<?php

// {{{ license

/* vim: set expandtab tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 foldmethod=marker: */
//
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
// | This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
// | it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as       |
// | published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the |
// | License, or (at your option) any later version.                      |
// |                                                                      |
// | This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but  |
// | WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of           |
// | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU    |
// | Lesser General Public License for more details.                      |
// |                                                                      |
// | You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public     |
// | License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software  |
// | Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307 |
// | USA.                                                                 |
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
//

// }}}
require_once dirname(__FILE__).'/IDNA2/Exception.php';
require_once dirname(__FILE__).'/IDNA2/Exception/Nameprep.php';

/**
 * Encode/decode Internationalized Domain Names.
 *
 * The class allows to convert internationalized domain names
 * (see RFC 3490 for details) as they can be used with various registries worldwide
 * to be translated between their original (localized) form and their encoded form
 * as it will be used in the DNS (Domain Name System).
 *
 * The class provides two public methods, encode() and decode(), which do exactly
 * what you would expect them to do. You are allowed to use complete domain names,
 * simple strings and complete email addresses as well. That means, that you might
 * use any of the following notations:
 *
 * - www.n�rgler.com
 * - xn--nrgler-wxa
 * - xn--brse-5qa.xn--knrz-1ra.info
 *
 * Unicode input might be given as either UTF-8 string, UCS-4 string or UCS-4
 * array. Unicode output is available in the same formats.
 * You can select your preferred format via {@link set_paramter()}.
 *
 * ACE input and output is always expected to be ASCII.
 *
 * @package Net
 * @author  Markus Nix <mnix@docuverse.de>
 * @author  Matthias Sommerfeld <mso@phlylabs.de>
 * @author  Stefan Neufeind <pear.neufeind@speedpartner.de>
 * @version $Id: IDNA2.php 305344 2010-11-14 23:52:42Z neufeind $
 */
class Net_IDNA2
{
    // {{{ npdata
    /**
     * These Unicode codepoints are
     * mapped to nothing, See RFC3454 for details
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_map_nothing = array(
        0xAD,
        0x34F,
        0x1806,
        0x180B,
        0x180C,
        0x180D,
        0x200B,
        0x200C,
        0x200D,
        0x2060,
        0xFE00,
        0xFE01,
        0xFE02,
        0xFE03,
        0xFE04,
        0xFE05,
        0xFE06,
        0xFE07,
        0xFE08,
        0xFE09,
        0xFE0A,
        0xFE0B,
        0xFE0C,
        0xFE0D,
        0xFE0E,
        0xFE0F,
        0xFEFF
    );

    /**
     * Prohibited codepints
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_general_prohibited = array(
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4,
        5,
        6,
        7,
        8,
        9,
        0xA,
        0xB,
        0xC,
        0xD,
        0xE,
        0xF,
        0x10,
        0x11,
        0x12,
        0x13,
        0x14,
        0x15,
        0x16,
        0x17,
        0x18,
        0x19,
        0x1A,
        0x1B,
        0x1C,
        0x1D,
        0x1E,
        0x1F,
        0x20,
        0x21,
        0x22,
        0x23,
        0x24,
        0x25,
        0x26,
        0x27,
        0x28,
        0x29,
        0x2A,
        0x2B,
        0x2C,
        0x2F,
        0x3B,
        0x3C,
        0x3D,
        0x3E,
        0x3F,
        0x40,
        0x5B,
        0x5C,
        0x5D,
        0x5E,
        0x5F,
        0x60,
        0x7B,
        0x7C,
        0x7D,
        0x7E,
        0x7F,
        0x3002
    );

    /**
     * Codepints prohibited by Nameprep
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_prohibit = array(
        0xA0,
        0x1680,
        0x2000,
        0x2001,
        0x2002,
        0x2003,
        0x2004,
        0x2005,
        0x2006,
        0x2007,
        0x2008,
        0x2009,
        0x200A,
        0x200B,
        0x202F,
        0x205F,
        0x3000,
        0x6DD,
        0x70F,
        0x180E,
        0x200C,
        0x200D,
        0x2028,
        0x2029,
        0xFEFF,
        0xFFF9,
        0xFFFA,
        0xFFFB,
        0xFFFC,
        0xFFFE,
        0xFFFF,
        0x1FFFE,
        0x1FFFF,
        0x2FFFE,
        0x2FFFF,
        0x3FFFE,
        0x3FFFF,
        0x4FFFE,
        0x4FFFF,
        0x5FFFE,
        0x5FFFF,
        0x6FFFE,
        0x6FFFF,
        0x7FFFE,
        0x7FFFF,
        0x8FFFE,
        0x8FFFF,
        0x9FFFE,
        0x9FFFF,
        0xAFFFE,
        0xAFFFF,
        0xBFFFE,
        0xBFFFF,
        0xCFFFE,
        0xCFFFF,
        0xDFFFE,
        0xDFFFF,
        0xEFFFE,
        0xEFFFF,
        0xFFFFE,
        0xFFFFF,
        0x10FFFE,
        0x10FFFF,
        0xFFF9,
        0xFFFA,
        0xFFFB,
        0xFFFC,
        0xFFFD,
        0x340,
        0x341,
        0x200E,
        0x200F,
        0x202A,
        0x202B,
        0x202C,
        0x202D,
        0x202E,
        0x206A,
        0x206B,
        0x206C,
        0x206D,
        0x206E,
        0x206F,
        0xE0001
    );

    /**
     * Codepoint ranges prohibited by nameprep
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_prohibit_ranges = array(
        array(0x80,     0x9F    ),
        array(0x2060,   0x206F  ),
        array(0x1D173,  0x1D17A ),
        array(0xE000,   0xF8FF  ),
        array(0xF0000,  0xFFFFD ),
        array(0x100000, 0x10FFFD),
        array(0xFDD0,   0xFDEF  ),
        array(0xD800,   0xDFFF  ),
        array(0x2FF0,   0x2FFB  ),
        array(0xE0020,  0xE007F )
    );

    /**
     * Replacement mappings (casemapping, replacement sequences, ...)
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_replacemaps = array(
        0x41    => array(0x61),
        0x42    => array(0x62),
        0x43    => array(0x63),
        0x44    => array(0x64),
        0x45    => array(0x65),
        0x46    => array(0x66),
        0x47    => array(0x67),
        0x48    => array(0x68),
        0x49    => array(0x69),
        0x4A    => array(0x6A),
        0x4B    => array(0x6B),
        0x4C    => array(0x6C),
        0x4D    => array(0x6D),
        0x4E    => array(0x6E),
        0x4F    => array(0x6F),
        0x50    => array(0x70),
        0x51    => array(0x71),
        0x52    => array(0x72),
        0x53    => array(0x73),
        0x54    => array(0x74),
        0x55    => array(0x75),
        0x56    => array(0x76),
        0x57    => array(0x77),
        0x58    => array(0x78),
        0x59    => array(0x79),
        0x5A    => array(0x7A),
        0xB5    => array(0x3BC),
        0xC0    => array(0xE0),
        0xC1    => array(0xE1),
        0xC2    => array(0xE2),
        0xC3    => array(0xE3),
        0xC4    => array(0xE4),
        0xC5    => array(0xE5),
        0xC6    => array(0xE6),
        0xC7    => array(0xE7),
        0xC8    => array(0xE8),
        0xC9    => array(0xE9),
        0xCA    => array(0xEA),
        0xCB    => array(0xEB),
        0xCC    => array(0xEC),
        0xCD    => array(0xED),
        0xCE    => array(0xEE),
        0xCF    => array(0xEF),
        0xD0    => array(0xF0),
        0xD1    => array(0xF1),
        0xD2    => array(0xF2),
        0xD3    => array(0xF3),
        0xD4    => array(0xF4),
        0xD5    => array(0xF5),
        0xD6    => array(0xF6),
        0xD8    => array(0xF8),
        0xD9    => array(0xF9),
        0xDA    => array(0xFA),
        0xDB    => array(0xFB),
        0xDC    => array(0xFC),
        0xDD    => array(0xFD),
        0xDE    => array(0xFE),
        0xDF    => array(0x73, 0x73),
        0x100   => array(0x101),
        0x102   => array(0x103),
        0x104   => array(0x105),
        0x106   => array(0x107),
        0x108   => array(0x109),
        0x10A   => array(0x10B),
        0x10C   => array(0x10D),
        0x10E   => array(0x10F),
        0x110   => array(0x111),
        0x112   => array(0x113),
        0x114   => array(0x115),
        0x116   => array(0x117),
        0x118   => array(0x119),
        0x11A   => array(0x11B),
        0x11C   => array(0x11D),
        0x11E   => array(0x11F),
        0x120   => array(0x121),
        0x122   => array(0x123),
        0x124   => array(0x125),
        0x126   => array(0x127),
        0x128   => array(0x129),
        0x12A   => array(0x12B),
        0x12C   => array(0x12D),
        0x12E   => array(0x12F),
        0x130   => array(0x69, 0x307),
        0x132   => array(0x133),
        0x134   => array(0x135),
        0x136   => array(0x137),
        0x139   => array(0x13A),
        0x13B   => array(0x13C),
        0x13D   => array(0x13E),
        0x13F   => array(0x140),
        0x141   => array(0x142),
        0x143   => array(0x144),
        0x145   => array(0x146),
        0x147   => array(0x148),
        0x149   => array(0x2BC, 0x6E),
        0x14A   => array(0x14B),
        0x14C   => array(0x14D),
        0x14E   => array(0x14F),
        0x150   => array(0x151),
        0x152   => array(0x153),
        0x154   => array(0x155),
        0x156   => array(0x157),
        0x158   => array(0x159),
        0x15A   => array(0x15B),
        0x15C   => array(0x15D),
        0x15E   => array(0x15F),
        0x160   => array(0x161),
        0x162   => array(0x163),
        0x164   => array(0x165),
        0x166   => array(0x167),
        0x168   => array(0x169),
        0x16A   => array(0x16B),
        0x16C   => array(0x16D),
        0x16E   => array(0x16F),
        0x170   => array(0x171),
        0x172   => array(0x173),
        0x174   => array(0x175),
        0x176   => array(0x177),
        0x178   => array(0xFF),
        0x179   => array(0x17A),
        0x17B   => array(0x17C),
        0x17D   => array(0x17E),
        0x17F   => array(0x73),
        0x181   => array(0x253),
        0x182   => array(0x183),
        0x184   => array(0x185),
        0x186   => array(0x254),
        0x187   => array(0x188),
        0x189   => array(0x256),
        0x18A   => array(0x257),
        0x18B   => array(0x18C),
        0x18E   => array(0x1DD),
        0x18F   => array(0x259),
        0x190   => array(0x25B),
        0x191   => array(0x192),
        0x193   => array(0x260),
        0x194   => array(0x263),
        0x196   => array(0x269),
        0x197   => array(0x268),
        0x198   => array(0x199),
        0x19C   => array(0x26F),
        0x19D   => array(0x272),
        0x19F   => array(0x275),
        0x1A0   => array(0x1A1),
        0x1A2   => array(0x1A3),
        0x1A4   => array(0x1A5),
        0x1A6   => array(0x280),
        0x1A7   => array(0x1A8),
        0x1A9   => array(0x283),
        0x1AC   => array(0x1AD),
        0x1AE   => array(0x288),
        0x1AF   => array(0x1B0),
        0x1B1   => array(0x28A),
        0x1B2   => array(0x28B),
        0x1B3   => array(0x1B4),
        0x1B5   => array(0x1B6),
        0x1B7   => array(0x292),
        0x1B8   => array(0x1B9),
        0x1BC   => array(0x1BD),
        0x1C4   => array(0x1C6),
        0x1C5   => array(0x1C6),
        0x1C7   => array(0x1C9),
        0x1C8   => array(0x1C9),
        0x1CA   => array(0x1CC),
        0x1CB   => array(0x1CC),
        0x1CD   => array(0x1CE),
        0x1CF   => array(0x1D0),
        0x1D1   => array(0x1D2),
        0x1D3   => array(0x1D4),
        0x1D5   => array(0x1D6),
        0x1D7   => array(0x1D8),
        0x1D9   => array(0x1DA),
        0x1DB   => array(0x1DC),
        0x1DE   => array(0x1DF),
        0x1E0   => array(0x1E1),
        0x1E2   => array(0x1E3),
        0x1E4   => array(0x1E5),
        0x1E6   => array(0x1E7),
        0x1E8   => array(0x1E9),
        0x1EA   => array(0x1EB),
        0x1EC   => array(0x1ED),
        0x1EE   => array(0x1EF),
        0x1F0   => array(0x6A, 0x30C),
        0x1F1   => array(0x1F3),
        0x1F2   => array(0x1F3),
        0x1F4   => array(0x1F5),
        0x1F6   => array(0x195),
        0x1F7   => array(0x1BF),
        0x1F8   => array(0x1F9),
        0x1FA   => array(0x1FB),
        0x1FC   => array(0x1FD),
        0x1FE   => array(0x1FF),
        0x200   => array(0x201),
        0x202   => array(0x203),
        0x204   => array(0x205),
        0x206   => array(0x207),
        0x208   => array(0x209),
        0x20A   => array(0x20B),
        0x20C   => array(0x20D),
        0x20E   => array(0x20F),
        0x210   => array(0x211),
        0x212   => array(0x213),
        0x214   => array(0x215),
        0x216   => array(0x217),
        0x218   => array(0x219),
        0x21A   => array(0x21B),
        0x21C   => array(0x21D),
        0x21E   => array(0x21F),
        0x220   => array(0x19E),
        0x222   => array(0x223),
        0x224   => array(0x225),
        0x226   => array(0x227),
        0x228   => array(0x229),
        0x22A   => array(0x22B),
        0x22C   => array(0x22D),
        0x22E   => array(0x22F),
        0x230   => array(0x231),
        0x232   => array(0x233),
        0x345   => array(0x3B9),
        0x37A   => array(0x20, 0x3B9),
        0x386   => array(0x3AC),
        0x388   => array(0x3AD),
        0x389   => array(0x3AE),
        0x38A   => array(0x3AF),
        0x38C   => array(0x3CC),
        0x38E   => array(0x3CD),
        0x38F   => array(0x3CE),
        0x390   => array(0x3B9, 0x308, 0x301),
        0x391   => array(0x3B1),
        0x392   => array(0x3B2),
        0x393   => array(0x3B3),
        0x394   => array(0x3B4),
        0x395   => array(0x3B5),
        0x396   => array(0x3B6),
        0x397   => array(0x3B7),
        0x398   => array(0x3B8),
        0x399   => array(0x3B9),
        0x39A   => array(0x3BA),
        0x39B   => array(0x3BB),
        0x39C   => array(0x3BC),
        0x39D   => array(0x3BD),
        0x39E   => array(0x3BE),
        0x39F   => array(0x3BF),
        0x3A0   => array(0x3C0),
        0x3A1   => array(0x3C1),
        0x3A3   => array(0x3C3),
        0x3A4   => array(0x3C4),
        0x3A5   => array(0x3C5),
        0x3A6   => array(0x3C6),
        0x3A7   => array(0x3C7),
        0x3A8   => array(0x3C8),
        0x3A9   => array(0x3C9),
        0x3AA   => array(0x3CA),
        0x3AB   => array(0x3CB),
        0x3B0   => array(0x3C5, 0x308, 0x301),
        0x3C2   => array(0x3C3),
        0x3D0   => array(0x3B2),
        0x3D1   => array(0x3B8),
        0x3D2   => array(0x3C5),
        0x3D3   => array(0x3CD),
        0x3D4   => array(0x3CB),
        0x3D5   => array(0x3C6),
        0x3D6   => array(0x3C0),
        0x3D8   => array(0x3D9),
        0x3DA   => array(0x3DB),
        0x3DC   => array(0x3DD),
        0x3DE   => array(0x3DF),
        0x3E0   => array(0x3E1),
        0x3E2   => array(0x3E3),
        0x3E4   => array(0x3E5),
        0x3E6   => array(0x3E7),
        0x3E8   => array(0x3E9),
        0x3EA   => array(0x3EB),
        0x3EC   => array(0x3ED),
        0x3EE   => array(0x3EF),
        0x3F0   => array(0x3BA),
        0x3F1   => array(0x3C1),
        0x3F2   => array(0x3C3),
        0x3F4   => array(0x3B8),
        0x3F5   => array(0x3B5),
        0x400   => array(0x450),
        0x401   => array(0x451),
        0x402   => array(0x452),
        0x403   => array(0x453),
        0x404   => array(0x454),
        0x405   => array(0x455),
        0x406   => array(0x456),
        0x407   => array(0x457),
        0x408   => array(0x458),
        0x409   => array(0x459),
        0x40A   => array(0x45A),
        0x40B   => array(0x45B),
        0x40C   => array(0x45C),
        0x40D   => array(0x45D),
        0x40E   => array(0x45E),
        0x40F   => array(0x45F),
        0x410   => array(0x430),
        0x411   => array(0x431),
        0x412   => array(0x432),
        0x413   => array(0x433),
        0x414   => array(0x434),
        0x415   => array(0x435),
        0x416   => array(0x436),
        0x417   => array(0x437),
        0x418   => array(0x438),
        0x419   => array(0x439),
        0x41A   => array(0x43A),
        0x41B   => array(0x43B),
        0x41C   => array(0x43C),
        0x41D   => array(0x43D),
        0x41E   => array(0x43E),
        0x41F   => array(0x43F),
        0x420   => array(0x440),
        0x421   => array(0x441),
        0x422   => array(0x442),
        0x423   => array(0x443),
        0x424   => array(0x444),
        0x425   => array(0x445),
        0x426   => array(0x446),
        0x427   => array(0x447),
        0x428   => array(0x448),
        0x429   => array(0x449),
        0x42A   => array(0x44A),
        0x42B   => array(0x44B),
        0x42C   => array(0x44C),
        0x42D   => array(0x44D),
        0x42E   => array(0x44E),
        0x42F   => array(0x44F),
        0x460   => array(0x461),
        0x462   => array(0x463),
        0x464   => array(0x465),
        0x466   => array(0x467),
        0x468   => array(0x469),
        0x46A   => array(0x46B),
        0x46C   => array(0x46D),
        0x46E   => array(0x46F),
        0x470   => array(0x471),
        0x472   => array(0x473),
        0x474   => array(0x475),
        0x476   => array(0x477),
        0x478   => array(0x479),
        0x47A   => array(0x47B),
        0x47C   => array(0x47D),
        0x47E   => array(0x47F),
        0x480   => array(0x481),
        0x48A   => array(0x48B),
        0x48C   => array(0x48D),
        0x48E   => array(0x48F),
        0x490   => array(0x491),
        0x492   => array(0x493),
        0x494   => array(0x495),
        0x496   => array(0x497),
        0x498   => array(0x499),
        0x49A   => array(0x49B),
        0x49C   => array(0x49D),
        0x49E   => array(0x49F),
        0x4A0   => array(0x4A1),
        0x4A2   => array(0x4A3),
        0x4A4   => array(0x4A5),
        0x4A6   => array(0x4A7),
        0x4A8   => array(0x4A9),
        0x4AA   => array(0x4AB),
        0x4AC   => array(0x4AD),
        0x4AE   => array(0x4AF),
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        0x3373  => array(0x61, 0x75),
        0x3375  => array(0x6F, 0x76),
        0x3380  => array(0x70, 0x61),
        0x3381  => array(0x6E, 0x61),
        0x3382  => array(0x3BC, 0x61),
        0x3383  => array(0x6D, 0x61),
        0x3384  => array(0x6B, 0x61),
        0x3385  => array(0x6B, 0x62),
        0x3386  => array(0x6D, 0x62),
        0x3387  => array(0x67, 0x62),
        0x338A  => array(0x70, 0x66),
        0x338B  => array(0x6E, 0x66),
        0x338C  => array(0x3BC, 0x66),
        0x3390  => array(0x68, 0x7A),
        0x3391  => array(0x6B, 0x68, 0x7A),
        0x3392  => array(0x6D, 0x68, 0x7A),
        0x3393  => array(0x67, 0x68, 0x7A),
        0x3394  => array(0x74, 0x68, 0x7A),
        0x33A9  => array(0x70, 0x61),
        0x33AA  => array(0x6B, 0x70, 0x61),
        0x33AB  => array(0x6D, 0x70, 0x61),
        0x33AC  => array(0x67, 0x70, 0x61),
        0x33B4  => array(0x70, 0x76),
        0x33B5  => array(0x6E, 0x76),
        0x33B6  => array(0x3BC, 0x76),
        0x33B7  => array(0x6D, 0x76),
        0x33B8  => array(0x6B, 0x76),
        0x33B9  => array(0x6D, 0x76),
        0x33BA  => array(0x70, 0x77),
        0x33BB  => array(0x6E, 0x77),
        0x33BC  => array(0x3BC, 0x77),
        0x33BD  => array(0x6D, 0x77),
        0x33BE  => array(0x6B, 0x77),
        0x33BF  => array(0x6D, 0x77),
        0x33C0  => array(0x6B, 0x3C9),
        0x33C1  => array(0x6D, 0x3C9),
        /* 0x33C2  => array(0x61, 0x2E, 0x6D, 0x2E), */
        0x33C3  => array(0x62, 0x71),
        0x33C6  => array(0x63, 0x2215, 0x6B, 0x67),
        0x33C7  => array(0x63, 0x6F, 0x2E),
        0x33C8  => array(0x64, 0x62),
        0x33C9  => array(0x67, 0x79),
        0x33CB  => array(0x68, 0x70),
        0x33CD  => array(0x6B, 0x6B),
        0x33CE  => array(0x6B, 0x6D),
        0x33D7  => array(0x70, 0x68),
        0x33D9  => array(0x70, 0x70, 0x6D),
        0x33DA  => array(0x70, 0x72),
        0x33DC  => array(0x73, 0x76),
        0x33DD  => array(0x77, 0x62),
        0xFB00  => array(0x66, 0x66),
        0xFB01  => array(0x66, 0x69),
        0xFB02  => array(0x66, 0x6C),
        0xFB03  => array(0x66, 0x66, 0x69),
        0xFB04  => array(0x66, 0x66, 0x6C),
        0xFB05  => array(0x73, 0x74),
        0xFB06  => array(0x73, 0x74),
        0xFB13  => array(0x574, 0x576),
        0xFB14  => array(0x574, 0x565),
        0xFB15  => array(0x574, 0x56B),
        0xFB16  => array(0x57E, 0x576),
        0xFB17  => array(0x574, 0x56D),
        0xFF21  => array(0xFF41),
        0xFF22  => array(0xFF42),
        0xFF23  => array(0xFF43),
        0xFF24  => array(0xFF44),
        0xFF25  => array(0xFF45),
        0xFF26  => array(0xFF46),
        0xFF27  => array(0xFF47),
        0xFF28  => array(0xFF48),
        0xFF29  => array(0xFF49),
        0xFF2A  => array(0xFF4A),
        0xFF2B  => array(0xFF4B),
        0xFF2C  => array(0xFF4C),
        0xFF2D  => array(0xFF4D),
        0xFF2E  => array(0xFF4E),
        0xFF2F  => array(0xFF4F),
        0xFF30  => array(0xFF50),
        0xFF31  => array(0xFF51),
        0xFF32  => array(0xFF52),
        0xFF33  => array(0xFF53),
        0xFF34  => array(0xFF54),
        0xFF35  => array(0xFF55),
        0xFF36  => array(0xFF56),
        0xFF37  => array(0xFF57),
        0xFF38  => array(0xFF58),
        0xFF39  => array(0xFF59),
        0xFF3A  => array(0xFF5A),
        0x10400 => array(0x10428),
        0x10401 => array(0x10429),
        0x10402 => array(0x1042A),
        0x10403 => array(0x1042B),
        0x10404 => array(0x1042C),
        0x10405 => array(0x1042D),
        0x10406 => array(0x1042E),
        0x10407 => array(0x1042F),
        0x10408 => array(0x10430),
        0x10409 => array(0x10431),
        0x1040A => array(0x10432),
        0x1040B => array(0x10433),
        0x1040C => array(0x10434),
        0x1040D => array(0x10435),
        0x1040E => array(0x10436),
        0x1040F => array(0x10437),
        0x10410 => array(0x10438),
        0x10411 => array(0x10439),
        0x10412 => array(0x1043A),
        0x10413 => array(0x1043B),
        0x10414 => array(0x1043C),
        0x10415 => array(0x1043D),
        0x10416 => array(0x1043E),
        0x10417 => array(0x1043F),
        0x10418 => array(0x10440),
        0x10419 => array(0x10441),
        0x1041A => array(0x10442),
        0x1041B => array(0x10443),
        0x1041C => array(0x10444),
        0x1041D => array(0x10445),
        0x1041E => array(0x10446),
        0x1041F => array(0x10447),
        0x10420 => array(0x10448),
        0x10421 => array(0x10449),
        0x10422 => array(0x1044A),
        0x10423 => array(0x1044B),
        0x10424 => array(0x1044C),
        0x10425 => array(0x1044D),
        0x1D400 => array(0x61),
        0x1D401 => array(0x62),
        0x1D402 => array(0x63),
        0x1D403 => array(0x64),
        0x1D404 => array(0x65),
        0x1D405 => array(0x66),
        0x1D406 => array(0x67),
        0x1D407 => array(0x68),
        0x1D408 => array(0x69),
        0x1D409 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D40A => array(0x6B),
        0x1D40B => array(0x6C),
        0x1D40C => array(0x6D),
        0x1D40D => array(0x6E),
        0x1D40E => array(0x6F),
        0x1D40F => array(0x70),
        0x1D410 => array(0x71),
        0x1D411 => array(0x72),
        0x1D412 => array(0x73),
        0x1D413 => array(0x74),
        0x1D414 => array(0x75),
        0x1D415 => array(0x76),
        0x1D416 => array(0x77),
        0x1D417 => array(0x78),
        0x1D418 => array(0x79),
        0x1D419 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D434 => array(0x61),
        0x1D435 => array(0x62),
        0x1D436 => array(0x63),
        0x1D437 => array(0x64),
        0x1D438 => array(0x65),
        0x1D439 => array(0x66),
        0x1D43A => array(0x67),
        0x1D43B => array(0x68),
        0x1D43C => array(0x69),
        0x1D43D => array(0x6A),
        0x1D43E => array(0x6B),
        0x1D43F => array(0x6C),
        0x1D440 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D441 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D442 => array(0x6F),
        0x1D443 => array(0x70),
        0x1D444 => array(0x71),
        0x1D445 => array(0x72),
        0x1D446 => array(0x73),
        0x1D447 => array(0x74),
        0x1D448 => array(0x75),
        0x1D449 => array(0x76),
        0x1D44A => array(0x77),
        0x1D44B => array(0x78),
        0x1D44C => array(0x79),
        0x1D44D => array(0x7A),
        0x1D468 => array(0x61),
        0x1D469 => array(0x62),
        0x1D46A => array(0x63),
        0x1D46B => array(0x64),
        0x1D46C => array(0x65),
        0x1D46D => array(0x66),
        0x1D46E => array(0x67),
        0x1D46F => array(0x68),
        0x1D470 => array(0x69),
        0x1D471 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D472 => array(0x6B),
        0x1D473 => array(0x6C),
        0x1D474 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D475 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D476 => array(0x6F),
        0x1D477 => array(0x70),
        0x1D478 => array(0x71),
        0x1D479 => array(0x72),
        0x1D47A => array(0x73),
        0x1D47B => array(0x74),
        0x1D47C => array(0x75),
        0x1D47D => array(0x76),
        0x1D47E => array(0x77),
        0x1D47F => array(0x78),
        0x1D480 => array(0x79),
        0x1D481 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D49C => array(0x61),
        0x1D49E => array(0x63),
        0x1D49F => array(0x64),
        0x1D4A2 => array(0x67),
        0x1D4A5 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D4A6 => array(0x6B),
        0x1D4A9 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D4AA => array(0x6F),
        0x1D4AB => array(0x70),
        0x1D4AC => array(0x71),
        0x1D4AE => array(0x73),
        0x1D4AF => array(0x74),
        0x1D4B0 => array(0x75),
        0x1D4B1 => array(0x76),
        0x1D4B2 => array(0x77),
        0x1D4B3 => array(0x78),
        0x1D4B4 => array(0x79),
        0x1D4B5 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D4D0 => array(0x61),
        0x1D4D1 => array(0x62),
        0x1D4D2 => array(0x63),
        0x1D4D3 => array(0x64),
        0x1D4D4 => array(0x65),
        0x1D4D5 => array(0x66),
        0x1D4D6 => array(0x67),
        0x1D4D7 => array(0x68),
        0x1D4D8 => array(0x69),
        0x1D4D9 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D4DA => array(0x6B),
        0x1D4DB => array(0x6C),
        0x1D4DC => array(0x6D),
        0x1D4DD => array(0x6E),
        0x1D4DE => array(0x6F),
        0x1D4DF => array(0x70),
        0x1D4E0 => array(0x71),
        0x1D4E1 => array(0x72),
        0x1D4E2 => array(0x73),
        0x1D4E3 => array(0x74),
        0x1D4E4 => array(0x75),
        0x1D4E5 => array(0x76),
        0x1D4E6 => array(0x77),
        0x1D4E7 => array(0x78),
        0x1D4E8 => array(0x79),
        0x1D4E9 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D504 => array(0x61),
        0x1D505 => array(0x62),
        0x1D507 => array(0x64),
        0x1D508 => array(0x65),
        0x1D509 => array(0x66),
        0x1D50A => array(0x67),
        0x1D50D => array(0x6A),
        0x1D50E => array(0x6B),
        0x1D50F => array(0x6C),
        0x1D510 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D511 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D512 => array(0x6F),
        0x1D513 => array(0x70),
        0x1D514 => array(0x71),
        0x1D516 => array(0x73),
        0x1D517 => array(0x74),
        0x1D518 => array(0x75),
        0x1D519 => array(0x76),
        0x1D51A => array(0x77),
        0x1D51B => array(0x78),
        0x1D51C => array(0x79),
        0x1D538 => array(0x61),
        0x1D539 => array(0x62),
        0x1D53B => array(0x64),
        0x1D53C => array(0x65),
        0x1D53D => array(0x66),
        0x1D53E => array(0x67),
        0x1D540 => array(0x69),
        0x1D541 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D542 => array(0x6B),
        0x1D543 => array(0x6C),
        0x1D544 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D546 => array(0x6F),
        0x1D54A => array(0x73),
        0x1D54B => array(0x74),
        0x1D54C => array(0x75),
        0x1D54D => array(0x76),
        0x1D54E => array(0x77),
        0x1D54F => array(0x78),
        0x1D550 => array(0x79),
        0x1D56C => array(0x61),
        0x1D56D => array(0x62),
        0x1D56E => array(0x63),
        0x1D56F => array(0x64),
        0x1D570 => array(0x65),
        0x1D571 => array(0x66),
        0x1D572 => array(0x67),
        0x1D573 => array(0x68),
        0x1D574 => array(0x69),
        0x1D575 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D576 => array(0x6B),
        0x1D577 => array(0x6C),
        0x1D578 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D579 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D57A => array(0x6F),
        0x1D57B => array(0x70),
        0x1D57C => array(0x71),
        0x1D57D => array(0x72),
        0x1D57E => array(0x73),
        0x1D57F => array(0x74),
        0x1D580 => array(0x75),
        0x1D581 => array(0x76),
        0x1D582 => array(0x77),
        0x1D583 => array(0x78),
        0x1D584 => array(0x79),
        0x1D585 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D5A0 => array(0x61),
        0x1D5A1 => array(0x62),
        0x1D5A2 => array(0x63),
        0x1D5A3 => array(0x64),
        0x1D5A4 => array(0x65),
        0x1D5A5 => array(0x66),
        0x1D5A6 => array(0x67),
        0x1D5A7 => array(0x68),
        0x1D5A8 => array(0x69),
        0x1D5A9 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D5AA => array(0x6B),
        0x1D5AB => array(0x6C),
        0x1D5AC => array(0x6D),
        0x1D5AD => array(0x6E),
        0x1D5AE => array(0x6F),
        0x1D5AF => array(0x70),
        0x1D5B0 => array(0x71),
        0x1D5B1 => array(0x72),
        0x1D5B2 => array(0x73),
        0x1D5B3 => array(0x74),
        0x1D5B4 => array(0x75),
        0x1D5B5 => array(0x76),
        0x1D5B6 => array(0x77),
        0x1D5B7 => array(0x78),
        0x1D5B8 => array(0x79),
        0x1D5B9 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D5D4 => array(0x61),
        0x1D5D5 => array(0x62),
        0x1D5D6 => array(0x63),
        0x1D5D7 => array(0x64),
        0x1D5D8 => array(0x65),
        0x1D5D9 => array(0x66),
        0x1D5DA => array(0x67),
        0x1D5DB => array(0x68),
        0x1D5DC => array(0x69),
        0x1D5DD => array(0x6A),
        0x1D5DE => array(0x6B),
        0x1D5DF => array(0x6C),
        0x1D5E0 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D5E1 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D5E2 => array(0x6F),
        0x1D5E3 => array(0x70),
        0x1D5E4 => array(0x71),
        0x1D5E5 => array(0x72),
        0x1D5E6 => array(0x73),
        0x1D5E7 => array(0x74),
        0x1D5E8 => array(0x75),
        0x1D5E9 => array(0x76),
        0x1D5EA => array(0x77),
        0x1D5EB => array(0x78),
        0x1D5EC => array(0x79),
        0x1D5ED => array(0x7A),
        0x1D608 => array(0x61),
        0x1D609 => array(0x62),
        0x1D60A => array(0x63),
        0x1D60B => array(0x64),
        0x1D60C => array(0x65),
        0x1D60D => array(0x66),
        0x1D60E => array(0x67),
        0x1D60F => array(0x68),
        0x1D610 => array(0x69),
        0x1D611 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D612 => array(0x6B),
        0x1D613 => array(0x6C),
        0x1D614 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D615 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D616 => array(0x6F),
        0x1D617 => array(0x70),
        0x1D618 => array(0x71),
        0x1D619 => array(0x72),
        0x1D61A => array(0x73),
        0x1D61B => array(0x74),
        0x1D61C => array(0x75),
        0x1D61D => array(0x76),
        0x1D61E => array(0x77),
        0x1D61F => array(0x78),
        0x1D620 => array(0x79),
        0x1D621 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D63C => array(0x61),
        0x1D63D => array(0x62),
        0x1D63E => array(0x63),
        0x1D63F => array(0x64),
        0x1D640 => array(0x65),
        0x1D641 => array(0x66),
        0x1D642 => array(0x67),
        0x1D643 => array(0x68),
        0x1D644 => array(0x69),
        0x1D645 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D646 => array(0x6B),
        0x1D647 => array(0x6C),
        0x1D648 => array(0x6D),
        0x1D649 => array(0x6E),
        0x1D64A => array(0x6F),
        0x1D64B => array(0x70),
        0x1D64C => array(0x71),
        0x1D64D => array(0x72),
        0x1D64E => array(0x73),
        0x1D64F => array(0x74),
        0x1D650 => array(0x75),
        0x1D651 => array(0x76),
        0x1D652 => array(0x77),
        0x1D653 => array(0x78),
        0x1D654 => array(0x79),
        0x1D655 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D670 => array(0x61),
        0x1D671 => array(0x62),
        0x1D672 => array(0x63),
        0x1D673 => array(0x64),
        0x1D674 => array(0x65),
        0x1D675 => array(0x66),
        0x1D676 => array(0x67),
        0x1D677 => array(0x68),
        0x1D678 => array(0x69),
        0x1D679 => array(0x6A),
        0x1D67A => array(0x6B),
        0x1D67B => array(0x6C),
        0x1D67C => array(0x6D),
        0x1D67D => array(0x6E),
        0x1D67E => array(0x6F),
        0x1D67F => array(0x70),
        0x1D680 => array(0x71),
        0x1D681 => array(0x72),
        0x1D682 => array(0x73),
        0x1D683 => array(0x74),
        0x1D684 => array(0x75),
        0x1D685 => array(0x76),
        0x1D686 => array(0x77),
        0x1D687 => array(0x78),
        0x1D688 => array(0x79),
        0x1D689 => array(0x7A),
        0x1D6A8 => array(0x3B1),
        0x1D6A9 => array(0x3B2),
        0x1D6AA => array(0x3B3),
        0x1D6AB => array(0x3B4),
        0x1D6AC => array(0x3B5),
        0x1D6AD => array(0x3B6),
        0x1D6AE => array(0x3B7),
        0x1D6AF => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D6B0 => array(0x3B9),
        0x1D6B1 => array(0x3BA),
        0x1D6B2 => array(0x3BB),
        0x1D6B3 => array(0x3BC),
        0x1D6B4 => array(0x3BD),
        0x1D6B5 => array(0x3BE),
        0x1D6B6 => array(0x3BF),
        0x1D6B7 => array(0x3C0),
        0x1D6B8 => array(0x3C1),
        0x1D6B9 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D6BA => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D6BB => array(0x3C4),
        0x1D6BC => array(0x3C5),
        0x1D6BD => array(0x3C6),
        0x1D6BE => array(0x3C7),
        0x1D6BF => array(0x3C8),
        0x1D6C0 => array(0x3C9),
        0x1D6D3 => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D6E2 => array(0x3B1),
        0x1D6E3 => array(0x3B2),
        0x1D6E4 => array(0x3B3),
        0x1D6E5 => array(0x3B4),
        0x1D6E6 => array(0x3B5),
        0x1D6E7 => array(0x3B6),
        0x1D6E8 => array(0x3B7),
        0x1D6E9 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D6EA => array(0x3B9),
        0x1D6EB => array(0x3BA),
        0x1D6EC => array(0x3BB),
        0x1D6ED => array(0x3BC),
        0x1D6EE => array(0x3BD),
        0x1D6EF => array(0x3BE),
        0x1D6F0 => array(0x3BF),
        0x1D6F1 => array(0x3C0),
        0x1D6F2 => array(0x3C1),
        0x1D6F3 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D6F4 => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D6F5 => array(0x3C4),
        0x1D6F6 => array(0x3C5),
        0x1D6F7 => array(0x3C6),
        0x1D6F8 => array(0x3C7),
        0x1D6F9 => array(0x3C8),
        0x1D6FA => array(0x3C9),
        0x1D70D => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D71C => array(0x3B1),
        0x1D71D => array(0x3B2),
        0x1D71E => array(0x3B3),
        0x1D71F => array(0x3B4),
        0x1D720 => array(0x3B5),
        0x1D721 => array(0x3B6),
        0x1D722 => array(0x3B7),
        0x1D723 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D724 => array(0x3B9),
        0x1D725 => array(0x3BA),
        0x1D726 => array(0x3BB),
        0x1D727 => array(0x3BC),
        0x1D728 => array(0x3BD),
        0x1D729 => array(0x3BE),
        0x1D72A => array(0x3BF),
        0x1D72B => array(0x3C0),
        0x1D72C => array(0x3C1),
        0x1D72D => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D72E => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D72F => array(0x3C4),
        0x1D730 => array(0x3C5),
        0x1D731 => array(0x3C6),
        0x1D732 => array(0x3C7),
        0x1D733 => array(0x3C8),
        0x1D734 => array(0x3C9),
        0x1D747 => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D756 => array(0x3B1),
        0x1D757 => array(0x3B2),
        0x1D758 => array(0x3B3),
        0x1D759 => array(0x3B4),
        0x1D75A => array(0x3B5),
        0x1D75B => array(0x3B6),
        0x1D75C => array(0x3B7),
        0x1D75D => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D75E => array(0x3B9),
        0x1D75F => array(0x3BA),
        0x1D760 => array(0x3BB),
        0x1D761 => array(0x3BC),
        0x1D762 => array(0x3BD),
        0x1D763 => array(0x3BE),
        0x1D764 => array(0x3BF),
        0x1D765 => array(0x3C0),
        0x1D766 => array(0x3C1),
        0x1D767 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D768 => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D769 => array(0x3C4),
        0x1D76A => array(0x3C5),
        0x1D76B => array(0x3C6),
        0x1D76C => array(0x3C7),
        0x1D76D => array(0x3C8),
        0x1D76E => array(0x3C9),
        0x1D781 => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D790 => array(0x3B1),
        0x1D791 => array(0x3B2),
        0x1D792 => array(0x3B3),
        0x1D793 => array(0x3B4),
        0x1D794 => array(0x3B5),
        0x1D795 => array(0x3B6),
        0x1D796 => array(0x3B7),
        0x1D797 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D798 => array(0x3B9),
        0x1D799 => array(0x3BA),
        0x1D79A => array(0x3BB),
        0x1D79B => array(0x3BC),
        0x1D79C => array(0x3BD),
        0x1D79D => array(0x3BE),
        0x1D79E => array(0x3BF),
        0x1D79F => array(0x3C0),
        0x1D7A0 => array(0x3C1),
        0x1D7A1 => array(0x3B8),
        0x1D7A2 => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D7A3 => array(0x3C4),
        0x1D7A4 => array(0x3C5),
        0x1D7A5 => array(0x3C6),
        0x1D7A6 => array(0x3C7),
        0x1D7A7 => array(0x3C8),
        0x1D7A8 => array(0x3C9),
        0x1D7BB => array(0x3C3),
        0x3F9   => array(0x3C3),
        0x1D2C  => array(0x61),
        0x1D2D  => array(0xE6),
        0x1D2E  => array(0x62),
        0x1D30  => array(0x64),
        0x1D31  => array(0x65),
        0x1D32  => array(0x1DD),
        0x1D33  => array(0x67),
        0x1D34  => array(0x68),
        0x1D35  => array(0x69),
        0x1D36  => array(0x6A),
        0x1D37  => array(0x6B),
        0x1D38  => array(0x6C),
        0x1D39  => array(0x6D),
        0x1D3A  => array(0x6E),
        0x1D3C  => array(0x6F),
        0x1D3D  => array(0x223),
        0x1D3E  => array(0x70),
        0x1D3F  => array(0x72),
        0x1D40  => array(0x74),
        0x1D41  => array(0x75),
        0x1D42  => array(0x77),
        0x213B  => array(0x66, 0x61, 0x78),
        0x3250  => array(0x70, 0x74, 0x65),
        0x32CC  => array(0x68, 0x67),
        0x32CE  => array(0x65, 0x76),
        0x32CF  => array(0x6C, 0x74, 0x64),
        0x337A  => array(0x69, 0x75),
        0x33DE  => array(0x76, 0x2215, 0x6D),
        0x33DF  => array(0x61, 0x2215, 0x6D)
    );

    /**
     * Normalization Combining Classes; Code Points not listed
     * got Combining Class 0.
     *
     * @static
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $_np_norm_combcls = array(
        0x334   => 1,
        0x335   => 1,
        0x336   => 1,
        0x337   => 1,
        0x338   => 1,
        0x93C   => 7,
        0x9BC   => 7,
        0xA3C   => 7,
        0xABC   => 7,
        0xB3C   => 7,
        0xCBC   => 7,
        0x1037  => 7,
        0x3099  => 8,
        0x309A  => 8,
        0x94D   => 9,
        0x9CD   => 9,
        0xA4D   => 9,
        0xACD   => 9,
        0xB4D   => 9,
        0xBCD   => 9,
        0xC4D   => 9,
        0xCCD   => 9,
        0xD4D   => 9,
        0xDCA   => 9,
        0xE3A   => 9,
        0xF84   => 9,
        0x1039  => 9,
        0x1714  => 9,
        0x1734  => 9,
        0x17D2  => 9,
        0x5B0   => 10,
        0x5B1   => 11,
        0x5B2   => 12,
        0x5B3   => 13,
        0x5B4   => 14,
        0x5B5   => 15,
        0x5B6   => 16,
        0x5B7   => 17,
        0x5B8   => 18,
        0x5B9   => 19,
        0x5BB   => 20,
        0x5Bc   => 21,
        0x5BD   => 22,
        0x5BF   => 23,
        0x5C1   => 24,
        0x5C2   => 25,
        0xFB1E  => 26,
        0x64B   => 27,
        0x64C   => 28,
        0x64D   => 29,
        0x64E   => 30,
        0x64F   => 31,
        0x650   => 32,
        0x651   => 33,
        0x652   => 34,
        0x670   => 35,
        0x711   => 36,
        0xC55   => 84,
        0xC56   => 91,
        0xE38   => 103,
        0xE39   => 103,
        0xE48   => 107,
        0xE49   => 107,
        0xE4A   => 107,
        0xE4B   => 107,
        0xEB8   => 118,
        0xEB9   => 118,
        0xEC8   => 122,
        0xEC9   => 122,
        0xECA   => 122,
        0xECB   => 122,
        0xF71   => 129,
        0xF72   => 130,
        0xF7A   => 130,
        0xF7B   => 130,
        0xF7C   => 130,
        0xF7D   => 130,
        0xF80   => 130,
        0xF74   => 132,
        0x321   => 202,
        0x322   => 202,
        0x327   => 202,
        0x328   => 202,
        0x31B   => 216,
        0xF39   => 216,
        0x1D165 => 216,
        0x1D166 => 216,
        0x1D16E => 216,
        0x1D16F => 216,
        0x1D170 => 216,
        0x1D171 => 216,
        0x1D172 => 216,
        0x302A  => 218,
        0x316   => 220,
        0x317   => 220,
        0x318   => 220,
        0x319   => 220,
        0x31C   => 220,
        0x31D   => 220,
        0x31E   => 220,
        0x31F   => 220,
        0x320   => 220,
        0x323   => 220,
        0x324   => 220,
        0x325   => 220,
        0x326   => 220,
        0x329   => 220,
        0x32A   => 220,
        0x32B   => 220,
        0x32C   => 220,
        0x32D   => 220,
        0x32E   => 220,
        0x32F   => 220,
        0x330   => 220,
        0x331   => 220,
        0x332   => 220,
        0x333   => 220,
        0x339   => 220,
        0x33A   => 220,
        0x33B   => 220,
        0x33C   => 220,
        0x347   => 220,
        0x348   => 220,
        0x349   => 220,
        0x34D   => 220,
        0x34E   => 220,
        0x353   => 220,
        0x354   => 220,
        0x355   => 220,
        0x356   => 220,
        0x591   => 220,
        0x596   => 220,
        0x59B   => 220,
        0x5A3   => 220,
        0x5A4   => 220,
        0x5A5   => 220,
        0x5A6   => 220,
        0x5A7   => 220,
        0x5AA   => 220,
        0x655   => 220,
        0x656   => 220,
        0x6E3   => 220,
        0x6EA   => 220,
        0x6ED   => 220,
        0x731   => 220,
        0x734   => 220,
        0x737   => 220,
        0x738   => 220,
        0x739   => 220,
        0x73B   => 220,
        0x73C   => 220,
        0x73E   => 220,
        0x742   => 220,
        0x744   => 220,
        0x746   => 220,
        0x748   => 220,
        0x952   => 220,
        0xF18   => 220,
        0xF19   => 220,
        0xF35   => 220,
        0xF37   => 220,
        0xFC6   => 220,
        0x193B  => 220,
        0x20E8  => 220,
        0x1D17B => 220,
        0x1D17C => 220,
        0x1D17D => 220,
        0x1D17E => 220,
        0x1D17F => 220,
        0x1D180 => 220,
        0x1D181 => 220,
        0x1D182 => 220,
        0x1D18A => 220,
        0x1D18B => 220,
        0x59A   => 222,
        0x5AD   => 222,
        0x1929  => 222,
        0x302D  => 222,
        0x302E  => 224,
        0x302F  => 224,
        0x1D16D => 226,
        0x5AE   => 228,
        0x18A9  => 228,
        0x302B  => 228,
        0x300   => 230,
        0x301   => 230,
        0x302   => 230,
        0x303   => 230,
        0x304   => 230,
        0x305   => 230,
        0x306   => 230,
        0x307   => 230,
        0x308   => 230,
        0x309   => 230,
        0x30A   => 230,
        0x30B   => 230,
        0x30C   => 230,
        0x30D   => 230,
        0x30E   => 230,
        0x30F   => 230,
        0x310   => 230,
        0x311   => 230,
        0x312   => 230,
        0x313   => 230,
        0x314   => 230,
        0x33D   => 230,
        0x33E   => 230,
        0x33F   => 230,
        0x340   => 230,
        0x341   => 230,
        0x342   => 230,
        0x343   => 230,
        0x344   => 230,
        0x346   => 230,
        0x34A   => 230,
        0x34B   => 230,
        0x34C   => 230,
        0x350   => 230,
        0x351   => 230,
        0x352   => 230,
        0x357   => 230,
        0x363   => 230,
        0x364   => 230,
        0x365   => 230,
        0x366   => 230,
        0x367   => 230,
        0x368   => 230,
        0x369   => 230,
        0x36A   => 230,
        0x36B   => 230,
        0x36C   => 230,
        0x36D   => 230,
        0x36E   => 230,
        0x36F   => 230,
        0x483   => 230,
        0x484   => 230,
        0x485   => 230,
        0x486   => 230,
        0x592   => 230,
        0x593   => 230,
        0x594   => 230,
        0x595   => 230,
        0x597   => 230,
        0x598   => 230,
        0x599   => 230,
        0x59C   => 230,
        0x59D   => 230,
        0x59E   => 230,
        0x59F   => 230,
        0x5A0   => 230,
        0x5A1   => 230,
        0x5A8   => 230,
        0x5A9   => 230,
        0x5AB   => 230,
        0x5AC   => 230,
        0x5AF   => 230,
        0x5C4   => 230,
        0x610   => 230,
        0x611   => 230,
        0x612   => 230,
        0x613   => 230,
        0x614   => 230,
        0x615   => 230,
        0x653   => 230,
        0x654   => 230,
        0x657   => 230,
        0x658   => 230,
        0x6D6   => 230,
        0x6D7   => 230,
        0x6D8   => 230,
        0x6D9   => 230,
        0x6DA   => 230,
        0x6DB   => 230,
        0x6DC   => 230,
        0x6DF   => 230,
        0x6E0   => 230,
        0x6E1   => 230,
        0x6E2   => 230,
        0x6E4   => 230,
        0x6E7   => 230,
        0x6E8   => 230,
        0x6EB   => 230,
        0x6EC   => 230,
        0x730   => 230,
        0x732   => 230,
        0x733   => 230,
        0x735   => 230,
        0x736   => 230,
        0x73A   => 230,
        0x73D   => 230,
        0x73F   => 230,
        0x740   => 230,
        0x741   => 230,
        0x743   => 230,
        0x745   => 230,
        0x747   => 230,
        0x749   => 230,
        0x74A   => 230,
        0x951   => 230,
        0x953   => 230,
        0x954   => 230,
        0xF82   => 230,
        0xF83   => 230,
        0xF86   => 230,
        0xF87   => 230,
        0x170D  => 230,
        0x193A  => 230,
        0x20D0  => 230,
        0x20D1  => 230,
        0x20D4  => 230,
        0x20D5  => 230,
        0x20D6  => 230,
        0x20D7  => 230,
        0x20DB  => 230,
        0x20DC  => 230,
        0x20E1  => 230,
        0x20E7  => 230,
        0x20E9  => 230,
        0xFE20  => 230,
        0xFE21  => 230,
        0xFE22  => 230,
        0xFE23  => 230,
        0x1D185 => 230,
        0x1D186 => 230,
        0x1D187 => 230,
        0x1D189 => 230,
        0x1D188 => 230,
        0x1D1AA => 230,
        0x1D1AB => 230,
        0x1D1AC => 230,
        0x1D1AD => 230,
        0x315   => 232,
        0x31A   => 232,
        0x302C  => 232,
        0x35F   => 233,
        0x362   => 233,
        0x35D   => 234,
        0x35E   => 234,
        0x360   => 234,
        0x361   => 234,
        0x345   => 240
    );
    // }}}

    // {{{ properties
    /**
     * @var string
     * @access private
     */
    private $_punycode_prefix = 'xn--';

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_invalid_ucs = 0x80000000;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_max_ucs = 0x10FFFF;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_base = 36;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tmin = 1;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tmax = 26;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_skew = 38;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_damp = 700;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_initial_bias = 72;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_initial_n = 0x80;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_slast;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_sbase = 0xAC00;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_lbase = 0x1100;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_vbase = 0x1161;

    /**
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tbase = 0x11a7;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_lcount = 19;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_vcount = 21;

    /**
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_tcount = 28;

    /**
     * vcount * tcount
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_ncount = 588;

    /**
     * lcount * tcount * vcount
     *
     * @var int
     * @access private
     */
    private $_scount = 11172;

    /**
     * Default encoding for encode()'s input and decode()'s output is UTF-8;
     * Other possible encodings are ucs4_string and ucs4_array
     * See {@link setParams()} for how to select these
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_api_encoding = 'utf8';

    /**
     * Overlong UTF-8 encodings are forbidden
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_allow_overlong = false;

    /**
     * Behave strict or not
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_strict_mode = false;

    /**
     * IDNA-version to use
     *
     * Values are "2003" and "2008".
     * Defaults to "2003", since that was the original version and for
     * compatibility with previous versions of this library.
     * If you need to encode "new" characters like the German "Eszett",
     * please switch to 2008 first before encoding.
     *
     * @var bool
     * @access private
     */
    private $_version = '2003';

    /**
     * Cached value indicating whether or not mbstring function overloading is
     * on for strlen
     *
     * This is cached for optimal performance.
     *
     * @var boolean
     * @see Net_IDNA2::_byteLength()
     */
    private static $_mb_string_overload = null;
    // }}}


    // {{{ constructor
    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param array $options Options to initialise the object with
     *
     * @access public
     * @see    setParams()
     */
    public function __construct($options = null)
    {
        $this->_slast = $this->_sbase + $this->_lcount * $this->_vcount * $this->_tcount;

        if (is_array($options)) {
            $this->setParams($options);
        }

        // populate mbstring overloading cache if not set
        if (self::$_mb_string_overload === null) {
            self::$_mb_string_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring')
                && (ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') & 0x02) === 0x02);
        }
    }
    // }}}


    /**
     * Sets a new option value. Available options and values:
     *
     * [utf8 -     Use either UTF-8 or ISO-8859-1 as input (true for UTF-8, false
     *             otherwise); The output is always UTF-8]
     * [overlong - Unicode does not allow unnecessarily long encodings of chars,
     *             to allow this, set this parameter to true, else to false;
     *             default is false.]
     * [strict -   true: strict mode, good for registration purposes - Causes errors
     *             on failures; false: loose mode, ideal for "wildlife" applications
     *             by silently ignoring errors and returning the original input instead]
     *
     * @param mixed  $option Parameter to set (string: single parameter; array of Parameter => Value pairs)
     * @param string $value  Value to use (if parameter 1 is a string)
     *
     * @return boolean       true on success, false otherwise
     * @access public
     */
    public function setParams($option, $value = false)
    {
        if (!is_array($option)) {
            $option = array($option => $value);
        }

        foreach ($option as $k => $v) {
            switch ($k) {
            case 'encoding':
                switch ($v) {
                case 'utf8':
                case 'ucs4_string':
                case 'ucs4_array':
                    $this->_api_encoding = $v;
                    break;

                default:
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Set Parameter: Unknown parameter '.$v.' for option '.$k);
                }

                break;

            case 'overlong':
                $this->_allow_overlong = ($v) ? true : false;
                break;

            case 'strict':
                $this->_strict_mode = ($v) ? true : false;
                break;

            case 'version':
                if (in_array($v, array('2003', '2008'))) {
                    $this->_version = $v;
                } else {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Set Parameter: Invalid parameter '.$v.' for option '.$k);
                }
                break;

            default:
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Encode a given UTF-8 domain name.
     *
     * @param string $decoded           Domain name (UTF-8 or UCS-4)
     * @param string $one_time_encoding Desired input encoding, see {@link set_parameter}
     *                                  If not given will use default-encoding
     *
     * @return string Encoded Domain name (ACE string)
     * @return mixed  processed string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access public
     */
    public function encode($decoded, $one_time_encoding = false)
    {
        // Forcing conversion of input to UCS4 array
        // If one time encoding is given, use this, else the objects property
        switch (($one_time_encoding) ? $one_time_encoding : $this->_api_encoding) {
        case 'utf8':
            $decoded = $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($decoded);
            break;
        case 'ucs4_string':
            $decoded = $this->_ucs4_string_to_ucs4($decoded);
        case 'ucs4_array': // No break; before this line. Catch case, but do nothing
            break;
        default:
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported input format');
        }

        // No input, no output, what else did you expect?
        if (empty($decoded)) return '';

        // Anchors for iteration
        $last_begin = 0;
        // Output string
        $output = '';

        foreach ($decoded as $k => $v) {
            // Make sure to use just the plain dot
            switch($v) {
            case 0x3002:
            case 0xFF0E:
            case 0xFF61:
                $decoded[$k] = 0x2E;
                // It's right, no break here
                // The codepoints above have to be converted to dots anyway

            // Stumbling across an anchoring character
            case 0x2E:
            case 0x2F:
            case 0x3A:
            case 0x3F:
            case 0x40:
                // Neither email addresses nor URLs allowed in strict mode
                if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                    throw new InvalidArgumentException('Neither email addresses nor URLs are allowed in strict mode.');
                }
                // Skip first char
                if ($k) {
                    $encoded = '';
                    $encoded = $this->_encode(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($k)-$last_begin)));
                    if ($encoded) {
                        $output .= $encoded;
                    } else {
                        $output .= $this->_ucs4_to_utf8(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($k)-$last_begin)));
                    }
                    $output .= chr($decoded[$k]);
                }
                $last_begin = $k + 1;
            }
        }
        // Catch the rest of the string
        if ($last_begin) {
            $inp_len = sizeof($decoded);
            $encoded = '';
            $encoded = $this->_encode(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($inp_len)-$last_begin)));
            if ($encoded) {
                $output .= $encoded;
            } else {
                $output .= $this->_ucs4_to_utf8(array_slice($decoded, $last_begin, (($inp_len)-$last_begin)));
            }
            return $output;
        }

        if ($output = $this->_encode($decoded)) {
            return $output;
        }

        return $this->_ucs4_to_utf8($decoded);
    }

    /**
     * Decode a given ACE domain name.
     *
     * @param string $input             Domain name (ACE string)
     * @param string $one_time_encoding Desired output encoding, see {@link set_parameter}
     *
     * @return string                   Decoded Domain name (UTF-8 or UCS-4)
     * @throws Exception
     * @access public
     */
    public function decode($input, $one_time_encoding = false)
    {
        // Optionally set
        if ($one_time_encoding) {
            switch ($one_time_encoding) {
            case 'utf8':
            case 'ucs4_string':
            case 'ucs4_array':
                break;
            default:
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unknown encoding '.$one_time_encoding);
            }
        }
        // Make sure to drop any newline characters around
        $input = trim($input);

        // Negotiate input and try to determine, wether it is a plain string,
        // an email address or something like a complete URL
        if (strpos($input, '@')) { // Maybe it is an email address
            // No no in strict mode
            if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Only simple domain name parts can be handled in strict mode');
            }
            list($email_pref, $input) = explode('@', $input, 2);
            $arr = explode('.', $input);
            foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                if ($conv) $arr[$k] = $conv;
            }
            $return = $email_pref . '@' . join('.', $arr);
        } elseif (preg_match('![:\./]!', $input)) { // Or a complete domain name (with or without paths / parameters)
            // No no in strict mode
            if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Only simple domain name parts can be handled in strict mode');
            }

            $parsed = parse_url($input);
            if (isset($parsed['host'])) {
                $arr = explode('.', $parsed['host']);
                foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                    $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                    if ($conv) $arr[$k] = $conv;
                }
                $parsed['host'] = join('.', $arr);
                if (isset($parsed['scheme'])) {
                    $parsed['scheme'] .= (strtolower($parsed['scheme']) == 'mailto') ? ':' : '://';
                }
                $return = $this->_unparse_url($parsed);
            } else { // parse_url seems to have failed, try without it
                $arr = explode('.', $input);
                foreach ($arr as $k => $v) {
                    $conv = $this->_decode($v);
                    if ($conv) $arr[$k] = $conv;
                }
                $return = join('.', $arr);
            }
        } else { // Otherwise we consider it being a pure domain name string
            $return = $this->_decode($input);
        }
        // The output is UTF-8 by default, other output formats need conversion here
        // If one time encoding is given, use this, else the objects property
        switch (($one_time_encoding) ? $one_time_encoding : $this->_api_encoding) {
        case 'utf8':
            return $return;
            break;
        case 'ucs4_string':
            return $this->_ucs4_to_ucs4_string($this->_utf8_to_ucs4($return));
            break;
        case 'ucs4_array':
            return $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($return);
            break;
        default:
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Unsupported output format');
        }
    }


    // {{{ private
    /**
     * Opposite function to parse_url()
     *
     * Inspired by code from comments of php.net-documentation for parse_url()
     *
     * @param array $parts_arr parts (strings) as returned by parse_url()
     *
     * @return string
     * @access private
     */
    private function _unparse_url($parts_arr)
    {
        if (!empty($parts_arr['scheme'])) {
            $ret_url = $parts_arr['scheme'];
        }
        if (!empty($parts_arr['user'])) {
            $ret_url .= $parts_arr['user'];
            if (!empty($parts_arr['pass'])) {
                $ret_url .= ':' . $parts_arr['pass'];
            }
            $ret_url .= '@';
        }
        $ret_url .= $parts_arr['host'];
        if (!empty($parts_arr['port'])) {
            $ret_url .= ':' . $parts_arr['port'];
        }
        $ret_url .= $parts_arr['path'];
        if (!empty($parts_arr['query'])) {
            $ret_url .= '?' . $parts_arr['query'];
        }
        if (!empty($parts_arr['fragment'])) {
            $ret_url .= '#' . $parts_arr['fragment'];
        }
        return $ret_url;
    }

    /**
     * The actual encoding algorithm.
     *
     * @param string $decoded Decoded string which should be encoded
     *
     * @return string         Encoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _encode($decoded)
    {
        // We cannot encode a domain name containing the Punycode prefix
        $extract = self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix);
        $check_pref = $this->_utf8_to_ucs4($this->_punycode_prefix);
        $check_deco = array_slice($decoded, 0, $extract);

        if ($check_pref == $check_deco) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('This is already a punycode string');
        }

        // We will not try to encode strings consisting of basic code points only
        $encodable = false;
        foreach ($decoded as $k => $v) {
            if ($v > 0x7a) {
                $encodable = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (!$encodable) {
            if ($this->_strict_mode) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('The given string does not contain encodable chars');
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Do NAMEPREP
        $decoded = $this->_nameprep($decoded);

        $deco_len = count($decoded);

        // Empty array
        if (!$deco_len) {
            return false;
        }

        // How many chars have been consumed
        $codecount = 0;

        // Start with the prefix; copy it to output
        $encoded = $this->_punycode_prefix;

        $encoded = '';
        // Copy all basic code points to output
        for ($i = 0; $i < $deco_len; ++$i) {
            $test = $decoded[$i];
            // Will match [0-9a-zA-Z-]
            if ((0x2F < $test && $test < 0x40)
                || (0x40 < $test && $test < 0x5B)
                || (0x60 < $test && $test <= 0x7B)
                || (0x2D == $test)
            ) {
                $encoded .= chr($decoded[$i]);
                $codecount++;
            }
        }

        // All codepoints were basic ones
        if ($codecount == $deco_len) {
            return $encoded;
        }

        // Start with the prefix; copy it to output
        $encoded = $this->_punycode_prefix . $encoded;

        // If we have basic code points in output, add an hyphen to the end
        if ($codecount) {
            $encoded .= '-';
        }

        // Now find and encode all non-basic code points
        $is_first  = true;
        $cur_code  = $this->_initial_n;
        $bias      = $this->_initial_bias;
        $delta     = 0;

        while ($codecount < $deco_len) {
            // Find the smallest code point >= the current code point and
            // remember the last ouccrence of it in the input
            for ($i = 0, $next_code = $this->_max_ucs; $i < $deco_len; $i++) {
                if ($decoded[$i] >= $cur_code && $decoded[$i] <= $next_code) {
                    $next_code = $decoded[$i];
                }
            }

            $delta += ($next_code - $cur_code) * ($codecount + 1);
            $cur_code = $next_code;

            // Scan input again and encode all characters whose code point is $cur_code
            for ($i = 0; $i < $deco_len; $i++) {
                if ($decoded[$i] < $cur_code) {
                    $delta++;
                } else if ($decoded[$i] == $cur_code) {
                    for ($q = $delta, $k = $this->_base; 1; $k += $this->_base) {
                        $t = ($k <= $bias)?
                            $this->_tmin :
                            (($k >= $bias + $this->_tmax)? $this->_tmax : $k - $bias);

                        if ($q < $t) {
                            break;
                        }

                        $encoded .= $this->_encodeDigit(ceil($t + (($q - $t) % ($this->_base - $t))));
                        $q = ($q - $t) / ($this->_base - $t);
                    }

                    $encoded .= $this->_encodeDigit($q);
                    $bias = $this->_adapt($delta, $codecount + 1, $is_first);
                    $codecount++;
                    $delta = 0;
                    $is_first = false;
                }
            }

            $delta++;
            $cur_code++;
        }

        return $encoded;
    }

    /**
     * The actual decoding algorithm.
     *
     * @param string $encoded Encoded string which should be decoded
     *
     * @return string         Decoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _decode($encoded)
    {
        // We do need to find the Punycode prefix
        if (!preg_match('!^' . preg_quote($this->_punycode_prefix, '!') . '!', $encoded)) {
            return false;
        }

        $encode_test = preg_replace('!^' . preg_quote($this->_punycode_prefix, '!') . '!', '', $encoded);

        // If nothing left after removing the prefix, it is hopeless
        if (!$encode_test) {
            return false;
        }

        // Find last occurence of the delimiter
        $delim_pos = strrpos($encoded, '-');

        if ($delim_pos > self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix)) {
            for ($k = self::_byteLength($this->_punycode_prefix); $k < $delim_pos; ++$k) {
                $decoded[] = ord($encoded[$k]);
            }
        } else {
            $decoded = array();
        }

        $deco_len = count($decoded);
        $enco_len = self::_byteLength($encoded);

        // Wandering through the strings; init
        $is_first = true;
        $bias     = $this->_initial_bias;
        $idx      = 0;
        $char     = $this->_initial_n;

        for ($enco_idx = ($delim_pos)? ($delim_pos + 1) : 0; $enco_idx < $enco_len; ++$deco_len) {
            for ($old_idx = $idx, $w = 1, $k = $this->_base; 1 ; $k += $this->_base) {
                $digit = $this->_decodeDigit($encoded[$enco_idx++]);
                $idx += $digit * $w;

                $t = ($k <= $bias) ?
                    $this->_tmin :
                    (($k >= $bias + $this->_tmax)? $this->_tmax : ($k - $bias));

                if ($digit < $t) {
                    break;
                }

                $w = (int)($w * ($this->_base - $t));
            }

            $bias      = $this->_adapt($idx - $old_idx, $deco_len + 1, $is_first);
            $is_first  = false;
            $char     += (int) ($idx / ($deco_len + 1));
            $idx      %= ($deco_len + 1);

            if ($deco_len > 0) {
                // Make room for the decoded char
                for ($i = $deco_len; $i > $idx; $i--) {
                    $decoded[$i] = $decoded[($i - 1)];
                }
            }

            $decoded[$idx++] = $char;
        }

        return $this->_ucs4_to_utf8($decoded);
    }

    /**
     * Adapt the bias according to the current code point and position.
     *
     * @param int     $delta    ...
     * @param int     $npoints  ...
     * @param boolean $is_first ...
     *
     * @return int
     * @access private
     */
    private function _adapt($delta, $npoints, $is_first)
    {
        $delta = (int) ($is_first ? ($delta / $this->_damp) : ($delta / 2));
        $delta += (int) ($delta / $npoints);

        for ($k = 0; $delta > (($this->_base - $this->_tmin) * $this->_tmax) / 2; $k += $this->_base) {
            $delta = (int) ($delta / ($this->_base - $this->_tmin));
        }

        return (int) ($k + ($this->_base - $this->_tmin + 1) * $delta / ($delta + $this->_skew));
    }

    /**
     * Encoding a certain digit.
     *
     * @param int $d One digit to encode
     *
     * @return char  Encoded digit
     * @access private
     */
    private function _encodeDigit($d)
    {
        return chr($d + 22 + 75 * ($d < 26));
    }

    /**
     * Decode a certain digit.
     *
     * @param char $cp One digit (character) to decode
     *
     * @return int     Decoded digit
     * @access private
     */
    private function _decodeDigit($cp)
    {
        $cp = ord($cp);
        return ($cp - 48 < 10)? $cp - 22 : (($cp - 65 < 26)? $cp - 65 : (($cp - 97 < 26)? $cp - 97 : $this->_base));
    }

    /**
     * Do Nameprep according to RFC3491 and RFC3454.
     *
     * @param array $input Unicode Characters
     *
     * @return string      Unicode Characters, Nameprep'd
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _nameprep($input)
    {
        $output = array();

        // Walking through the input array, performing the required steps on each of
        // the input chars and putting the result into the output array
        // While mapping required chars we apply the cannonical ordering

        foreach ($input as $v) {
            // Map to nothing == skip that code point
            if (in_array($v, self::$_np_map_nothing)) {
                continue;
            }

            // Try to find prohibited input
            if (in_array($v, self::$_np_prohibit) || in_array($v, self::$_general_prohibited)) {
                throw new Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep('Prohibited input U+' . sprintf('%08X', $v));
            }

            foreach (self::$_np_prohibit_ranges as $range) {
                if ($range[0] <= $v && $v <= $range[1]) {
                    throw new Net_IDNA2_Exception_Nameprep('Prohibited input U+' . sprintf('%08X', $v));
                }
            }

            // Hangul syllable decomposition
            if (0xAC00 <= $v && $v <= 0xD7AF) {
                foreach ($this->_hangulDecompose($v) as $out) {
                    $output[] = $out;
                }
            } else if (($this->_version == '2003') && isset(self::$_np_replacemaps[$v])) {
                // There's a decomposition mapping for that code point
                // Decompositions only in version 2003 (original) of IDNA
                foreach ($this->_applyCannonicalOrdering(self::$_np_replacemaps[$v]) as $out) {
                    $output[] = $out;
                }
            } else {
                $output[] = $v;
            }
        }

        // Combine code points

        $last_class   = 0;
        $last_starter = 0;
        $out_len      = count($output);

        for ($i = 0; $i < $out_len; ++$i) {
            $class = $this->_getCombiningClass($output[$i]);

            if ((!$last_class || $last_class != $class) && $class) {
                // Try to match
                $seq_len = $i - $last_starter;
                $out = $this->_combine(array_slice($output, $last_starter, $seq_len));

                // On match: Replace the last starter with the composed character and remove
                // the now redundant non-starter(s)
                if ($out) {
                    $output[$last_starter] = $out;

                    if (count($out) != $seq_len) {
                        for ($j = $i + 1; $j < $out_len; ++$j) {
                            $output[$j - 1] = $output[$j];
                        }

                        unset($output[$out_len]);
                    }

                    // Rewind the for loop by one, since there can be more possible compositions
                    $i--;
                    $out_len--;
                    $last_class = ($i == $last_starter)? 0 : $this->_getCombiningClass($output[$i - 1]);

                    continue;
                }
            }

            // The current class is 0
            if (!$class) {
                $last_starter = $i;
            }

            $last_class = $class;
        }

        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Decomposes a Hangul syllable
     * (see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/#Hangul).
     *
     * @param integer $char 32bit UCS4 code point
     *
     * @return array        Either Hangul Syllable decomposed or original 32bit
     *                      value as one value array
     * @access private
     */
    private function _hangulDecompose($char)
    {
        $sindex = $char - $this->_sbase;

        if ($sindex < 0 || $sindex >= $this->_scount) {
            return array($char);
        }

        $result   = array();
        $T        = $this->_tbase + $sindex % $this->_tcount;
        $result[] = (int)($this->_lbase +  $sindex / $this->_ncount);
        $result[] = (int)($this->_vbase + ($sindex % $this->_ncount) / $this->_tcount);

        if ($T != $this->_tbase) {
            $result[] = $T;
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Ccomposes a Hangul syllable
     * (see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/#Hangul).
     *
     * @param array $input Decomposed UCS4 sequence
     *
     * @return array       UCS4 sequence with syllables composed
     * @access private
     */
    private function _hangulCompose($input)
    {
        $inp_len = count($input);

        if (!$inp_len) {
            return array();
        }

        $result   = array();
        $last     = $input[0];
        $result[] = $last; // copy first char from input to output

        for ($i = 1; $i < $inp_len; ++$i) {
            $char = $input[$i];

            // Find out, wether two current characters from L and V
            $lindex = $last - $this->_lbase;

            if (0 <= $lindex && $lindex < $this->_lcount) {
                $vindex = $char - $this->_vbase;

                if (0 <= $vindex && $vindex < $this->_vcount) {
                    // create syllable of form LV
                    $last    = ($this->_sbase + ($lindex * $this->_vcount + $vindex) * $this->_tcount);
                    $out_off = count($result) - 1;
                    $result[$out_off] = $last; // reset last

                    // discard char
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // Find out, wether two current characters are LV and T
            $sindex = $last - $this->_sbase;

            if (0 <= $sindex && $sindex < $this->_scount && ($sindex % $this->_tcount) == 0) {
                $tindex = $char - $this->_tbase;

                if (0 <= $tindex && $tindex <= $this->_tcount) {
                    // create syllable of form LVT
                    $last += $tindex;
                    $out_off = count($result) - 1;
                    $result[$out_off] = $last; // reset last

                    // discard char
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // if neither case was true, just add the character
            $last = $char;
            $result[] = $char;
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the combining class of a certain wide char.
     *
     * @param integer $char Wide char to check (32bit integer)
     *
     * @return integer      Combining class if found, else 0
     * @access private
     */
    private function _getCombiningClass($char)
    {
        return isset(self::$_np_norm_combcls[$char])? self::$_np_norm_combcls[$char] : 0;
    }

    /**
     * Apllies the cannonical ordering of a decomposed UCS4 sequence.
     *
     * @param array $input Decomposed UCS4 sequence
     *
     * @return array       Ordered USC4 sequence
     * @access private
     */
    private function _applyCannonicalOrdering($input)
    {
        $swap = true;
        $size = count($input);

        while ($swap) {
            $swap = false;
            $last = $this->_getCombiningClass($input[0]);

            for ($i = 0; $i < $size - 1; ++$i) {
                $next = $this->_getCombiningClass($input[$i + 1]);

                if ($next != 0 && $last > $next) {
                    // Move item leftward until it fits
                    for ($j = $i + 1; $j > 0; --$j) {
                        if ($this->_getCombiningClass($input[$j - 1]) <= $next) {
                            break;
                        }

                        $t = $input[$j];
                        $input[$j] = $input[$j - 1];
                        $input[$j - 1] = $t;
                        $swap = 1;
                    }

                    // Reentering the loop looking at the old character again
                    $next = $last;
                }

                $last = $next;
            }
        }

        return $input;
    }

    /**
     * Do composition of a sequence of starter and non-starter.
     *
     * @param array $input UCS4 Decomposed sequence
     *
     * @return array       Ordered USC4 sequence
     * @access private
     */
    private function _combine($input)
    {
        $inp_len = count($input);

        // Is it a Hangul syllable?
        if (1 != $inp_len) {
            $hangul = $this->_hangulCompose($input);

            // This place is probably wrong
            if (count($hangul) != $inp_len) {
                return $hangul;
            }
        }

        foreach (self::$_np_replacemaps as $np_src => $np_target) {
            if ($np_target[0] != $input[0]) {
                continue;
            }

            if (count($np_target) != $inp_len) {
                continue;
            }

            $hit = false;

            foreach ($input as $k2 => $v2) {
                if ($v2 == $np_target[$k2]) {
                    $hit = true;
                } else {
                    $hit = false;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if ($hit) {
                return $np_src;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * This converts an UTF-8 encoded string to its UCS-4 (array) representation
     * By talking about UCS-4 we mean arrays of 32bit integers representing
     * each of the "chars". This is due to PHP not being able to handle strings with
     * bit depth different from 8. This applies to the reverse method _ucs4_to_utf8(), too.
     * The following UTF-8 encodings are supported:
     *
     * bytes bits  representation
     * 1        7  0xxxxxxx
     * 2       11  110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 3       16  1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 4       21  11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 5       26  111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     * 6       31  1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
     *
     * Each x represents a bit that can be used to store character data.
     *
     * @param string $input utf8-encoded string
     *
     * @return array        ucs4-encoded array
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _utf8_to_ucs4($input)
    {
        $output = array();
        $out_len = 0;
        $inp_len = self::_byteLength($input, '8bit');
        $mode = 'next';
        $test = 'none';
        for ($k = 0; $k < $inp_len; ++$k) {
            $v = ord($input[$k]); // Extract byte from input string

            if ($v < 128) { // We found an ASCII char - put into stirng as is
                $output[$out_len] = $v;
                ++$out_len;
                if ('add' == $mode) {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UTF-8 to UCS-4 failed: malformed input at byte '.$k);
                }
                continue;
            }
            if ('next' == $mode) { // Try to find the next start byte; determine the width of the Unicode char
                $start_byte = $v;
                $mode = 'add';
                $test = 'range';
                if ($v >> 5 == 6) { // &110xxxxx 10xxxxx
                    $next_byte = 0; // Tells, how many times subsequent bitmasks must rotate 6bits to the left
                    $v = ($v - 192) << 6;
                } elseif ($v >> 4 == 14) { // &1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 1;
                    $v = ($v - 224) << 12;
                } elseif ($v >> 3 == 30) { // &11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 2;
                    $v = ($v - 240) << 18;
                } elseif ($v >> 2 == 62) { // &111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 3;
                    $v = ($v - 248) << 24;
                } elseif ($v >> 1 == 126) { // &1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
                    $next_byte = 4;
                    $v = ($v - 252) << 30;
                } else {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('This might be UTF-8, but I don\'t understand it at byte '.$k);
                }
                if ('add' == $mode) {
                    $output[$out_len] = (int) $v;
                    ++$out_len;
                    continue;
                }
            }
            if ('add' == $mode) {
                if (!$this->_allow_overlong && $test == 'range') {
                    $test = 'none';
                    if (($v < 0xA0 && $start_byte == 0xE0) || ($v < 0x90 && $start_byte == 0xF0) || ($v > 0x8F && $start_byte == 0xF4)) {
                        throw new OutOfRangeException('Bogus UTF-8 character detected (out of legal range) at byte '.$k);
                    }
                }
                if ($v >> 6 == 2) { // Bit mask must be 10xxxxxx
                    $v = ($v - 128) << ($next_byte * 6);
                    $output[($out_len - 1)] += $v;
                    --$next_byte;
                } else {
                    throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UTF-8 to UCS-4 failed: malformed input at byte '.$k);
                }
                if ($next_byte < 0) {
                    $mode = 'next';
                }
            }
        } // for
        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Convert UCS-4 array into UTF-8 string
     *
     * @param array $input ucs4-encoded array
     *
     * @return string      utf8-encoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _ucs4_to_utf8($input)
    {
        $output = '';

        foreach ($input as $v) {
            // $v = ord($v);

            if ($v < 128) {
                // 7bit are transferred literally
                $output .= chr($v);
            } else if ($v < 1 << 11) {
                // 2 bytes
                $output .= chr(192 + ($v >> 6))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } else if ($v < 1 << 16) {
                // 3 bytes
                $output .= chr(224 + ($v >> 12))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } else if ($v < 1 << 21) {
                // 4 bytes
                $output .= chr(240 + ($v >> 18))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >>  6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } else if ($v < 1 << 26) {
                // 5 bytes
                $output .= chr(248 + ($v >> 24))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 18) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >>  6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } else if ($v < 1 << 31) {
                // 6 bytes
                $output .= chr(252 + ($v >> 30))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 24) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 18) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >> 12) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + (($v >>  6) & 63))
                    . chr(128 + ($v & 63));
            } else {
                throw new UnexpectedValueException('Conversion from UCS-4 to UTF-8 failed: malformed input');
            }
        }

        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Convert UCS-4 array into UCS-4 string
     *
     * @param array $input ucs4-encoded array
     *
     * @return string      ucs4-encoded string
     * @throws Exception
     * @access private
     */
    private function _ucs4_to_ucs4_string($input)
    {
        $output = '';
        // Take array values and split output to 4 bytes per value
        // The bit mask is 255, which reads &11111111
        foreach ($input as $v) {
            $output .= ($v & (255 << 24) >> 24) . ($v & (255 << 16) >> 16) . ($v & (255 << 8) >> 8) . ($v & 255);
        }
        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Convert UCS-4 string into UCS-4 array
     *
     * @param string $input ucs4-encoded string
     *
     * @return array        ucs4-encoded array
     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
     * @access private
     */
    private function _ucs4_string_to_ucs4($input)
    {
        $output = array();

        $inp_len = self::_byteLength($input);
        // Input length must be dividable by 4
        if ($inp_len % 4) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Input UCS4 string is broken');
        }

        // Empty input - return empty output
        if (!$inp_len) {
            return $output;
        }

        for ($i = 0, $out_len = -1; $i < $inp_len; ++$i) {
            // Increment output position every 4 input bytes
            if (!$i % 4) {
                $out_len++;
                $output[$out_len] = 0;
            }
            $output[$out_len] += ord($input[$i]) << (8 * (3 - ($i % 4) ) );
        }
        return $output;
    }

    /**
     * Echo hex representation of UCS4 sequence.
     *
     * @param array   $input       UCS4 sequence
     * @param boolean $include_bit Include bitmask in output
     *
     * @return void
     * @static
     * @access private
     */
    private static function _showHex($input, $include_bit = false)
    {
        foreach ($input as $k => $v) {
            echo '[', $k, '] => ', sprintf('%X', $v);

            if ($include_bit) {
                echo ' (', Net_IDNA2::_showBitmask($v), ')';
            }

            echo "\n";
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gives you a bit representation of given Byte (8 bits), Word (16 bits) or DWord (32 bits)
     * Output width is automagically determined
     *
     * @param int $octet ...
     *
     * @return string    Bitmask-representation
     * @static
     * @access private
     */
    private static function _showBitmask($octet)
    {
        if ($octet >= (1 << 16)) {
            $w = 31;
        } else if ($octet >= (1 << 8)) {
            $w = 15;
        } else {
            $w = 7;
        }

        $return = '';

        for ($i = $w; $i > -1; $i--) {
            $return .= ($octet & (1 << $i))? '1' : '0';
        }

        return $return;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the length of a string in bytes even if mbstring function
     * overloading is turned on
     *
     * @param string $string the string for which to get the length.
     *
     * @return integer the length of the string in bytes.
     *
     * @see Net_IDNA2::$_mb_string_overload
     */
    private static function _byteLength($string)
    {
        if (self::$_mb_string_overload) {
            return mb_strlen($string, '8bit');
        }
        return strlen((binary)$string);
    }

    // }}}}

    // {{{ factory
    /**
     * Attempts to return a concrete IDNA instance for either php4 or php5.
     *
     * @param array $params Set of paramaters
     *
     * @return Net_IDNA2
     * @access public
     */
    function getInstance($params = array())
    {
        return new Net_IDNA2($params);
    }
    // }}}

    // {{{ singleton
    /**
     * Attempts to return a concrete IDNA instance for either php4 or php5,
     * only creating a new instance if no IDNA instance with the same
     * parameters currently exists.
     *
     * @param array $params Set of paramaters
     *
     * @return object Net_IDNA2
     * @access public
     */
    function singleton($params = array())
    {
        static $instances;
        if (!isset($instances)) {
            $instances = array();
        }

        $signature = serialize($params);
        if (!isset($instances[$signature])) {
            $instances[$signature] = Net_IDNA2::getInstance($params);
        }

        return $instances[$signature];
    }
    // }}}
}

?>
