US 6981958 B1
A trabecular shunt and methods for treating glaucoma are disclosed. One of the methods comprises transporting fluid from the anterior chamber of an eye to Schlemm's canal through an implant, the implant extending between the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal; sensing an intraocular pressure using a sensor incorporated into the implant; and transmitting a signal indicative of the sensed pressure to an external receiver.
1. A method of treating glaucoma, the method comprising:
transporting fluid from an anterior chamber of an eye to Schlemm's canal of the eye through an implant, said implant extending between said anterior chamber and said Schlemm's canal;
sensing an intraocular pressure using a sensor incorporated into the implant; and
transmitting a signal indicative of the sensed pressure to an external receiver.
2. The method of
3. A method of treating glaucoma, comprising:
providing an elongate tubular implant, said implant positioned within a delivery applicator, and said implant having an inlet section and an outlet section, wherein the outlet section comprises at least one bifurcatable element;
inserting the delivery applicator into an eye;
moving said implant within said delivery applicator such that said at least one bifurcatable element moves from a position that is substantially parallel to a long axis of the delivery applicator to a position that is substantially at an angle to the long axis of the delivery applicator;
releasing said implant from said delivery applicator.
4. The method of
5. The method of
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/847,523, filed May 2, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,666,841, and entitled “Bifurcatable Trabecular Shunt for Glaucoma Treatment,” the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention generally relates to medical devices and methods for reducing intraocular pressure in the animal eye. More particularly, the present invention relates to the treatment of glaucoma by permitting aqueous humor to flow out of the anterior chamber through a surgically implanted pathway.
The human eye is a specialized sensory organ capable of light reception and able to receive visual images. The trabecular meshwork serves as a drainage channel and is located in anterior chamber angle formed between the iris and the cornea. The trabecular meshwork maintains a balanced pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye by draining aqueous humor from the anterior chamber.
About two percent of people in the United States have glaucoma. Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases encompassing a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, etiologies, and treatment modalities. Glaucoma causes pathological changes in the optic nerve, visible on the optic disk, and it causes corresponding visual field loss, resulting in blindness if untreated. Lowering intraocular pressure is the major treatment goal in all glaucomas.
In glaucomas associated with an elevation in eye pressure (intraocular hypertension), the source of resistance to outflow is mainly in the trabecular meshwork. The tissue of the trabecular meshwork allows the aqueous humor (“aqueous”) to enter Schlemm's canal, which then empties into aqueous collector channels in the posterior wall of Schlemm's canal and then into aqueous veins, which form the episcleral venous system. Aqueous humor is a transparent liquid that fills the region between the cornea, at the front of the eye, and the lens. The aqueous humor is continuously secreted by the ciliary body around the lens, so there is a constant flow of aqueous humor from the ciliary body to the eye's front chamber. The eye's pressure is determined by a balance between the production of aqueous and its exit through the trabecular meshwork (major route) or uveal scleral outflow (minor route). The trabecular meshwork is located between the outer rim of the iris and the back of the cornea, in the anterior chamber angle. The portion of the trabecular meshwork adjacent to Schlemm's canal (the juxtacanilicular meshwork) causes most of the resistance to aqueous outflow.
Glaucoma is grossly classified into two categories: closed-angle glaucoma, also known as angle closure glaucoma, and open-angle glaucoma. Closed-angle glaucoma is caused by closure of the anterior chamber angle by contact between the iris and the inner surface of the trabecular meshwork. Closure of this anatomical angle prevents normal drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye. Open-angle glaucoma is any glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but the exit of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork is diminished. The exact cause for diminished filtration is unknown for most cases of open-angle glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common of the glaucomas, and it is often asymptomatic in the early to moderately advanced stage. Patients may suffer substantial, irreversible vision loss prior to diagnosis and treatment. However, there are secondary open-angle glaucomas which may include edema or swelling of the trabecular spaces (e.g., from corticosteroid use), abnormal pigment dispersion, or diseases such as hyperthyroidism that produce vascular congestion.
All current therapies for glaucoma are directed at decreasing intraocular pressure. Medical therapy includes topical ophthalmic drops or oral medications that reduce the production or increase the outflow of aqueous. However, these drug therapies for glaucoma are sometimes associated with significant side effects, such as headache, blurred vision, allergic reactions, death from cardiopulmonary complications, and potential interactions with other drugs. When drug therapy fails, surgical therapy is used. Surgical therapy for open-angle glaucoma consists of laser trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy, and implantation of aqueous shunts after failure of trabeculectomy or if trabeculectomy is unlikely to succeed. Trabeculectomy is a major surgery that is widely used and is augmented with topically applied anticancer drugs, such as 5-flurouracil or mitomycin-C to decrease scarring and increase the likelihood of surgical success.
Approximately 100,000 trabeculectomies are performed on Medicare-age patients per year in the United States. This number would likely increase if the morbidity associated with trabeculectomy could be decreased. The current morbidity associated with trabeculectomy consists of failure (10–15%); infection (a life long risk of 2–5%); choroidal hemorrhage, a severe internal hemorrhage from low intraocular pressure, resulting in visual loss (1%); cataract formation; and hypotony maculopathy (potentially reversible visual loss from low intraocular pressure).
For these reasons, surgeons have tried for decades to develop a workable surgery for the trabecular meshwork.
The surgical techniques that have been tried and practiced are goniotomy/trabeculotomy and other mechanical disruptions of the trabecular meshwork, such as trabeculopuncture, goniophotoablation, laser trabecular ablation, and goniocurretage. These are all major operations and are briefly described below.
Goniotomy/Trabeculotomy: Goniotomy and trabeculotomy are simple and directed techniques of microsurgical dissection with mechanical disruption of the trabecular meshwork. These initially had early favorable responses in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. However, long-term review of surgical results showed only limited success in adults. In retrospect, these procedures probably failed due to cellular repair and fibrosis mechanisms and a process of “filling in.” Filling in is a detrimental effect of collapsing and closing in of the created opening in the trabecular meshwork. Once the created openings close, the pressure builds back up and the surgery fails.
Trabeculopuncture. Q-switched Neodynium (Nd) YAG lasers also have been investigated as an optically invasive technique for creating full-thickness holes in trabecular meshwork. However, the relatively small hole created by this trabeculopuncture technique exhibits a filling-in effect and fails.
Goniophotoablation/Laser Trabecular Ablation: Goniophotoablation is disclosed by Berlin in U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,172 and involves the use of an excimer laser to treat glaucoma by ablating the trabecular meshwork. Additionally, an Erbium:YAG laser was used to create full-thickness holes through trabecular meshwork in a primate model and a limited human clinical trial at the University of California, Irvine. (Hill et al., Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 11:341–346, 1991). Although morbidity was zero in both trials, success rates did not warrant further human trials. Failure was again from filling in of surgically created defects in the trabecular meshwork by repair mechanisms.
Goniocurretage: This is an ab interno (from the inside), mechanically disruptive technique that uses an instrument similar to a cyclodialysis spatula with a microcurrette at the tip. Initial results were similar to trabeculotomy: it failed due to repair mechanisms and a process of filling in.
Although trabeculectomy is the most commonly performed filtering surgery, viscocanulostomy (VC) and non-penetrating trabeculectomy (NPT) are two new variations of filtering surgery. These are ab externo (from the outside), major ocular procedures in which Schlemm's canal is surgically exposed by making a large and very deep scleral flap. In the VC procedure, Schlemm's canal is cannulated and viscoelastic substance injected (which dilates Schlemm's canal and the aqueous collector channels). In the NPT procedure, the inner wall of Schlemm's canal is stripped off after surgically exposing the canal.
Trabeculectomy, VC, and NPT involve the formation of an opening or hole under the conjunctiva and scleral flap into the anterior chamber, such that aqueous humor is drained onto the surface of the eye or into the tissues located within the lateral wall of the eye. These surgical operations are major procedures with significant ocular morbidity. When trabeculectomy, VC, and NPT are thought to have a low chance for success, a number of implantable drainage devices have been used to ensure that the desired filtration and outflow of aqueous humor through the surgical opening will continue. The risk of placing a glaucoma drainage device also includes hemorrhage, infection, and diplopia (double vision).
Examples of implantable shunts and surgical methods for maintaining an opening for the release of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye to the sclera or space beneath the conjunctiva have been disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,772 to Hsia et al., and No. 6,050,970 to Baerveldt.
All of the above embodiments and variations thereof have numerous disadvantages and moderate success rates. They involve substantial trauma to the eye and require great surgical skill in creating a hole through the full thickness of the sclera into the subconjunctival space. The procedures are generally performed in an operating room and have a prolonged recovery time for vision.
The complications of existing filtration surgery have prompted ophthalmic surgeons to find other approaches to lowering intraocular pressure.
The trabecular meshwork and juxtacanilicular tissue together provide the majority of resistance to the outflow of aqueous and, as such, are logical targets for surgical removal in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. In addition, minimal amounts of tissue are altered and existing physiologic outflow pathways are utilized.
As reported in Arch. Ophthalm. (2000) 118:412, glaucoma remains a leading cause of blindness, and filtration surgery remains an effective, important option in controlling the disease. However, modifying existing filtering surgery techniques in any profound way to increase their effectiveness appears to have reached a dead end. The article further states that the time has come to search for new surgical approaches that may provide better and safer care for patients with glaucoma.
Therefore, there is a great clinical need for the treatment of glaucoma by a method that is faster, safer, and less expensive than currently available modalities.
Glaucoma surgical morbidity would greatly decrease if one were to bypass the focal resistance to outflow of aqueous only at the point of resistance, and to utilize remaining, healthy aqueous outflow mechanisms. This is in part because episcleral aqueous humor exerts a backpressure that prevents intraocular pressure from going too low, and one could thereby avoid hypotony. Thus, such a surgery would virtually eliminate the risk of hypotony-related maculopathy and choroidal hemorrhage. Furthermore, visual recovery would be very rapid, and the risk of infection would be very small, reflecting a reduction in incidence from 2–5% to about 0.05%.
Techniques performed in accordance with the aspects of the invention may be referred to generally as “trabecular bypass surgery.” Advantages of this surgery include lowering intraocular pressure in a manner which is simple, effective, disease site-specific, and can potentially be performed on an outpatient basis.
Trabecular bypass surgery (TBS) creates an opening, a slit, or a hole through trabecular meshwork with minor microsurgery. TBS has the advantage of a much lower risk of choroidal hemorrhage and infection than prior techniques, and it uses existing physiologic outflow mechanisms. In some aspects, this surgery can potentially be performed under topical or local anesthesia on an outpatient basis with rapid visual recovery. To prevent “filling in” of the hole, a biocompatible elongated device is placed within the hole and serves as a stent. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/549,350, filed Apr. 14, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses trabecular bypass surgery.
In accordance with some embodiments, a trabecular shunt for transporting aqueous humor is provided. The trabecular shunt includes a hollow, elongate tubular element, having an inlet section and an outlet section. The outlet section includes two bifurcatable segments or elements, adapted to be positioned and stabilized inside Schlemm's canal.
In one aspect, the trabecular shunt is placed inside a delivery apparatus. When the trabecular shunt is deployed from the delivery apparatus into the eye, the two bifurcatable elements of the outlet section bifurcate in substantially opposite directions. In one embodiment, a deployment mechanism within the delivery apparatus includes a push-pull type plunger.
In another aspect, a delivery applicator may be placed inside a lumen of the hollow, elongate tube of the trabecular shunt. The delivery applicator may include a deployment mechanism for causing the two bifurcatable elements of the outlet section to bifurcate. In some embodiments, the delivery applicator may be a guidewire, an expandable basket, an inflatable balloon, or the like.
In accordance with another feature, at least one of the two bifurcatable elements is made of a shape-memory material, such as Nitinol or a shape-memory plastic. The shape-memory material has a preshape and a shape-transition temperature, such that the shape-memory trabecular shunt bifurcates to its preshape when it is heated to above the shape-transition temperature. The preshape of the two bifurcatable elements material may be at an angle with respect to the inlet section, preferably between about 70 degrees and about 110 degrees. An external heat source may be provided, which is adapted for heating the shape-memory material to above the shape-transition temperature of the shape-memory material.
In some aspects, the trabecular shunt may be made of one or more of the following materials: polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrolidone, collagen, heparinized collagen, polytetrafluoroethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polymer, fluorinated elastomer, flexible fused silica, polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polysilison, silicone, polyurethane, Nylon™, polypropylene, hydroxyapetite, precious metal, Nitinol, stainless steel, biodegradable materials, and biocompatible materials. Further, the outlet section of the trabecular shunt may be configured as a coil, mesh, spiral, or other appropriate configuration as will apparent to those of skill in the art. Further, the outlet section of the trabecular shunt may be porous, semi-permeable, fishbone, and/or of a continuous, solid form. The outlet section of the trabecular shunt may have a cross-sectional shape that is elliptical (e.g., oval), round, circular, D-shape, semi-circular, or irregular (asymmetrical) shape.
In one embodiment, at least one of the two bifurcatable elements has a tapered distal end, adapted for insertion ease. The trabecular shunt may have its surface coated with a coating material selected from one or more of the following: polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g., Teflon™), polyimide, hydrogel, heparin, hydrophilic compound, anti-angiogenic factor, anti-proliferative factor, therapeutic drugs, and the like. The surface coating material may also provide a mechanism for site-specific therapies.
In one embodiment, the device may include a flow-restricting member for restricting at least one component in fluid. The flow-restricting member may be a filter comprising one or more filtration materials selected from the following: expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose, ceramic, glass, Nylon, plastic, fluorinated material, or the like. The flow-restricting member may advantageously be a filter selected from the following group of filter types: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, membrane, microporous, and non-woven. The flow-restricting member acts to limit or prevent the reflux of any undesired component or contaminant of blood, such as red blood cells or serum protein, from the aqueous veins into the anterior chamber. It is useful to restrict one or more of the following components or contaminants: platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, viruses, bacteria, antigens, and toxins.
The trabecular shunt may include a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure of the anterior chamber of an eye of a patient. The pressure sensor may further include an electromagnetic (e.g., radiofrequency) transmitter, for wirelessly transmitting pressure measurements to a pressure receiver outside the patient's body.
Among the advantages of trabecular bypass surgery is its simplicity. The microsurgery may potentially be performed on an outpatient basis with rapid visual recovery and greatly decreased morbidity. There is a lower risk of infection and choroidal hemorrhage, and there is a faster recovery, than with previous techniques.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to one of skill in the art in view of the Detailed Description that follows, when considered together with the attached drawings and claims.
The anterior chamber 20 of the eye 10, which is bound anteriorly by the cornea 12 and posteriorly by the iris 13 and lens 26, is filled with aqueous humor (“aqueous”). Aqueous is produced primarily by the ciliary body 16, then moves anteriorly through the pupil 14 and reaches the anterior chamber angle 25, formed between the iris 13 and the cornea 12. In a normal eye, the aqueous is removed from the anterior chamber 20 through the trabecular meshwork 21. Aqueous passes through trabecular meshwork 21 into Schlemm's canal 22 and thereafter through the aqueous veins 23, which merge with blood-carrying veins and into the systemic venous circulation. Intraocular pressure is maintained by the intricate balance between secretion and outflow of the aqueous in the manner described above. Glaucoma is, in most cases, characterized by the excessive buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber 20, which leads to an increase in intraocular pressure. Fluids are relatively incompressible, and pressure is directed relatively equally throughout the eye.
As shown in
In one embodiment, a method of placing a trabecular shunt into an opening through trabecular meshwork, the method comprises advancing and positioning a trabecular shunt having two distal bifurcatable elements through the opening. In a further embodiment, a method of placing a trabecular shunt into an opening through diseased trabecular meshwork for transporting aqueous humor at the level of the trabecular meshwork and using an existing outflow pathway, the method comprises advancing and positioning a trabecular shunt having a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure of the anterior chamber of the eye through the opening. In one embodiment, the method may further comprise transmitting the measured pressure to a pressure receiver outside the body of the patient.
The main purpose of the trabecular shunt is for transporting aqueous humor at the level of the trabecular meshwork and partially using existing the outflow pathway for aqueous humor, i.e., utilizing the entire outflow pathway except for the trabecular meshwork, which is bypassed by the trabecular shunt 31. In this manner, aqueous humor is transported into Schlemm's canal and subsequently into the aqueous collectors and the aqueous veins so that the intraocular pressure is properly maintained within a therapeutic range.
In one embodiment, the trabecular shunt 31 comprises a hollow, elongated tubular element having an inlet section 32 and an outlet section 33, wherein the outlet section 33 may comprise two bifurcatable elements 34, 35 that are adapted to be bifurcated, positioned, and stabilized inside Schlemm's canal. The hollow elongated tubular element may comprise at least one lumen 36 for transporting aqueous from the anterior chamber 20 of an eye to the Schlemm's canal 22. A “bifurcatable” segment is defined as a segment, or components thereof, that can change direction away or evert from a reference axis. The “bifurcating” operation may be achieved by mechanical forces and/or through the shape-memory property of a material.
For stabilization purposes, the outer surface of the outlet section 33 may comprise a stubbed surface, ribbed surface, surface with pillars, textured surface, or the like. The outer surface of the trabecular shunt 31 is biocompatible and tissue-compatible so that the interaction between the outer surface of the shunt and the surrounding tissue of Schlemm's canal is minimal, and inflammation is reduced.
In another preferred embodiment, the trabecular shunt 31 may comprise a flow-restricting element for restricting at least one component in fluid, wherein the flow-restricting element may be a filter selected from a group of filtration materials comprising expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulose, ceramic, glass, Nylon, plastic, and fluorinated material. Furthermore, the flow-restricting element may be a filter selected from a group of filter types comprising a hydrophobic filter, hydrophilic filter, membrane filter, microporous filter, non-woven filter, and the like. Components in blood that may be restricted by the flow-restricting element can include the following: platelet, red blood cell, white blood cell, virus, antigen, serum protein, and toxin. The flow-restricting element may also be in the form of, for example, a check valve, a slit valve, a micropump, a semi-permeable membrane, and the like. The purpose of the flow-restricting element is to keep an undesired foreign material from back flowing into the anterior chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,298 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/452,963, filed Dec. 2, 1999, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, disclose a medical device made of shape-memory Nitinol having a shape-transition temperature. In a further embodiment, a trabecular shunt comprises a hollow elongated tubular element having an inlet section and an outlet section, wherein the outlet section comprises two bifurcatable elements adapted to be positioned and stabilized inside Schlemm's canal. At least one of the two bifurcatable elements may be made of a shape-memory material such as shape-memory Nitinol or shape-memory plastic material. In a preferred embodiment, the shape-memory Nitinol has a preshape and a shape-transition temperature, wherein the shape-memory Nitinol bifurcates to its preshape when the shape-memory Nitinol is heated to above the shape-transition temperature, the preshape of the shape-memory Nitinol being at an angle with respect to the inlet section.
The shape-transition temperature for the shape-memory Nitinol is preferably between about 39° C. and about 90° C. The shape-transition temperature is more preferred between about 39° C. and 45° C. so as to minimize tissue damage. The angle is preferably between about 70 degrees and about 110 degrees so as to conform to the contour of Schlemm's canal. An external heat source may be provided and adapted for heating the shape-memory Nitinol to above the shape-transition temperature of the shape-memory Nitinol. Examples of such external heat sources include a heating pad, a warm cloth, a bag of warm water, remotely deliverable heat, electromagnetic field, and the like. In another embodiment, the shape-memory Nitinol may be embedded within a biocompatible material selected from, for example, silicone, polyurethane, porous material, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, semi-permeable membrane, elastomer, and mixture of the biocompatible material thereof. In general, the bifurcatable elements are relatively flexible and soft so that they do not impart undesired force or pressure onto the surrounding tissue during and after the deployment state.
For illustration purposes, a fishbone-type outlet section is shown to render the bifurcatable elements flexible and soft during the deployment state.
The trabecular shunt may have a length between about 0.5 mm to over a few millimeters. The outside diameter of the trabecular shunt may range from about 30 (m to about 500 (m or more. The lumen diameter is preferably in the range of about 20 (m to about 150 (m, or larger. The trabecular shunt may have a plurality of lumens to facilitate multiple-channel flow. The outlet section may be curved or angled at an angle between about 30 degrees to about 150 degrees, and preferably at about 70 degrees to about 110 degrees, with reference to the inlet section 32.
In one embodiment, means for forming a hole/opening in the trabecular mesh 21 may comprise using a microknife, a pointed guidewire, a sharpened applicator, a screw shaped applicator, an irrigating applicator, or a barbed applicator. Alternatively, the trabecular meshwork may be dissected off with an instrument similar to a retinal pick or microcurrette. The opening may alternately be created by retrograde fiberoptic laser ablation.
In a preferred embodiment of the trabecular meshwork surgery, the patient is placed in the supine position, prepped, draped and anesthesia obtained. In one embodiment, a small (generally less than 1-mm) self-sealing incision is made. Through the cornea opposite the shunt placement site, an incision is made in the trabecular meshwork with an irrigating knife. The shunt is then advanced through the corneal incision across the anterior chamber held in a delivery apparatus or delivery applicator under gonioscopic (lens) or endoscopic guidance. The apparatus or applicator is withdrawn from the patient and the surgery is concluded. The delivery apparatus or applicator may be within a size range of 20 to 40 gauge, and preferably about 30 gauge.
In a further embodiment, a method for increasing aqueous humor outflow in an eye of a patient to reduce intraocular pressure therein, the method comprises: (a) creating an opening in trabecular meshwork using a knife or laser, etc; (b) inserting a trabecular shunt into the opening, such as by using a delivery device, wherein the trabecular shunt comprises a hollow elongated tubular element having an inlet section and an outlet section, and wherein the outlet section comprises two bifurcatable elements adapted to be positioned and stabilized inside Schlemm's canal; and (c) bifurcating the two bifurcatable elements to two opposing directions.
The method may further comprise placing the trabecular shunt inside a delivery apparatus, wherein the two bifurcatable elements are self-bifurcatable in two opposing directions when the trabecular shunt is deployed from the delivery apparatus. The method may further comprise placing a delivery applicator inside a lumen of a hollow elongated tubular element, wherein the delivery applicator comprises a deployment mechanism for causing the two bifurcatable elements to move in two opposing directions.
The method may further comprise measuring and transmitting pressure of the anterior chamber of an eye, wherein the trabecular shunt comprises a pressure sensor for measuring and transmitting pressure. The means for measuring and transmitting pressure of an anterior chamber of an eye to an external receiver may be incorporated within a device that is placed inside the anterior chamber for sensing and transmitting the intraocular pressure. Any suitable micro pressure sensor or pressure sensor chip known to those of skill in the art may be utilized.
From the foregoing description, it should be appreciated that a novel device and methods for the surgical treatment of glaucoma have been disclosed for reducing intraocular pressure. While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the description is illustrative and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. Various modifications and applications of the invention may occur to those who are skilled in the art, without departing from the true spirit or scope of the invention. The breadth and scope of the invention should be defined only in accordance with the appended claims and their equivalents.