By Jay H. Mead M.D.
Estrogens (estradiol, estrone,
estriol) are predominately female hormones, and in adults, they are
important for maintaining the health of the reproductive tissues, breasts,
skin and brain. Excessive estrogens can cause fluid retention, weight
gain, migraines and over-stimulation of the breasts, ovaries and uterus,
which can lead to cancer. Insufficient estrogen levels can lead to hot
flashes, vaginal dryness, rapid skin aging, urinary problems, excessive
bone loss and possible acceleration of dementia. An excess of estrogen,
relative to testosterone, is thought to play a role in the development of
prostate problems in men. Most scientists now agree that by-products of
estrogen metabolism are the cause of both breast and prostate cancers.
Progesterone can be thought of as a hormonal balancer, particularly of
estrogens. It enhances the beneficial effect of estrogens while preventing
the problems associated with estrogen excess.
Progesterone also helps create a
balance of all other steroids. It also has intrinsic calming and diuretic
properties. It is important in women, but its importance in men for the
maintenance of prostate health is only now being appreciated.
Androgens (testosterone, DHEA,
androstenedione) play an important role for men and women in tissue
regeneration, especially the skin, bones, and muscles.
- DHEA is the principal androgen in
both men and women. DHEA levels decline with age, and in some cases,
supplementation with DHEA can restore energy, improve immune function,
lift depression and improve mental function.
- Testosterone is involved in
maintenance of lean muscle mass, bone density, skin elasticity, sex
drive and cardiovascular health in both sexes. Men make more of this
hormone, accounting for their greater bone and muscle mass.
- Androstenedione is a precursor
for both estrogens and testosterone, especially in females. It can be
produced in excess by the ovaries, especially during early menopause,
and can cause some of the "androgenic" symptoms such as
scalp hair loss, acne, and facial hair growth.
Glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol,
are produced by the adrenal glands in response to stressors such as
emotional upheaval, exercise, surgery, illness or starvation. Cortisol
plays an essential role in immune function, mobilizing the body's defenses
against viral or bacterial infection, and fighting inflammation. However,
chronic elevated cortisol levels suppress the action of the immune system
and predispose it to frequent infections. Cortisol levels are highest
first thing in the morning to combat the stress of overnight fasting and
to animate the body for the day's activities.