<?php

/**
 * @package KantPHP
 * @author  Zhenqiang Zhang <zhenqiang.zhang@hotmail.com>
 * @copyright (c) KantPHP Studio, All rights reserved.
 * @license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause  The BSD 3-Clause License
 */
namespace Kant\Model;

use Kant\Foundation\Component;
use Kant\Foundation\Arrayable;
use Kant\Kant;
use ArrayAccess;
use ArrayObject;
use ArrayIterator;
use ReflectionClass;
use IteratorAggregate;
use Kant\Validators\Validator;
use Kant\Helper\Inflector;
use Kant\Exception\InvalidParamException;

/**
 * Model is the base class for data models.
 *
 * Model implements the following commonly used features:
 *
 * - attribute declaration: by default, every public class member is considered as
 * a model attribute
 * - attribute labels: each attribute may be associated with a label for display purpose
 * - massive attribute assignment
 * - scenario-based validation
 *
 * Model also raises the following events when performing data validation:
 *
 * - [[EVENT_BEFORE_VALIDATE]]: an event raised at the beginning of [[validate()]]
 * - [[EVENT_AFTER_VALIDATE]]: an event raised at the end of [[validate()]]
 *
 * You may directly use Model to store model data, or extend it with customization.
 *
 * @property \Kant\Validators\Validator[] $activeValidators The validators applicable to the current
 *           [[scenario]]. This property is read-only.
 * @property array $attributes Attribute values (name => value).
 * @property array $errors An array of errors for all attributes. Empty array is returned if no error. The
 *           result is a two-dimensional array. See [[getErrors()]] for detailed description. This property is read-only.
 * @property array $firstErrors The first errors. The array keys are the attribute names, and the array values
 *           are the corresponding error messages. An empty array will be returned if there is no error. This property is
 *           read-only.
 * @property ArrayIterator $iterator An iterator for traversing the items in the list. This property is
 *           read-only.
 * @property string $scenario The scenario that this model is in. Defaults to [[SCENARIO_DEFAULT]].
 * @property ArrayObject|\Kant\Validators\Validator[] $validators All the validators declared in the model.
 *           This property is read-only.
 *          
 * @author Qiang Xue <qiang.xue@gmail.com>
 * @since 2.0
 *       
 */
class Model extends Component implements IteratorAggregate, ArrayAccess, Arrayable
{
    
    use \Kant\Foundation\ArrayableTrait;

    /**
     * The name of the default scenario.
     */
    const SCENARIO_DEFAULT = 'default';

    /**
     * @event ModelEvent an event raised at the beginning of [[validate()]].
     * You may set
     * [[ModelEvent::isValid]] to be false to stop the validation.
     */
    const EVENT_BEFORE_VALIDATE = 'beforeValidate';

    /**
     * @event Event an event raised at the end of [[validate()]]
     */
    const EVENT_AFTER_VALIDATE = 'afterValidate';

    /**
     *
     * @var array validation errors (attribute name => array of errors)
     */
    private $_errors;

    /**
     *
     * @var ArrayObject list of validators
     */
    private $_validators;

    /**
     *
     * @var string current scenario
     */
    private $_scenario = self::SCENARIO_DEFAULT;

    /**
     * Returns the validation rules for attributes.
     *
     * Validation rules are used by [[validate()]] to check if attribute values are valid.
     * Child classes may override this method to declare different validation rules.
     *
     * Each rule is an array with the following structure:
     *
     * ```php
     * [
     * ['attribute1', 'attribute2'],
     * 'validator type',
     * 'on' => ['scenario1', 'scenario2'],
     * //...other parameters...
     * ]
     * ```
     *
     * where
     *
     * - attribute list: required, specifies the attributes array to be validated, for single attribute you can pass a string;
     * - validator type: required, specifies the validator to be used. It can be a built-in validator name,
     * a method name of the model class, an anonymous function, or a validator class name.
     * - on: optional, specifies the [[scenario|scenarios]] array in which the validation
     * rule can be applied. If this option is not set, the rule will apply to all scenarios.
     * - additional name-value pairs can be specified to initialize the corresponding validator properties.
     * Please refer to individual validator class API for possible properties.
     *
     * A validator can be either an object of a class extending [[Validator]], or a model class method
     * (called *inline validator*) that has the following signature:
     *
     * ```php
     * // $params refers to validation parameters given in the rule
     * function validatorName($attribute, $params)
     * ```
     *
     * In the above `$attribute` refers to the attribute currently being validated while `$params` contains an array of
     * validator configuration options such as `max` in case of `string` validator. The value of the attribute currently being validated
     * can be accessed as `$this->$attribute`. Note the `$` before `attribute`; this is taking the value of the variable
     * `$attribute` and using it as the name of the property to access.
     *
     * Kant also provides a set of [[Validator::builtInValidators|built-in validators]].
     * Each one has an alias name which can be used when specifying a validation rule.
     *
     * Below are some examples:
     *
     * ```php
     * [
     * // built-in "required" validator
     * [['username', 'password'], 'required'],
     * // built-in "string" validator customized with "min" and "max" properties
     * ['username', 'string', 'min' => 3, 'max' => 12],
     * // built-in "compare" validator that is used in "register" scenario only
     * ['password', 'compare', 'compareAttribute' => 'password2', 'on' => 'register'],
     * // an inline validator defined via the "authenticate()" method in the model class
     * ['password', 'authenticate', 'on' => 'login'],
     * // a validator of class "DateRangeValidator"
     * ['dateRange', 'DateRangeValidator'],
     * ];
     * ```
     *
     * Note, in order to inherit rules defined in the parent class, a child class needs to
     * merge the parent rules with child rules using functions such as `array_merge()`.
     *
     * @return array validation rules
     * @see scenarios()
     */
    public function rules()
    {
        return [];
    }

    /**
     * Returns a list of scenarios and the corresponding active attributes.
     * An active attribute is one that is subject to validation in the current scenario.
     * The returned array should be in the following format:
     *
     * ```php
     * [
     * 'scenario1' => ['attribute11', 'attribute12', ...],
     * 'scenario2' => ['attribute21', 'attribute22', ...],
     * ...
     * ]
     * ```
     *
     * By default, an active attribute is considered safe and can be massively assigned.
     * If an attribute should NOT be massively assigned (thus considered unsafe),
     * please prefix the attribute with an exclamation character (e.g. `'!rank'`).
     *
     * The default implementation of this method will return all scenarios found in the [[rules()]]
     * declaration. A special scenario named [[SCENARIO_DEFAULT]] will contain all attributes
     * found in the [[rules()]]. Each scenario will be associated with the attributes that
     * are being validated by the validation rules that apply to the scenario.
     *
     * @return array a list of scenarios and the corresponding active attributes.
     */
    public function scenarios()
    {
        $scenarios = [
            self::SCENARIO_DEFAULT => []
        ];
        foreach ($this->getValidators() as $validator) {
            foreach ($validator->on as $scenario) {
                $scenarios[$scenario] = [];
            }
            foreach ($validator->except as $scenario) {
                $scenarios[$scenario] = [];
            }
        }
        $names = array_keys($scenarios);
        
        foreach ($this->getValidators() as $validator) {
            if (empty($validator->on) && empty($validator->except)) {
                foreach ($names as $name) {
                    foreach ($validator->attributes as $attribute) {
                        $scenarios[$name][$attribute] = true;
                    }
                }
            } elseif (empty($validator->on)) {
                foreach ($names as $name) {
                    if (!in_array($name, $validator->except, true)) {
                        foreach ($validator->attributes as $attribute) {
                            $scenarios[$name][$attribute] = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                foreach ($validator->on as $name) {
                    foreach ($validator->attributes as $attribute) {
                        $scenarios[$name][$attribute] = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        foreach ($scenarios as $scenario => $attributes) {
            if (!empty($attributes)) {
                $scenarios[$scenario] = array_keys($attributes);
            }
        }
        
        return $scenarios;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the form name that this model class should use.
     *
     * The form name is mainly used by [[\Kant\Widget\ActiveForm]] to determine how to name
     * the input fields for the attributes in a model. If the form name is "A" and an attribute
     * name is "b", then the corresponding input name would be "A[b]". If the form name is
     * an empty string, then the input name would be "b".
     *
     * The purpose of the above naming schema is that for forms which contain multiple different models,
     * the attributes of each model are grouped in sub-arrays of the POST-data and it is easier to
     * differentiate between them.
     *
     * By default, this method returns the model class name (without the namespace part)
     * as the form name. You may override it when the model is used in different forms.
     *
     * @return string the form name of this model class.
     * @see load()
     */
    public function formName()
    {
        $reflector = new ReflectionClass($this);
        return $reflector->getShortName();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the list of attribute names.
     * By default, this method returns all public non-static properties of the class.
     * You may override this method to change the default behavior.
     * 
     * @return array list of attribute names.
     */
    public function attributes()
    {
        $class = new ReflectionClass($this);
        $names = [];
        foreach ($class->getProperties(\ReflectionProperty::IS_PUBLIC) as $property) {
            if (!$property->isStatic()) {
                $names[] = $property->getName();
            }
        }
        
        return $names;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the attribute labels.
     *
     * Attribute labels are mainly used for display purpose. For example, given an attribute
     * `firstName`, we can declare a label `First Name` which is more user-friendly and can
     * be displayed to end users.
     *
     * By default an attribute label is generated using [[generateAttributeLabel()]].
     * This method allows you to explicitly specify attribute labels.
     *
     * Note, in order to inherit labels defined in the parent class, a child class needs to
     * merge the parent labels with child labels using functions such as `array_merge()`.
     *
     * @return array attribute labels (name => label)
     * @see generateAttributeLabel()
     */
    public function attributeLabels()
    {
        return [];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the attribute hints.
     *
     * Attribute hints are mainly used for display purpose. For example, given an attribute
     * `isPublic`, we can declare a hint `Whether the post should be visible for not logged in users`,
     * which provides user-friendly description of the attribute meaning and can be displayed to end users.
     *
     * Unlike label hint will not be generated, if its explicit declaration is omitted.
     *
     * Note, in order to inherit hints defined in the parent class, a child class needs to
     * merge the parent hints with child hints using functions such as `array_merge()`.
     *
     * @return array attribute hints (name => hint)
     * @since 2.0.4
     */
    public function attributeHints()
    {
        return [];
    }

    /**
     * Performs the data validation.
     *
     * This method executes the validation rules applicable to the current [[scenario]].
     * The following criteria are used to determine whether a rule is currently applicable:
     *
     * - the rule must be associated with the attributes relevant to the current scenario;
     * - the rules must be effective for the current scenario.
     *
     * This method will call [[beforeValidate()]] and [[afterValidate()]] before and
     * after the actual validation, respectively. If [[beforeValidate()]] returns false,
     * the validation will be cancelled and [[afterValidate()]] will not be called.
     *
     * Errors found during the validation can be retrieved via [[getErrors()]],
     * [[getFirstErrors()]] and [[getFirstError()]].
     *
     * @param array $attributeNames
     *            list of attribute names that should be validated.
     *            If this parameter is empty, it means any attribute listed in the applicable
     *            validation rules should be validated.
     * @param boolean $clearErrors
     *            whether to call [[clearErrors()]] before performing validation
     * @return boolean whether the validation is successful without any error.
     * @throws InvalidParamException if the current scenario is unknown.
     */
    public function validate($attributeNames = null, $clearErrors = true)
    {
        if ($clearErrors) {
            $this->clearErrors();
        }
        
        if (!$this->beforeValidate()) {
            return false;
        }
        
        $scenarios = $this->scenarios();
        $scenario = $this->getScenario();
        if (!isset($scenarios[$scenario])) {
            throw new InvalidParamException("Unknown scenario: $scenario");
        }
        
        if ($attributeNames === null) {
            $attributeNames = $this->activeAttributes();
        }
        
        foreach ($this->getActiveValidators() as $validator) {
            $validator->validateAttributes($this, $attributeNames);
        }
        $this->afterValidate();
        
        return ! $this->hasErrors();
    }

    /**
     * This method is invoked before validation starts.
     * The default implementation raises a `beforeValidate` event.
     * You may override this method to do preliminary checks before validation.
     * Make sure the parent implementation is invoked so that the event can be raised.
     * 
     * @return boolean whether the validation should be executed. Defaults to true.
     *         If false is returned, the validation will stop and the model is considered invalid.
     */
    public function beforeValidate()
    {
        $event = new ModelEvent();
        $this->trigger(self::EVENT_BEFORE_VALIDATE, $event);
        
        return $event->isValid;
    }

    /**
     * This method is invoked after validation ends.
     * The default implementation raises an `afterValidate` event.
     * You may override this method to do postprocessing after validation.
     * Make sure the parent implementation is invoked so that the event can be raised.
     */
    public function afterValidate()
    {
        $this->trigger(self::EVENT_AFTER_VALIDATE);
    }

    /**
     * Returns all the validators declared in [[rules()]].
     *
     * This method differs from [[getActiveValidators()]] in that the latter
     * only returns the validators applicable to the current [[scenario]].
     *
     * Because this method returns an ArrayObject object, you may
     * manipulate it by inserting or removing validators (useful in model behaviors).
     * For example,
     *
     * ```php
     * $model->validators[] = $newValidator;
     * ```
     *
     * @return ArrayObject|\Kant\Validators\Validator[] all the validators declared in the model.
     */
    public function getValidators()
    {
        if ($this->_validators === null) {
            $this->_validators = $this->createValidators();
        }
        return $this->_validators;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the validators applicable to the current [[scenario]].
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            the name of the attribute whose applicable validators should be returned.
     *            If this is null, the validators for ALL attributes in the model will be returned.
     * @return \Kant\Validators\Validator[] the validators applicable to the current [[scenario]].
     */
    public function getActiveValidators($attribute = null)
    {
        $validators = [];
        $scenario = $this->getScenario();
        foreach ($this->getValidators() as $validator) {
            if ($validator->isActive($scenario) && ($attribute === null || in_array($attribute, $validator->attributes, true))) {
                $validators[] = $validator;
            }
        }
        return $validators;
    }

    /**
     * Creates validator objects based on the validation rules specified in [[rules()]].
     * Unlike [[getValidators()]], each time this method is called, a new list of validators will be returned.
     * 
     * @return ArrayObject validators
     * @throws InvalidConfigException if any validation rule configuration is invalid
     */
    public function createValidators()
    {
        $validators = new ArrayObject();
        foreach ($this->rules() as $rule) {
            if ($rule instanceof Validator) {
                $validators->append($rule);
            } elseif (is_array($rule) && isset($rule[0], $rule[1])) { // attributes, validator type
                $validator = Validator::createValidator($rule[1], $this, (array) $rule[0], array_slice($rule, 2));
                $validators->append($validator);
            } else {
                throw new InvalidConfigException('Invalid validation rule: a rule must specify both attribute names and validator type.');
            }
        }
        return $validators;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a value indicating whether the attribute is required.
     * This is determined by checking if the attribute is associated with a
     * [[\Kant\Validators\RequiredValidator|required]] validation rule in the
     * current [[scenario]].
     *
     * Note that when the validator has a conditional validation applied using
     * [[\Kant\Validators\RequiredValidator::$when|$when]] this method will return
     * `false` regardless of the `when` condition because it may be called be
     * before the model is loaded with data.
     *
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name
     * @return boolean whether the attribute is required
     */
    public function isAttributeRequired($attribute)
    {
        foreach ($this->getActiveValidators($attribute) as $validator) {
            if ($validator instanceof RequiredValidator && $validator->when === null) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a value indicating whether the attribute is safe for massive assignments.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name
     * @return boolean whether the attribute is safe for massive assignments
     * @see safeAttributes()
     */
    public function isAttributeSafe($attribute)
    {
        return in_array($attribute, $this->safeAttributes(), true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a value indicating whether the attribute is active in the current scenario.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name
     * @return boolean whether the attribute is active in the current scenario
     * @see activeAttributes()
     */
    public function isAttributeActive($attribute)
    {
        return in_array($attribute, $this->activeAttributes(), true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the text label for the specified attribute.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            the attribute name
     * @return string the attribute label
     * @see generateAttributeLabel()
     * @see attributeLabels()
     */
    public function getAttributeLabel($attribute)
    {
        $labels = $this->attributeLabels();
        return isset($labels[$attribute]) ? $labels[$attribute] : $this->generateAttributeLabel($attribute);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the text hint for the specified attribute.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            the attribute name
     * @return string the attribute hint
     * @see attributeHints()
     * @since 2.0.4
     */
    public function getAttributeHint($attribute)
    {
        $hints = $this->attributeHints();
        return isset($hints[$attribute]) ? $hints[$attribute] : '';
    }

    /**
     * Returns a value indicating whether there is any validation error.
     * 
     * @param string|null $attribute
     *            attribute name. Use null to check all attributes.
     * @return boolean whether there is any error.
     */
    public function hasErrors($attribute = null)
    {
        return $attribute === null ? ! empty($this->_errors) : isset($this->_errors[$attribute]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the errors for all attribute or a single attribute.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name. Use null to retrieve errors for all attributes.
     * @property array An array of errors for all attributes. Empty array is returned if no error.
     *           The result is a two-dimensional array. See [[getErrors()]] for detailed description.
     * @return array errors for all attributes or the specified attribute. Empty array is returned if no error.
     *         Note that when returning errors for all attributes, the result is a two-dimensional array, like the following:
     *        
     *         ```php
     *         [
     *         'username' => [
     *         'Username is required.',
     *         'Username must contain only word characters.',
     *         ],
     *         'email' => [
     *         'Email address is invalid.',
     *         ]
     *         ]
     *         ```
     *        
     * @see getFirstErrors()
     * @see getFirstError()
     */
    public function getErrors($attribute = null)
    {
        if ($attribute === null) {
            return $this->_errors === null ? [] : $this->_errors;
        } else {
            return isset($this->_errors[$attribute]) ? $this->_errors[$attribute] : [];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the first error of every attribute in the model.
     * 
     * @return array the first errors. The array keys are the attribute names, and the array
     *         values are the corresponding error messages. An empty array will be returned if there is no error.
     * @see getErrors()
     * @see getFirstError()
     */
    public function getFirstErrors()
    {
        if (empty($this->_errors)) {
            return [];
        } else {
            $errors = [];
            foreach ($this->_errors as $name => $es) {
                if (!empty($es)) {
                    $errors[$name] = reset($es);
                }
            }
            
            return $errors;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the first error of the specified attribute.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name.
     * @return string the error message. Null is returned if no error.
     * @see getErrors()
     * @see getFirstErrors()
     */
    public function getFirstError($attribute)
    {
        return isset($this->_errors[$attribute]) ? reset($this->_errors[$attribute]) : null;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new error to the specified attribute.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name
     * @param string $error
     *            new error message
     */
    public function addError($attribute, $error = '')
    {
        $this->_errors[$attribute][] = $error;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a list of errors.
     * 
     * @param array $items
     *            a list of errors. The array keys must be attribute names.
     *            The array values should be error messages. If an attribute has multiple errors,
     *            these errors must be given in terms of an array.
     *            You may use the result of [[getErrors()]] as the value for this parameter.
     * @since 2.0.2
     */
    public function addErrors(array $items)
    {
        foreach ($items as $attribute => $errors) {
            if (is_array($errors)) {
                foreach ($errors as $error) {
                    $this->addError($attribute, $error);
                }
            } else {
                $this->addError($attribute, $errors);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes errors for all attributes or a single attribute.
     * 
     * @param string $attribute
     *            attribute name. Use null to remove errors for all attribute.
     */
    public function clearErrors($attribute = null)
    {
        if ($attribute === null) {
            $this->_errors = [];
        } else {
            unset($this->_errors[$attribute]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Generates a user friendly attribute label based on the give attribute name.
     * This is done by replacing underscores, dashes and dots with blanks and
     * changing the first letter of each word to upper case.
     * For example, 'department_name' or 'DepartmentName' will generate 'Department Name'.
     * 
     * @param string $name
     *            the column name
     * @return string the attribute label
     */
    public function generateAttributeLabel($name)
    {
        return Inflector::camel2words($name, true);
    }

    /**
     * Returns attribute values.
     * 
     * @param array $names
     *            list of attributes whose value needs to be returned.
     *            Defaults to null, meaning all attributes listed in [[attributes()]] will be returned.
     *            If it is an array, only the attributes in the array will be returned.
     * @param array $except
     *            list of attributes whose value should NOT be returned.
     * @return array attribute values (name => value).
     */
    public function getAttributes($names = null, $except = [])
    {
        $values = [];
        if ($names === null) {
            $names = $this->attributes();
        }
        foreach ($names as $name) {
            $values[$name] = $this->$name;
        }
        foreach ($except as $name) {
            unset($values[$name]);
        }
        
        return $values;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the attribute values in a massive way.
     * 
     * @param array $values
     *            attribute values (name => value) to be assigned to the model.
     * @param boolean $safeOnly
     *            whether the assignments should only be done to the safe attributes.
     *            A safe attribute is one that is associated with a validation rule in the current [[scenario]].
     * @see safeAttributes()
     * @see attributes()
     */
    public function setAttributes($values, $safeOnly = true)
    {
        if (is_array($values)) {
            $attributes = array_flip($safeOnly ? $this->safeAttributes() : $this->attributes());
            foreach ($values as $name => $value) {
                if (isset($attributes[$name])) {
                    $this->$name = $value;
                } elseif ($safeOnly) {
                    $this->onUnsafeAttribute($name, $value);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * This method is invoked when an unsafe attribute is being massively assigned.
     * The default implementation will log a warning message if DEBUG is on.
     * It does nothing otherwise.
     * 
     * @param string $name
     *            the unsafe attribute name
     * @param mixed $value
     *            the attribute value
     */
    public function onUnsafeAttribute($name, $value)
    {
        if (Kant::$app->config->get('debug')) {
            Kant::trace("Failed to set unsafe attribute '$name' in '" . get_class($this) . "'.", __METHOD__);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the scenario that this model is used in.
     *
     * Scenario affects how validation is performed and which attributes can
     * be massively assigned.
     *
     * @return string the scenario that this model is in. Defaults to [[SCENARIO_DEFAULT]].
     */
    public function getScenario()
    {
        return $this->_scenario;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the scenario for the model.
     * Note that this method does not check if the scenario exists or not.
     * The method [[validate()]] will perform this check.
     * 
     * @param string $value
     *            the scenario that this model is in.
     */
    public function setScenario($value)
    {
        $this->_scenario = $value;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the attribute names that are safe to be massively assigned in the current scenario.
     * 
     * @return string[] safe attribute names
     */
    public function safeAttributes()
    {
        $scenario = $this->getScenario();
        $scenarios = $this->scenarios();
        if (!isset($scenarios[$scenario])) {
            return [];
        }
        $attributes = [];
        foreach ($scenarios[$scenario] as $attribute) {
            if ($attribute[0] !== '!' && ! in_array('!' . $attribute, $scenarios[$scenario])) {
                $attributes[] = $attribute;
            }
        }
        
        return $attributes;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the attribute names that are subject to validation in the current scenario.
     * 
     * @return string[] safe attribute names
     */
    public function activeAttributes()
    {
        $scenario = $this->getScenario();
        $scenarios = $this->scenarios();
        if (!isset($scenarios[$scenario])) {
            return [];
        }
        $attributes = $scenarios[$scenario];
        foreach ($attributes as $i => $attribute) {
            if ($attribute[0] === '!') {
                $attributes[$i] = substr($attribute, 1);
            }
        }
        
        return $attributes;
    }

    /**
     * Populates the model with input data.
     *
     * This method provides a convenient shortcut for:
     *
     * ```php
     * if (isset($_POST['FormName'])) {
     * $model->attributes = $_POST['FormName'];
     * if ($model->save()) {
     * // handle success
     * }
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * which, with `load()` can be written as:
     *
     * ```php
     * if ($model->load($_POST) && $model->save()) {
     * // handle success
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * `load()` gets the `'FormName'` from the model's [[formName()]] method (which you may override), unless the
     * `$formName` parameter is given. If the form name is empty, `load()` populates the model with the whole of `$data`,
     * instead of `$data['FormName']`.
     *
     * Note, that the data being populated is subject to the safety check by [[setAttributes()]].
     *
     * @param array $data
     *            the data array to load, typically `$_POST` or `$_GET`.
     * @param string $formName
     *            the form name to use to load the data into the model.
     *            If not set, [[formName()]] is used.
     * @return boolean whether `load()` found the expected form in `$data`.
     */
    public function load($data, $formName = null)
    {
        $scope = $formName === null ? $this->formName() : $formName;
        if ($scope === '' && ! empty($data)) {
            $this->setAttributes($data);
            return true;
        } elseif (isset($data[$scope])) {
            $this->setAttributes($data[$scope]);
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Populates a set of models with the data from end user.
     * This method is mainly used to collect tabular data input.
     * The data to be loaded for each model is `$data[formName][index]`, where `formName`
     * refers to the value of [[formName()]], and `index` the index of the model in the `$models` array.
     * If [[formName()]] is empty, `$data[index]` will be used to populate each model.
     * The data being populated to each model is subject to the safety check by [[setAttributes()]].
     * 
     * @param array $models
     *            the models to be populated. Note that all models should have the same class.
     * @param array $data
     *            the data array. This is usually `$_POST` or `$_GET`, but can also be any valid array
     *            supplied by end user.
     * @param string $formName
     *            the form name to be used for loading the data into the models.
     *            If not set, it will use the [[formName()]] value of the first model in `$models`.
     *            This parameter is available since version 2.0.1.
     * @return boolean whether at least one of the models is successfully populated.
     */
    public static function loadMultiple($models, $data, $formName = null)
    {
        if ($formName === null) {
            /* @var $first Model */
            $first = reset($models);
            if ($first === false) {
                return false;
            }
            $formName = $first->formName();
        }
        
        $success = false;
        foreach ($models as $i => $model) {
            /* @var $model Model */
            if ($formName == '') {
                if (!empty($data[$i])) {
                    $model->load($data[$i], '');
                    $success = true;
                }
            } elseif (!empty($data[$formName][$i])) {
                $model->load($data[$formName][$i], '');
                $success = true;
            }
        }
        
        return $success;
    }

    /**
     * Validates multiple models.
     * This method will validate every model. The models being validated may
     * be of the same or different types.
     * 
     * @param array $models
     *            the models to be validated
     * @param array $attributeNames
     *            list of attribute names that should be validated.
     *            If this parameter is empty, it means any attribute listed in the applicable
     *            validation rules should be validated.
     * @return boolean whether all models are valid. False will be returned if one
     *         or multiple models have validation error.
     */
    public static function validateMultiple($models, $attributeNames = null)
    {
        $valid = true;
        /* @var $model Model */
        foreach ($models as $model) {
            $valid = $model->validate($attributeNames) && $valid;
        }
        
        return $valid;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the list of fields that should be returned by default by [[toArray()]] when no specific fields are specified.
     *
     * A field is a named element in the returned array by [[toArray()]].
     *
     * This method should return an array of field names or field definitions.
     * If the former, the field name will be treated as an object property name whose value will be used
     * as the field value. If the latter, the array key should be the field name while the array value should be
     * the corresponding field definition which can be either an object property name or a PHP callable
     * returning the corresponding field value. The signature of the callable should be:
     *
     * ```php
     * function ($model, $field) {
     * // return field value
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * For example, the following code declares four fields:
     *
     * - `email`: the field name is the same as the property name `email`;
     * - `firstName` and `lastName`: the field names are `firstName` and `lastName`, and their
     * values are obtained from the `first_name` and `last_name` properties;
     * - `fullName`: the field name is `fullName`. Its value is obtained by concatenating `first_name`
     * and `last_name`.
     *
     * ```php
     * return [
     * 'email',
     * 'firstName' => 'first_name',
     * 'lastName' => 'last_name',
     * 'fullName' => function ($model) {
     * return $model->first_name . ' ' . $model->last_name;
     * },
     * ];
     * ```
     *
     * In this method, you may also want to return different lists of fields based on some context
     * information. For example, depending on [[scenario]] or the privilege of the current application user,
     * you may return different sets of visible fields or filter out some fields.
     *
     * The default implementation of this method returns [[attributes()]] indexed by the same attribute names.
     *
     * @return array the list of field names or field definitions.
     * @see toArray()
     */
    public function fields()
    {
        $fields = $this->attributes();
        
        return array_combine($fields, $fields);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an iterator for traversing the attributes in the model.
     * This method is required by the interface [[\IteratorAggregate]].
     * 
     * @return ArrayIterator an iterator for traversing the items in the list.
     */
    public function getIterator()
    {
        $attributes = $this->getAttributes();
        return new ArrayIterator($attributes);
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether there is an element at the specified offset.
     * This method is required by the SPL interface [[\ArrayAccess]].
     * It is implicitly called when you use something like `isset($model[$offset])`.
     * 
     * @param mixed $offset
     *            the offset to check on
     * @return boolean
     */
    public function offsetExists($offset)
    {
        return $this->$offset !== null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the element at the specified offset.
     * This method is required by the SPL interface [[\ArrayAccess]].
     * It is implicitly called when you use something like `$value = $model[$offset];`.
     * 
     * @param mixed $offset
     *            the offset to retrieve element.
     * @return mixed the element at the offset, null if no element is found at the offset
     */
    public function offsetGet($offset)
    {
        return $this->$offset;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the element at the specified offset.
     * This method is required by the SPL interface [[\ArrayAccess]].
     * It is implicitly called when you use something like `$model[$offset] = $item;`.
     * 
     * @param integer $offset
     *            the offset to set element
     * @param mixed $item
     *            the element value
     */
    public function offsetSet($offset, $item)
    {
        $this->$offset = $item;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the element value at the specified offset to null.
     * This method is required by the SPL interface [[\ArrayAccess]].
     * It is implicitly called when you use something like `unset($model[$offset])`.
     * 
     * @param mixed $offset
     *            the offset to unset element
     */
    public function offsetUnset($offset)
    {
        $this->$offset = null;
    }
}
