1290. Edward I expels the Jews from England. See “EXPULSION OF JEWS FROM ENGLAND,” vi, 356.
Death of the “Maid of Norway,” Queen of Scotland; John Balliol, Robert Bruce, and others dispute the succession.
Ladislaus of Hungary assassinated; he is succeeded by Andrew III, called the Venetian, from the place of his birth.
1291. Edward I, of England, decides the disputed succession in Scotland; he claims and receives homage from the competitors as their suzerain.
In Switzerland the three Forest Cantons confederate, these being Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
Siege and conquest of Acre from the Christians by Malek el-Ashref; end of the Christian realm of Jerusalem.
Death of Rudolph of Hapsburg.
Death of Saadi, the Persian poet.
1292. Edward I awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does homage to him.
Adolphus of Nassau elected to the German throne.
1293. Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward I to appear in London.
1294. Under Nicolo Spinola the Genoese capture a Venetian fleet and take Canea, in the isle of Candia.
1295. Philip the Fair of France, and John Balliol, King of Scotland, make war on England.
1296. Balliol is dethroned by Edward I, who invades and conquers Scotland.
Pope Boniface VIII issues his bull (Clericus laicos) against the taxation of the property of the Church without the consent of the holy see. Philip the Fair of France refuses to comply with it.
1297. Great victory of the Scots, under William Wallace, at Stirling. See “EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF WILLIAM WALLACE,” vi, 369.
Count Guy Flanders is defeated by the French.
Philip the Fair is excommunicated because his law against the export of coin stops the papal revenues derived from France.
Pope Boniface VIII prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at Bologna.
1298. Adolphus of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolph’s son, Albert, who is elected king by the German electors.
At Curzola the Genoese gain a naval victory over the Venetians.
A successful war is waged against the Colonnas by Pope Boniface VIII.
Wallace defeated at Falkirk by Edward I. See “EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF WILLIAM WALLACE,” vi, 369,
1299. Defeat of the Turks at Hems by the allied forces of the Templars and Mongols; recovery of Jerusalem for a short period.
Ottoman Turks invade the Greek empire.
1300. Institution of the jubilee by Pope Boniface VIII. See “FIRST GREAT JUBILEE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH,” vi, 378.
Guy, Count of Flanders, defeated and made prisoner by Philip’s brother, Charles de Valois.
A charitable society at Antwerp is first given the name of Lollards, because they lulled the sick by singing to them.