused only for platelet counts of less than 100,000/μL in patients with abnormal clot strength and that platelet function may be a better parameter to guide platelet transfusions. Overall, the TEG FF assay provides clinically useful data that may guide cost-effective transfusions.
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