Peroxidase Enzyme Products | Peroxidase Substrates | Peroxidase Inhibitors
Grinding extraction and initial filtration steps of HRP production
For decades Sigma-Aldrich has manufactured peroxidase at our St. Louis ISO 9001:2000 production facility in multi-kilo batch sizes. Over this period of time we have directly collaborated with the growers of specially selected and cultivated horseradish roots and have continuously implemented a long standing history of process improvements that ensure quality, consistency and optimized yield. While the supply of horseradish in other parts of the world has been an issue, the North American horseradish supply has grown stronger. Our St Louis production facility overlooks an area of the Mississippi Valley known as the American Bottoms which produces 60% of the world's horseradish.
The production facility has an experienced well-trained workforce that follows rigorous operating procedures for processing, equipment, cleaning, testing and packaging operations within robust quality and quality assurance systems.
Sigma's peroxidase is recognized around the world as the industry standard for diagnostic manufacturing and laboratory scale research applications. We offer a variety of products based on purity, isoform content, and covalent modifications in order to accommodate established applications as well as basic research needs.
Specific activity is expressed in terms of pyrogallol units. One pyrogallol unit will form 1.0 mg purpurogallin from pyrogallol in 20 sec at pH 6.0 at 20°C, unless otherwise indicated in the listing. This purpurogallin (20 sec) unit is equivalent to approx. 18 µM units per min at 25°C.
ABTS units are another commonly used unit definition. One ABTS unit will oxidize 1µmole of ABTS per minute at 25°C at pH 5.0. Using ABTS as the substrate approx. four times the activity is observed over the pyrogallol system.
The RZ ( Reinheitszahl) is the absorbance ratio A403/A275determined at 0.5–1.0 mg/ml in deionized water. It is a measure of hemin content and is not necessarily indicative of enzymatic activity.
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Technical Information and Related Products
Product Characteristics for Native Horseradish Peroxidase
Extinction coefficient: EmM = 100 when measured at 403 nm.1
Molecular weight: (approx. 44 kDa)
Includes the polypeptide chain (33,890 Daltons), hemin plus Ca2+ (approx. 700 Daltons),
and carbohydrate (9400 Daltons).3
Isoelectric Point: Isozymes range from 3.0 – 9.0
At least seven isozymes of HRP exist.2
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is isolated from horseradish roots (Amoracia rusticana) and belongs to the ferroprotoporphyrin group of peroxidases. HRP is a single chain polypeptide containing four disulfide bridges. It is a glycoprotein containing 18% carbohydrate. The carbohydrate composition consists of galactose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, mannose, mannosamine, and galactosamine, depending upon the specific isozyme.2
HRP readily combines with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the resultant [HRP–H2O2] complex can oxidize a wide variety of chromogenic hydrogen donors. It can also utilize chemiluminescent substrates such as luminol and isoluminol and fluorogenic substrates such as tyramine, homovanillic acid, 4–hydroxyphenyl acetic acid.
The Enzyme Explorer's Substrate Index provides links to several chromogenic and chemiluminescent hydrogen donors used to assay peroxidase activity.
The following compounds are inhibitors of horseradish peroxidase: sodium azide, cyanide, L–cystine, dichromate, ethylenethiourea, hydroxylamine, sulfide, vanadate, p–aminobenzoic acid, Cd+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Fe+3, Mn+2, Ni+2, Pb+2.4
The pH optimum of HRP is in the range of 6.0 to 6.5; activity at 7.5 is 84% of the maximum. The enzyme is most stable in the pH range of 5.0 to 9.0.5
Horseradish peroxidase is widely used as a label for immunoglobulins in many different immunochemistry applications including ELISA, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. HRP can be conjugated to antibodies by several different methods including glutaraldehyde, periodate oxidation, through disulfide bonds, and also via amino and thiol directed cross–linkers. HRP is the most desired label for antibodies since it is the smallest and most stable of the three most popular enzyme labels (HRP, alkaline phosphatase, and B–galactosidase) and its glycosylation leads to lower non–specific binding.6 Protocols describing the glutaraldehyde and periodate conjugation methodologies can be reviewed in Harlow, E. et al.7
Sigma offers several chromogenic and chemiluminescent detection reagents for blotting, histology and ELISA applications.
Sigma also offers a complete line of HRP conjugated antibodies.
The choice of solvent will depend on the intended application. The powdered enzymes are soluble water or 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 6 (10 mg/ml). The suspension (P6140) may be diluted in water.
The powdered peroxidases should be refrigerated at 2-8 °C. Freezer storage is also acceptable but not required. The suspension (P6140) should be stored at 2-8 °C. If properly stored, these products have a shelf life of at least two years.
Temperature Stability of Lyophilized Powders
Temperature Stability of Solutions
Stability of Solutions vs. pH
Stability of Solutions vs. Concentration
RZ (Reinheitszahl): the absorbance ratio A403/A275. It is a measure of hemin content of the peroxidase, not enzyme activity. Even preparations with a high RZ value may have low enzymatic activity. For conjugating proteins such as antibodies to peroxidase, choose a peroxidase with an RZ value of at least 3.0.
Spectrophotometric Method to Determine the RZ Value for Peroxidase
Peroxidase Enzymes for Labeling
- Delincee, H. and Radola, B.J., Eur. J. Biochemistry, 52, 321–330 (1975).
- Shannon, L.M., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 241, 2166–2172 (1966).
- Welinder, K.G., Eur. J. Biochem., 96, 483–502 (1978).
- Zollner, H., Handbook of Enzyme Inhibitors, 2nd Ed., Part A: 367–368 (1993).
- Schomberg, D., Salzmann, M., and Stephan, D., Enzyme Handbook 7, EC 18.104.22.168:1–6 (1993).
- Deshpande, S.S., Enzyme Immunoassays, From Concept to Product Development, Chapman and Hall, 169–171 (1996).
- Harlow, E. and Lane, D., Antibodies A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 346–348 (1988)
- Ugarova, N.N., et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 570, 31–42 (1979).
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