include/rocksdb/merge_operator.h
// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
// This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
// of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.

#ifndef STORAGE_ROCKSDB_INCLUDE_MERGE_OPERATOR_H_
#define STORAGE_ROCKSDB_INCLUDE_MERGE_OPERATOR_H_

#include <deque>
#include <memory>
#include <string>

#include "rocksdb/slice.h"

namespace rocksdb {

class Slice;
class Logger;

// The Merge Operator
//
// Essentially, a MergeOperator specifies the SEMANTICS of a merge, which only
// client knows. It could be numeric addition, list append, string
// concatenation, edit data structure, ... , anything.
// The library, on the other hand, is concerned with the exercise of this
// interface, at the right time (during get, iteration, compaction...)
//
// To use merge, the client needs to provide an object implementing one of
// the following interfaces:
//  a) AssociativeMergeOperator - for most simple semantics (always take
//    two values, and merge them into one value, which is then put back
//    into rocksdb); numeric addition and string concatenation are examples;
//
//  b) MergeOperator - the generic class for all the more abstract / complex
//    operations; one method (FullMerge) to merge a Put/Delete value with a
//    merge operand; and another method (PartialMerge) that merges multiple
//    operands together. this is especially useful if your key values have
//    complex structures but you would still like to support client-specific
//    incremental updates.
//
// AssociativeMergeOperator is simpler to implement. MergeOperator is simply
// more powerful.
//
// Refer to rocksdb-merge wiki for more details and example implementations.
//
class MergeOperator {
 public:
  virtual ~MergeOperator() {}

  // Gives the client a way to express the read -> modify -> write semantics
  // key:      (IN)    The key that's associated with this merge operation.
  //                   Client could multiplex the merge operator based on it
  //                   if the key space is partitioned and different subspaces
  //                   refer to different types of data which have different
  //                   merge operation semantics
  // existing: (IN)    null indicates that the key does not exist before this op
  // operand_list:(IN) the sequence of merge operations to apply, front() first.
  // new_value:(OUT)   Client is responsible for filling the merge result here.
  // The string that new_value is pointing to will be empty.
  // logger:   (IN)    Client could use this to log errors during merge.
  //
  // Return true on success.
  // All values passed in will be client-specific values. So if this method
  // returns false, it is because client specified bad data or there was
  // internal corruption. This will be treated as an error by the library.
  //
  // Also make use of the *logger for error messages.
  virtual bool FullMerge(const Slice& key,
                         const Slice* existing_value,
                         const std::deque<std::string>& operand_list,
                         std::string* new_value,
                         Logger* logger) const = 0;

  // This function performs merge(left_op, right_op)
  // when both the operands are themselves merge operation types
  // that you would have passed to a DB::Merge() call in the same order
  // (i.e.: DB::Merge(key,left_op), followed by DB::Merge(key,right_op)).
  //
  // PartialMerge should combine them into a single merge operation that is
  // saved into *new_value, and then it should return true.
  // *new_value should be constructed such that a call to
  // DB::Merge(key, *new_value) would yield the same result as a call
  // to DB::Merge(key, left_op) followed by DB::Merge(key, right_op).
  //
  // The string that new_value is pointing to will be empty.
  //
  // The default implementation of PartialMergeMulti will use this function
  // as a helper, for backward compatibility.  Any successor class of
  // MergeOperator should either implement PartialMerge or PartialMergeMulti,
  // although implementing PartialMergeMulti is suggested as it is in general
  // more effective to merge multiple operands at a time instead of two
  // operands at a time.
  //
  // If it is impossible or infeasible to combine the two operations,
  // leave new_value unchanged and return false. The library will
  // internally keep track of the operations, and apply them in the
  // correct order once a base-value (a Put/Delete/End-of-Database) is seen.
  //
  // TODO: Presently there is no way to differentiate between error/corruption
  // and simply "return false". For now, the client should simply return
  // false in any case it cannot perform partial-merge, regardless of reason.
  // If there is corruption in the data, handle it in the FullMerge() function,
  // and return false there.  The default implementation of PartialMerge will
  // always return false.
  virtual bool PartialMerge(const Slice& key, const Slice& left_operand,
                            const Slice& right_operand, std::string* new_value,
                            Logger* logger) const {
    return false;
  }

  // This function performs merge when all the operands are themselves merge
  // operation types that you would have passed to a DB::Merge() call in the
  // same order (front() first)
  // (i.e. DB::Merge(key, operand_list[0]), followed by
  //  DB::Merge(key, operand_list[1]), ...)
  //
  // PartialMergeMulti should combine them into a single merge operation that is
  // saved into *new_value, and then it should return true.  *new_value should
  // be constructed such that a call to DB::Merge(key, *new_value) would yield
  // the same result as subquential individual calls to DB::Merge(key, operand)
  // for each operand in operand_list from front() to back().
  //
  // The string that new_value is pointing to will be empty.
  //
  // The PartialMergeMulti function will be called only when the list of
  // operands are long enough. The minimum amount of operands that will be
  // passed to the function are specified by the "min_partial_merge_operands"
  // option.
  //
  // In the default implementation, PartialMergeMulti will invoke PartialMerge
  // multiple times, where each time it only merges two operands.  Developers
  // should either implement PartialMergeMulti, or implement PartialMerge which
  // is served as the helper function of the default PartialMergeMulti.
  virtual bool PartialMergeMulti(const Slice& key,
                                 const std::deque<Slice>& operand_list,
                                 std::string* new_value, Logger* logger) const;

  // The name of the MergeOperator. Used to check for MergeOperator
  // mismatches (i.e., a DB created with one MergeOperator is
  // accessed using a different MergeOperator)
  // TODO: the name is currently not stored persistently and thus
  //       no checking is enforced. Client is responsible for providing
  //       consistent MergeOperator between DB opens.
  virtual const char* Name() const = 0;
};

// The simpler, associative merge operator.
class AssociativeMergeOperator : public MergeOperator {
 public:
  virtual ~AssociativeMergeOperator() {}

  // Gives the client a way to express the read -> modify -> write semantics
  // key:           (IN) The key that's associated with this merge operation.
  // existing_value:(IN) null indicates the key does not exist before this op
  // value:         (IN) the value to update/merge the existing_value with
  // new_value:    (OUT) Client is responsible for filling the merge result
  // here. The string that new_value is pointing to will be empty.
  // logger:        (IN) Client could use this to log errors during merge.
  //
  // Return true on success.
  // All values passed in will be client-specific values. So if this method
  // returns false, it is because client specified bad data or there was
  // internal corruption. The client should assume that this will be treated
  // as an error by the library.
  virtual bool Merge(const Slice& key,
                     const Slice* existing_value,
                     const Slice& value,
                     std::string* new_value,
                     Logger* logger) const = 0;


 private:
  // Default implementations of the MergeOperator functions
  virtual bool FullMerge(const Slice& key,
                         const Slice* existing_value,
                         const std::deque<std::string>& operand_list,
                         std::string* new_value,
                         Logger* logger) const override;

  virtual bool PartialMerge(const Slice& key,
                            const Slice& left_operand,
                            const Slice& right_operand,
                            std::string* new_value,
                            Logger* logger) const override;
};

}  // namespace rocksdb

#endif  // STORAGE_ROCKSDB_INCLUDE_MERGE_OPERATOR_H_
