review_id stringlengths 8 8 | pmid list | title list | abstract list | target stringlengths 56 2.23k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CD000119 | [
"17448820",
"1503326",
"9231947",
"16306456",
"12100367",
"15045129"
] | [
"The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison.",
"A low-molecular-weight heparinoid compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis i... | [
"Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin or unfractionated heparin is recommended in acute ischaemic stroke, but which regimen provides optimum treatment is uncertain. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of enoxaparin with that of unfractionated heparin for patients with stroke.... | Since the last version of this review none of the three new relevant studies with 2397 participants have provided additional information to change the conclusions. Treatment with a low-molecular-weight heparin or heparinoid after acute ischaemic stroke appears to decrease the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis compared with standard unfractionated heparin, but there are too few data to provide reliable information on their effects on other important outcomes, including death and intracranial haemorrhage. |
CD004016 | [
"4603278",
"2290163",
"9855212",
"3735283",
"11678298",
"3890159",
"6416401",
"7002481",
"9688036",
"9804720",
"11408900",
"2712613",
"1985618",
"11552189",
"10774861",
"53845",
"8348279",
"8934482",
"6742895"
] | [
"Periarthritis of the shoulder: a controlled trial of physiotherapy.",
"A prospective double blind dummy placebo controlled study comparing triamcinolone hexacetonide injection with oral diclofenac 50 mg TDS in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis.",
"Treatment of \"frozen shoulder\" with distension and glucor... | [
"nan",
"A prospective double blind placebo controlled study was carried out to compare the effects of subacromial injection of triamcinolone and oral diclofenac in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis over a 4-week period. Both forms of treatment were superior to placebo in reducing pain, improving active abduct... | Despite many RCTs of corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain, their small sample sizes, variable methodological quality and heterogeneity means that there is little overall evidence to guide treatment. Subacromial corticosteroid injection for rotator cuff disease and intra-articular injection for adhesive capsulitis may be beneficial although their effect may be small and not well-maintained.
There is a need for further trials investigating the efficacy of corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain. Other important issues that remain to be clarified include whether the accuracy of needle placement, anatomical site, frequency, dose and type of corticosteroid influences efficacy. |
CD004231 | [
"10373132"
] | [
"Persistent nocturnal cough: randomised controlled trial of high dose inhaled corticosteroid."
] | [
"To investigate the effect of a short course of inhaled corticosteroid in the treatment of isolated and persistent nocturnal cough in children.\n Randomised double blind placebo controlled study.\n Subjects' homes in east London, England.\n Consecutively referred childre... | In one study beclomethasone dipropionate (400 micrograms per day) was no different from placebo in reducing the frequency of cough measured objectively or scored subjectively. There might be a small improvement with very high-dose inhaled corticosteroid but the clinical impact of this is unlikely to beneficial. |
CD003494 | [
"7888970",
"1873454",
"7873952",
"9259219",
"10617523",
"14990522",
"15596155",
"9386883"
] | [
"Controlled evaluation of a general practice-based brief intervention for excessive drinking.",
"A randomized trial of smoking cessation interventions in general practice in Italy.",
"Randomised controlled trial comparing problem solving treatment with amitriptyline and placebo for major depression in primary c... | [
"In a controlled evaluation of general practitioner (GP)-based brief intervention, 378 excessive drinkers identified opportunistically by screening in 40 group practices in metropolitan Sydney were assigned to groups receiving: (i) a five-session intervention by the GP (the Alcoholscreen Program); (ii) a single ses... | In general, there is little available evidence on the use of psychosocial interventions by general practitioners. Of the psychosocial interventions reviewed, problem-solving treatment for depression may offer promise, although a stronger evidence-base is required and the effectiveness in routine practice remains to be demonstrated. More research is required to improve the evidence-base on this subject. |
CD002859 | [
"8267038",
"8739461",
"11270643",
"9065133",
"9262298",
"9022487",
"12632426",
"9166175",
"9219700",
"11470043",
"1595785",
"12220757",
"10649166"
] | [
"Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients.",
"A clinical trial for the treatment of antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss with lower dose heparin and aspirin.",
"Pregnancy outcome in recurre... | [
"We compared the use of aspirin alone with combined therapy (prednisone plus aspirin) in antiphospholipid antibody-positive obstetric patients with prior adverse pregnancy outcome.\n Thirty-nine patients meeting specific laboratory and clinical inclusion criteria were randomized to receive either com... | Combined unfractionated heparin and aspirin may reduce pregnancy loss by 54%. Large, randomised controlled trials with adequate allocation concealment are needed to explore potential differences between unfractionated heparin and LMWH.
[Note: The 15 citations in the awaiting classification section of the review may alter the conclusions of the review once assessed.] |
CD007514 | [
"12205648",
"15883262",
"20200346"
] | [
"Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer's disease: A 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.",
"Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results.",
"Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Al... | [
"In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we investigated whether statins alter cholesterol metabolites and reduce Abeta levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of 44 patients with Alzheimer's disease. Individuals were given up to 80mg simvastatin daily or placebo for 26 weeks. Overall, simvastatin did no... | There is insufficient evidence to recommend statins for the treatment of dementia. Analysis from the studies available, including one large RCT, indicate statins have no benefit on the outcome measures ADAS-Cog or MMSE. We need to await full results from CLASP 2008 before we can be certain. This Cochrane review will be updated as these results become available. |
CD004262 | [
"3323275",
"3323274",
"7131145",
"10828633",
"11576399",
"11720074",
"2305737",
"2748470"
] | [
"Clinical effects of diaper types on the skin of normal infants and infants with atopic dermatitis.",
"Clinical studies with disposable diapers containing absorbent gelling materials: evaluation of effects on infant skin condition.",
"Incidence of diaper rash when using cloth and disposable diapers.",
"Contin... | [
"Cloth diapers, cellulose core diapers (conventional disposable diapers), and cellulose core diapers containing absorbent gelling material were examined for their effects on diaper rash and skin microbiology of normal infants and infants with atopic dermatitis in a 26-week double-blind clinical trial. Infants with ... | There is not enough evidence from good quality randomised controlled trials to support or refute the use and type of disposable napkins for the prevention of napkin dermatitis in infants. |
CD008207 | [
"18442423",
"1512910",
"20142693",
"18608367",
"3335558",
"16445331",
"1471839",
"8615108"
] | [
"Effectiveness of prolonged use of continuous passive motion (CPM), as an adjunct to physiotherapy, after total knee arthroplasty.",
"A controlled evaluation of continuous passive motion in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.",
"Use of inpatient continuous passive motion versus no CPM in computer-assis... | [
"Adequate and intensive rehabilitation is an important requirement for successful total knee arthroplasty. Although research suggests that Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) should be implemented in the first rehabilitation phase after surgery, there is substantial debate about the duration of each session and the tot... | There is not enough evidence from the available RCTs to conclude that CPM reduces VTE after TKA. We cannot assess the effect of CPM on death because no such events occurred amongst the participants of these trials. |
CD005347 | [
"2085966",
"3842217",
"11145369",
"6839761",
"12319865",
"7128130",
"428219",
"1893708",
"3881295",
"17303485",
"1844327",
"6351364",
"6351363",
"3219853",
"2491981",
"7495202",
"8200217",
"7942261",
"7859451",
"7491853",
"2257739"
] | [
"The TCu380A, TCu220C, multiload 250 and Nova T IUDS at 3,5 and 7 years of use--results from three randomized multicentre trials. World Health Organization. Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction: Task Force on the Safety and Efficacy of Fertility Regulating Methods."... | [
"The WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction has conducted between 1979 and the present, three randomized comparative clinical trials of the TCu220C, Multiload 250, Nova T and TCu380A devices in 24 centres in 14 countries. The comparative study of the TCu220C and t... | TCu380A or TCu380S appear to be more effective than other IUDs. No IUD showed consistently lower removal rates for bleeding and pain in comparison to other IUDs. There is no evidence that any particular framed copper device is better suited to women who have not had children. |
CD004622 | [
"15966880",
"15016039",
"16489947",
"10397519",
"15998268",
"16856902",
"16512765"
] | [
"Effects of single-visit full-mouth ultrasonic debridement versus quadrant-wise ultrasonic debridement.",
"Quadrant root planing versus same-day full-mouth root planing. I. Clinical findings.",
"Clinical outcomes of quadrant root planing versus full-mouth root planing.",
"One stage full- versus partial-mouth ... | [
"The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to determine the effects of single-visit full-mouth ultrasonic debridement versus quadrant-wise therapy.\n Thirty-six subjects with chronic periodontitis, were randomly allocated to three groups--quadrant-wise ultrasonic debridement, single-vi... | In patients with chronic periodontitis in moderately deep pockets slightly more favourable outcomes for pocket reduction and gain in probing attachment were found following FMD compared to control. However, these additional improvements were only modest and there was only a very limited number of studies available for comparison, thus limiting general conclusions about the clinical benefit of full-mouth disinfection. |
CD007445 | [
"4605009"
] | [
"Rapid tranquilization of acutely psychotic patients with intramuscular haloperidol and chlorpromazine."
] | [
"nan"
] | Overall the quality of evidence is limited, poor and dated. Where drugs that have been better evaluated are available, it may be best to avoid use of chlorpromazine. Where chlorpromazine is used for acute aggression or where choices are limited, relevant trials are possible and urgently needed. |
CD001304 | [
"1102976",
"9241405",
"3426836",
"6637861"
] | [
"Termination of restricted diet in children with phenylketonuria: a randomized controlled study.",
"Transitory hyperphenylalaninaemia in children with continuously treated phenylketonuria.",
"Neuropsychological studies on adolescents with phenylketonuria returned to phenylalanine-restricted diets.",
"Phenylal... | [
"This study demonstrates the feasibility of a randomized controlled investigation of terminating the phenylalanine-restricted diet in four-year-old children with phenylketonuria. The parents of 14 of 16 children gave informed consent, knowing their children would be randomly assigned to either a diet-continuation o... | The results of non-randomised studies have concluded that a low-phenylalanine diet is effective in reducing blood phenylalanine levels and improving intelligence quotient and neuropsychological outcomes. We were unable to find any randomised controlled studies that have assessed the effect of a low-phenylalanine diet versus no diet from diagnosis. In view of evidence from non-randomised studies, such a study would be unethical and it is recommended that low-phenylalanine diet should be commenced at the time of diagnosis. There is uncertainty about the precise level of phenylalanine restriction and when, if ever, the diet should be relaxed. This should be addressed by randomised controlled studies. |
CD005317 | [
"16319303"
] | [
"Donepezil in the prevention and treatment of post-surgical delirium."
] | [
"Delirium is a frequent complication of major surgery in older persons. The authors evaluated the possible benefit of donepezil versus placebo in the prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium in an older population without dementia undergoing elective total joint-replacement surgery.\n A sam... | There is currently no evidence from controlled trials that donepezil is effective in the treatment of delirium. Further trials using cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of delirium are needed. |
CD007261 | [
"11409130",
"18482350",
"17650168"
] | [
"Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial.",
"Diclofenac sodium and occlusal splint therapy in TMJ osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Osteoarthritis of the tempo... | [
"To compare the treatment potential of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and ibuprofen in patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA).\n Forty women and 5 men received either GS (500 mg tid) or ibuprofen (400 mg tid) for 90 days in a randomized double blind study. Assessment: TMJ... | In view of the paucity of high level evidence for the effectiveness of interventions for the management of TMJ OA, small parallel group RCTs which include participants with a clear diagnosis of TMJ OA should be encouraged and especially studies evaluating some of the possible surgical interventions. |
CD008624 | [
"15342830",
"2666205",
"11115305",
"18209205",
"18977585",
"18201301"
] | [
"Effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of drooling: a controlled clinical trial.",
"Efficacy of benztropine therapy for drooling.",
"Treatment of sialorrhea with glycopyrrolate: A double-blind, dose-ranging study.",
"Botulinum toxin type A for control of drooling in Asian patients with cerebral palsy.",
... | [
"To investigate the clinical effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT) to reduce drooling in children with cerebral palsy (CP).\n A controlled clinical trial was performed in which the results of single-dose BoNT injections in the submandibular glands were compared with treatment with scopo... | It was not possible to reach a conclusion on the effectiveness and safety of either BoNT-A or the pharmaceutical interventions, benztropine and glycopyrrolate. There is insufficient evidence to inform clinical practice on interventions for drooling in children with CP. Directions for future research are provided. |
CD003409 | [
"8556969",
"7065831",
"10716102",
"1311974",
"15876901",
"1968773",
"7869468",
"8957147",
"3977557",
"4028630",
"22540433",
"22137413",
"12095666",
"19686525",
"6108466",
"2646089",
"12633912",
"12237786"
] | [
"Craving and drug reward: a comparison of methadone and clonidine in detoxifying opiate addicts.",
"Withdrawal from heroin in three or six weeks. Comparison of methadyl acetate and methadone.",
"Rapid opiate detoxication in outpatient treatment: relationship with naltrexone compliance.",
"Assessment and manag... | [
"Based upon findings relating to the reinstatement of responding from the animal laboratory, the present study investigated whether methadone, a synthetic opiate, would prime the desire to use heroin for its pleasant effect (i.e. for positive reinforcement) compared to clonidine, a non-opiate drug, in detoxifying o... | Data from literature are hardly comparable; programs vary widely with regard to the assessment of outcome measures, impairing the application of meta-analysis. The studies included in this review confirm that slow tapering with temporary substitution of long-
acting opioids, can reduce withdrawal severity. Nevertheless, the majority of patients relapsed to heroin use. |
CD005242 | [
"12199836",
"3580094",
"9231446",
"8659651"
] | [
"Operation safe crossing: using science within a community intervention.",
"Deterring the drinking driver: the Stockton experience.",
"The effect of drinking and driving interventions on alcohol-involved traffic crashes within a comprehensive community trial.",
"Reducing alcohol-impaired driving in Massachuse... | [
"To evaluate a large drunk-driving enforcement program at the US/Mexican border to reduce the number of youths crossing the border to drink in Tijuana. This paper also describes the research data used to develop and manage the program. Data from a border breath-test survey were used to dramatize the problem and gai... | Studies examining increased police patrol programs were generally consistent in reporting beneficial effects on traffic crashes and fatalities, but study quality and reporting were often poor. Methodological limitations included inadequate sample size, dissimilar baseline measures, contamination, and inadequate data analysis. Thus existing evidence, although supportive, does not firmly establish whether increased police patrols, implemented with or without other intervention elements, reduce the adverse consequences of alcohol-impaired driving. |
CD006546 | [
"16509906",
"8267099",
"8560322",
"8832113",
"10798837",
"15232022",
"15291706",
"10925764",
"16600372",
"9919639",
"14524428",
"15981131",
"15608548",
"15245678",
"19719026"
] | [
"Mental health of children in foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia.",
"Child maltreatment in family foster care.",
"Pathways of older adolescents out of foster care: implications for independent living services.",
"The reported health and functioning of children maltreated while in family fos... | [
"To report baseline mental health measures from the Children in Care study, a prospective epidemiological study of children in court-ordered foster and kinship care in New South Wales, Australia.\n Mental health, socialization and self-esteem were assessed in 347 children in a statewide mail survey, ... | This review supports the practice of treating kinship care as a viable out-of-home placement option for children removed from the home for maltreatment. However, this conclusion is tempered by the pronounced methodological and design weaknesses of the included studies. |
CD003551 | [
"10592853"
] | [
"A comparative study of the safety and efficacy of FemCap, a new vaginal barrier contraceptive, and the Ortho All-Flex diaphragm. The FemCap Investigators' Group."
] | [
"The FemCap is a new silicone rubber barrier contraceptive shaped like a sailor's hat, with a dome that covers the cervix, a rim that fits into the fornices, and a brim that conforms to the vaginal walls around the cervix. It was designed to result in fewer dislodgments and less pressure on the urethra than the cer... | The Prentif cap was as effective as its comparison diaphragm in preventing pregnancy, but the FemCap was not. Both cervical caps appear to be medically safe. |
CD006515 | [
"10641772",
"8291819",
"10786491"
] | [
"A prospective, randomized multicenter study comparing APD and CAPD treatment.",
"Clinical efficacy and morbidity associated with continuous cyclic compared with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.",
"Comparative evaluation of CAPD and PD-plus effectiveness."
] | [
"The goals for maintenance dialysis treatment are to improve patient survival, reduce patient morbidity, and improve patient quality of life. This is the first randomized prospective study comparing automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) treatment with respect to qu... | APD has not been shown to have significant advantages over CAPD in terms of important clinical outcomes. APD may however be considered advantageous in select group of patients such as in the younger PD population and those in employment or education due to its psychosocial advantages. There is a need for a RCT comparing CAPD with APD with sufficiently large patient numbers looking at important clinical outcomes including residual renal function, accompanied by an economic evaluation to clarify the relative clinical and cost-effectiveness of both modalities. |
CD007810 | [
"10485679",
"12578443",
"14769785",
"2181158",
"15995051",
"3683478",
"8320510",
"6778335",
"7002375",
"19819563",
"2196954",
"15126745",
"2872514",
"646300"
] | [
"Adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent acute otitis media: parallel randomized clinical trials in children not previously treated with tympanostomy tubes.",
"Prevention of otitis media by adenoidectomy in children younger than 2 years.",
"Adenoidectomy versus chemoprophylaxis and placebo for recurr... | [
"Adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy are commonly performed in US children to reduce the occurrence of persistent or recurrent otitis media, but evidence supporting the efficacy of the operations is limited.\n To test the efficacy of adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy in children with persistent o... | Our review shows a significant benefit of adenoidectomy as far as the resolution of middle ear effusion in children with OME is concerned. However, the benefit to hearing is small and the effects on changes in the tympanic membrane are unknown. The risks of operating should be weighed against these potential benefits.
The absence of a significant benefit of adenoidectomy on AOM suggests that routine surgery for this indication is not warranted. |
CD003666 | [
"16501947",
"12205255",
"15114551",
"9347370",
"9462190",
"19321507",
"16155386",
"16143747",
"16815649",
"15274104",
"15674409"
] | [
"Volume-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants with hypoxemic episodes.",
"Effects of volume-guaranteed synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants recovering from respiratory failure.",
"Impact of targeted-volume ventilation on lung inflammatory response in pret... | [
"To test the hypothesis in ventilated very low birth weight infants with frequent hypoxemic episodes that volume-controlled synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) vs. pressure-controlled SIMV reduces by at least 20% the time with hypoxemia (defined as SpO(2)<80%).\n Randomized cross-o... | Infants ventilated using VTV modes had reduced death and chronic lung disease compared with infants ventilated using PLV modes. Further studies are needed to identify whether VTV modes improve neurodevelopmental outcomes and to compare and refine VTV strategies. |
CD000180 | [
"11810100",
"11120515",
"937989",
"3336553",
"6914388",
"10870784",
"16055571",
"6829657",
"10647530"
] | [
"Continuing regular exercise during pregnancy: effect of exercise volume on fetoplacental growth.",
"Beginning regular exercise in early pregnancy: effect on fetoplacental growth.",
"Heart volume and physical fitness of parturients.",
"The effect of participation in a regular exercise program upon aerobic cap... | [
"The purpose of this study was to test the null hypothesis that the volume of exercise at different times during pregnancy has no effect on fetoplacental growth.\n Seventy-five women who exercised regularly were evaluated before pregnancy and randomly assigned at 8 weeks' gestation to one of 3 exerci... | Regular aerobic exercise during pregnancy appears to improve (or maintain) physical fitness. Available data are insufficient to infer important risks or benefits for the mother or infant. Larger and better trials are needed before confident recommendations can be made about the benefits and risk of aerobic exercise in pregnancy. |
CD007559 | [
"19583645",
"7650352",
"8409351",
"20417038",
"16457423",
"18317710",
"529194"
] | [
"An educational intervention to improve women's ability to cope with childbirth.",
"Effect of relaxation with guided imagery on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in primiparas.",
"An exploratory study of the effectiveness of a relaxation with guided imagery protocol.",
"Effects of relaxation on psychobiolo... | [
"To test the effectiveness of an efficacy-enhancing educational intervention to promote women's self-efficacy for childbirth and coping ability in reducing anxiety and pain during labour.\n The evidence of the effective application of the self-efficacy theory in health-promoting interventions has bee... | Mind-body interventions might benefit women’s anxiety during pregnancy. Based on individual studies, there is some but no strong evidence for the effectiveness of mind-body interventions for the management of anxiety during pregnancy. The main limitations of the studies were the lack of blinding and insufficient details on the methods used for randomization. |
CD007496 | [
"18628946",
"18043319",
"8245525",
"20595141",
"12045493",
"19911990",
"19662523",
"19901865",
"17413536",
"19752714",
"20168206",
"15851918",
"19002268"
] | [
"Willingness of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States to be circumcised as adults to reduce the risk of HIV infection.",
"Circumcision status and HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men in 3 US cities.",
"The association between circumcision status and human immunodeficienc... | [
"Circumcision reduces HIV acquisition among heterosexual men in Africa, but it is unclear if circumcision may reduce HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States, or whether MSM would be willing to be circumcised if recommended.\n We interviewed presumed-HIV negative MSM... | Current evidence suggests that male circumcision may be protective among MSM who practice primarily insertive anal sex, but the role of male circumcision overall in the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among MSM remains to be determined. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to recommend male circumcision for HIV prevention among MSM at present. Further research should be of high quality and further explore interaction with the predominant sexual role. |
CD003295 | [
"10715297",
"7608801",
"8365459",
"2202792",
"9406362",
"8614377",
"9024516",
"7742759",
"1968484"
] | [
"Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections and thrombotic events in immunocompromised children by the use of vancomycin/ciprofloxacin/heparin flush solution: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial.",
"A randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of a heparin and vancomycin solution in prev... | [
"To determine whether an antibiotic flush solution containing vancomycin, heparin, and ciprofloxacin (VHC) can prevent the majority of line infections.\n A prospective double-blind study was performed comparing VHC to vancomycin and heparin (VH) to heparin alone in 126 pediatric oncology patients.\n ... | Flushing of the catheter with a vanco/heparin lock solution leads to a positive overall effect. Depending on the baseline TCVC infection rate it is justified to flush the catheter with a combination of an antibiotic and heparin, if the catheter related infection-rate is high. |
CD000155 | [
"2493400",
"3351815",
"395519",
"2523321",
"2529770",
"2525337",
"1386029",
"17178185",
"7577849",
"10899492",
"1595789",
"2974428",
"10428523",
"3107721",
"11679528",
"7977520",
"10325289",
"1531464",
"11937116",
"9548161"
] | [
"Ovarian suppression induced with Buserelin or danazol in the management of endometriosis: a randomized, comparative study.",
"Efficacy of danazol treatment for minimal endometriosis in infertile women. A prospective, randomized study.",
"Medical treatment of endometriosis: a comparative trial.",
"Gestrinone ... | [
"The effectiveness of Buserelin (Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Somerville, NJ) (0.2 mg subcutaneously [SC] or 1.2 mg intranasally [IN] per day) and danazol (800 mg per day) in inducing ovarian suppression for the management of endometriosis was compared in a prospective randomized study. During 6 months of... | There is no evidence of benefit in the use of ovulation suppression in subfertile women with endometriosis who wish to conceive. |
CD005240 | [
"1155439",
"9809909"
] | [
"Some epidemiologic features of motorcycle collision injuries. I. Introduction, methods and factors associated with incidence.",
"Effect of motorcycle rider education on changes in risk behaviours and motorcycle-related injuries in rural Thailand."
] | [
"Using official police reports and hospital admission and emergency room medical records, 1273 persons with confirmed medically treated motorcycle injury were identified in Sacramento County, California, during 1970. Less than 39% of all injured motorcyclists were identified in this study using only official police... | Due to the poor quality of studies identified, we were unable to draw any conclusions about the effectiveness of rider training on crash, injury, or offence rates. The findings suggest that mandatory pre-licence training may be an impediment to completing a motorcycle licensing process, possibly indirectly reducing crashes through a reduction in exposure. It is not clear if training (or what type) reduces the risk of crashes, injuries or offences in motorcyclists, and a best rider training practice can therefore not be recommended. As some type of rider training is likely to be necessary to teach motorcyclists to ride a motorcycle safely, rigorous research is needed. |
CD009038 | [
"19835717"
] | [
"Bleeding pattern and cycle control with an estradiol-based oral contraceptive: a seven-cycle, randomized comparative trial of estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel."
] | [
"This study compared the bleeding pattern, cycle control and safety of an oral contraceptive (OC) comprising estradiol valerate/dienogest (E2V/DNG; administered using a dynamic dosing regimen) with a monophasic OC containing ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg/levonorgestrel 100 mcg (EE/LNG). E2V releases estradiol (E2), whic... | The available evidence is insufficient to determine whether quadriphasic differ from monophasic oral contraceptives in contraceptive effectiveness, bleeding pattern, minor side effects and acceptability. Studies that compare quadriphasic and monophasic oral contraceptives with an identical progestogen and estrogen type are needed to determine whether the quadriphasic approach differs from the monophasic approach. Studies that compare quadriphasic pills with monophasic pills containing 30 μg ethinylestradiol are indicated to determine whether quadriphasic oral contraceptives have an advantage over the current, first choice oral contraceptive. Until then, we recommend monophasic pills containing 30 μg estrogen as the first choice for women starting oral contraceptive use. |
CD008950 | [
"18927130",
"18554591",
"19409544"
] | [
"A controlled randomized trial evaluating the effect of lowered incubator oxygen tension on live births in a predominantly blastocyst transfer program.",
"Low-oxygen compared with high-oxygen atmosphere in blastocyst culture, a prospective randomized study.",
"A prospective, randomized trial on the effect of at... | [
"The potentially damaging effect of free O(2) radicals to cultured embryos may be reduced by adding scavengers to the culture media or by reducing the incubator O(2) levels. However, lowering the O(2) in the culture environment can be expensive, troublesome and may not be justifiable. The objective of this study wa... | The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that culturing embryos under conditions with low oxygen concentrations improves the success rates of IVF and ICSI, resulting in the birth of more healthy newborns. |
CD000440 | [
"7508675",
"1381102",
"10711911",
"10484947",
"7694306",
"8834417",
"7691017",
"11120421",
"10693159",
"1375801",
"7542829",
"11777998",
"7683702"
] | [
"Risperidone versus perphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbations.",
"Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia.",
"Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia during 12 months of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol. The C... | [
"Risperidone (RIS), a new neuroleptic with 5-HT2- and dopamine D2 receptor-blocking properties, was compared with perphenazine (PER) in a double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group study in 107 chronic schizophrenics with acute exacerbation. RIS 5-15 mg or PER 16-48 mg daily was given for 8 weeks. Psychopathology wa... | Risperidone may be more acceptable to those with schizophrenia than older antipsychotics and have marginal benefits in terms of limited clinical improvement. Its adverse effect profile may be better than haloperidol. With the addition of more studies to this review, the publication bias evident in previous versions is no longer a significant issue. Any marginal benefits this drug may have have to be balanced against its greater cost and increased tendency to cause side effects such as weight gain.
Recent important longer term data favouring risperidone's effect on relapse needs to be replicated by researchers independently of the manufacturers of the drug. |
CD007513 | [
"15743283",
"16181164",
"17678655",
"10768528",
"15574110",
"19969159"
] | [
"Exercise leads to faster postural reflexes, improved balance and mobility, and fewer falls in older persons with chronic stroke.",
"A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial.",
"Circuit class therapy versus individual physiother... | [
"To determine the effect of two different community-based group exercise programs on functional balance, mobility, postural reflexes, and falls in older adults with chronic stroke.\n A randomized, clinical trial.\n Community center.\n Sixty-one community-dwelling older a... | CCT is safe and effective in improving mobility for people after moderate stroke and may reduce inpatient length of stay. Further research is required, investigating quality of life, participation and cost-benefits, that compares CCT to standard care and that also investigates the differential effects of stroke severity, latency and age. |
CD009468 | [
"19763813"
] | [
"Comparing couples' and individual voluntary counseling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics in Tanzania: a randomized trial."
] | [
"Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for couples (CVCT) is an important HIV-prevention effort in sub-Saharan Africa where a substantial proportion of HIV transmission occurs within stable partnerships. This study aimed to determine the acceptance and effectiveness of CVCT as compared to individual VCT (IVCT). 1,... | We found only one eligible study that assessed the effectiveness of male involvement in improving women’s uptake of PMTCT services, which only focused on one part of the perinatal PMTCT cascade. We urgently need more rigorously designed studies assessing the impact of male engagement interventions on women’s uptake of PMTCT services to know if this intervention can contribute to improve uptake of PMTCT services and reduce vertical transmission of HIV in children. |
CD007094 | [
"18056558"
] | [
"Effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents."
] | [
"To compare the effects of a single nocturnal dose of buckwheat honey or honey-flavored dextromethorphan (DM) with no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep difficulty associated with childhood upper respiratory tract infections.\n A survey was administered to parents on 2 consecutive days, first on ... | Honey may be better than 'no treatment' and diphenhydramine in the symptomatic relief of cough but not better than dextromethorphan. There is no strong evidence for or against the use of honey. |
CD006466 | [
"2015715",
"9363869",
"6322957",
"7908358",
"2547030"
] | [
"The first international urokinase/warfarin trial in colorectal cancer.",
"Randomized trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without warfarin for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study.",
"Effect of warfarin anticoagulation on survival in carcinoma of the lung, co... | [
"Three hundred and forty-four patients with operable colorectal adenocarcinoma, Dukes' stage B or C, were entered into a randomized controlled trial of intraoperative and postoperative intravenous urokinase and/or long-term sodium warfarin therapy. The factorial design of the trial allowed evaluation of each therap... | Existing evidence does not suggest a mortality benefit from oral anticoagulation in patients with cancer while increasing the risk for bleeding. |
CD004104 | [
"9872200",
"10859037",
"7651472",
"12358327",
"12747812",
"12536700",
"12447511",
"8099639"
] | [
"Comparison of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with standard medical therapy in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure.",
"Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.",
"N... | [
"To compare the efficacy of standard medical therapy (ST) and noninvasive mechanical ventilation additional to standard medical therapy in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (HARF).\n Single center, prospective, randomized, controlled study.\n Pulmonary medicine directed critical ca... | Data from good quality randomised controlled trials show benefit of NPPV as first line intervention as an adjunct therapy to usual medical care in all suitable patients for the management of respiratory failure secondary to an acute exacerbation of COPD. NPPV should be considered early in the course of respiratory failure and before severe acidosis ensues, as a means of reducing the likelihood of endotracheal intubation, treatment failure and mortality. |
CD005115 | [
"14530224",
"11439734",
"11252687",
"11115219",
"12398962",
"17039120",
"14613272",
"11754710",
"14506910",
"11304662",
"11405384",
"10817549",
"10555907",
"10500058",
"12051399",
"14624289",
"15086644"
] | [
"Gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of rofecoxib versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled trial.",
"Effect of rofecoxib therapy on measures of health-related quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis.",
"Tolerability profiles of rofecoxib (Vioxx) and Arthro... | [
"Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity mediated by dual cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibition of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious alterations of mucosal integrity or, more commonly, intolerable GI symptoms that may necessitate discontinuation of therapy. Unlike NSAIDs, rofecoxib target... | Rofecoxib was voluntarily withdrawn from global markets in October 2004 therefore there are no implications for practice concerning its use. There remains a number of questions over both the benefits and risks associated with Cox II selective agents and further work is ongoing. |
CD007587 | [
"18624803",
"11128820",
"10437184",
"11531895",
"1594255",
"16055451",
"2262314",
"17059439",
"17955168"
] | [
"Acupuncture in patients with headache.",
"Acupuncture for episodic tension-type headache: a multicentre randomized controlled trial.",
"Does psychological testing help to predict the response to acupuncture or massage/relaxation therapy in patients presenting to a general neurology clinic with headache?",
"N... | [
"We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in addition to routine care in patients with primary headache (> 12 months, two or more headaches/month) compared with treatment with routine care alone and whether the effects of acupuncture differ in randomized and non-randomized patients. In a randomized ... | In the previous version of this review, evidence in support of acupuncture for tension-type headache was considered insufficient. Now, with six additional trials, the authors conclude that acupuncture could be a valuable non-pharmacological tool in patients with frequent episodic or chronic tension-type headaches. |
CD001796 | [
"9475639",
"10979879",
"1548998",
"16772251",
"8100607",
"11371683",
"10190777",
"18320351",
"2223891",
"11936063",
"10416558",
"15090799",
"16540826"
] | [
"The effect of exercise training on aerobic fitness, immune indices, and quality of life in HIV+ patients.",
"Effects of testosterone and progressive resistance training in eugonadal men with AIDS wasting. A randomized, controlled trial.",
"Effects of exercise training on men seropositive for the human immunode... | [
"Thirty four HIV+ patients participated in a 6-wk aerobic exercise training program to determine whether exercise improved aerobic fitness, immune indices, and quality of life.\n Subjects were assigned to three groups: control (no regular aerobic exercise), moderate exercise, and heavy exercise train... | Aerobic exercise appears to be safe and may be beneficial for adults living with HIV. These findings are limited by the small sample sizes and large withdrawal rates described in the studies. Future research would benefit from participant follow-up and intention-to-treat analysis. Further research is required to determine the optimal parameters in which aerobic exercise may be most beneficial for adults living with HIV. |
CD004192 | [
"363236",
"2540285",
"707035",
"4571680",
"16099630"
] | [
"Polyunsaturated fatty acids in treatment of acute remitting multiple sclerosis.",
"A double-blind controlled trial of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.",
"Linoleic acid in multiple sclerosis: failure to show any therapeutic benefit.",
"Double-blind trial of li... | [
"One hundred and sixteen patients with acute remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) took part in a double-blind controlled trial of treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids and were randomly allocated to one of four groups. Two groups received linoleic acid, one alone as a spread and one with gamma-linolenic acid in c... | PUFAs seem to have no major effect on the main clinical outcome in MS (disease progression), but they may tend to reduce the frequency of relapses over two years. However, the data that are available are insufficient to assess a real benefit or harm from PUFA supplementation because of their uncertain quality.
Evidence on the possible benefits and risks of vitamin supplementation and antioxidant supplements in MS is lacking. More research is required to assess the effectiveness of dietary interventions in MS. |
CD004682 | [
"2513939",
"3484773",
"6499513",
"1337623",
"4081404",
"10225575",
"1929311",
"2906171",
"1310715",
"6269263",
"3563430",
"10440621",
"2291755",
"6604266",
"8471899",
"11820968",
"2003341",
"6794832",
"10724022",
"1638586",
"4002410",
"3310941",
"6887360",
"7202832",
... | [
"Different lengths of treatment with co-trimoxazole for acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women.",
"Randomized study of single-dose, three-day, and seven-day treatment of cystitis in women.",
"Comparative efficacy of 3-day and 7-day chemotherapy with twice-daily pivmecillinam in urinary tract infe... | [
"To compare three days' and seven days' treatment with co-trimoxazole in women with acute dysuria, strangury, and urinary frequency or urgency.\n Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.\n General practices in the south east of The Netherlands.\n 327 Non-pregnan... | Three days of antibiotic therapy is similar to 5-10 days in achieving symptomatic cure during uncomplicated UTI treatment, while the longer treatment is more effective in obtaining bacteriological cure. In spite of the higher rate of adverse effects, treatment for 5-10 days could be considered for treatment of women in whom eradication of bacteriuria is important. |
CD006555 | [
"11389408",
"1826175",
"9761803",
"2139241",
"8235809",
"9253097",
"10457579",
"14560075"
] | [
"Long-term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low back pain.",
"Effects of an exercise program on sick leave due to back pain.",
"A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain.",
"C... | [
"A randomized clinical trial with 1-year and 3-year telephone questionnaire follow-ups.\n To report a specific exercise intervention's long-term effects on recurrence rates in acute, first-episode low back pain patients.\n The pain and disability associated with an initial episode of a... | There is moderate quality evidence that post-treatment exercise programmes can prevent recurrences of back pain but conflicting evidence was found for treatment exercise. Studies into the validity of measurement of recurrences and the effectiveness of post-treatment exercise are needed. |
CD001460 | [
"144507",
"6342625"
] | [
"Clinical evaluation of D-penicillamine by multicentric double-blind comparative study in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.",
"Low-dose D-penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled, double-blind clinical trial."
] | [
"In order to evaluate clinical efficacy of D-penicillamine (DP) a double-blind study was conducted by the Metalcaptase Research Group consisting of forty-one rheumatological centers in Japan. A total of 179 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was divided into two groups; one treated with 5 mg (control group) an... | D-penicillamine appears to have a clinically and statistically significant benefit on the disease activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Its efficacy appears to be similar to that of other disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but with a significantly higher toxicity. Its effects on long-term functional status and radiological progression are not clear from this review. |
CD004662 | [
"16097980",
"4596724",
"11166746",
"11523256",
"12113971",
"10426640",
"9926882",
"10688504",
"9926890",
"12407329",
"12421172",
"10399256",
"9808382"
] | [
"The modified Misgav-Ladach versus the Pfannenstiel-Kerr technique for cesarean section: a randomized trial.",
"Extraperitoneal lower segment caesarean section for infected cases. A reappraisal.",
"Can Joel-Cohen incision and single layer reconstruction reduce cesarean section morbidity?",
"Study on modificat... | [
"Modifications to the classic cesarean section technique described by Pfannenstiel and Kerr have been proposed in the last few years. The objective of this trial was to compare intraoperative and short-term postoperative outcomes between the Pfannenstiel-Kerr and the modified Misgav-Ladach (MML) techniques for cesa... | 'Joel-Cohen based' methods have advantages compared to Pfannenstiel and to traditional (lower midline) CS techniques, which could translate to savings for the health system. However, these trials do not provide information on mortality and serious or long-term morbidity such as morbidly adherent placenta and scar rupture.
[Note: The 19 citations in the awaiting classification section of the review may alter the conclusions of the review once assessed.] |
CD008370 | [
"1455306",
"16132406",
"16284796",
"12691930",
"1733360",
"1677616",
"11683740",
"9824933",
"18299182",
"7742052",
"8156354",
"1373231",
"10973392",
"15006886",
"1351276",
"21694864",
"7552016",
"7809832"
] | [
"A randomized, prospective trial of postoperative somatostatin analogue in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas.",
"Prospectively randomized trial using perioperative low-dose octreotide to prevent organ-related and general complications after pancreatic surgery and pancreatico-jejunostomy.",
"Ef... | [
"Pancreatic surgery is not uncommonly complicated by prolonged pancreatic drainage and fistula. Octreotide decreases pancreatic exocrine function and has been reported to improve closure of pancreatic and intestinal fistulae. This randomized, prospective trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of postoperative ... | Somatostatin analogues may reduce perioperative complications but do not reduce perioperative mortality. Further adequately powered trials with low risk of bias are necessary. Based on the current available evidence, somatostatin and its analogues are recommended for routine use in people undergoing pancreatic resection. |
CD004679 | [
"7999849",
"8629630",
"9152821",
"9159313",
"1626207",
"1777589",
"2085577",
"1867179",
"8076441",
"8959632",
"1855327",
"11054359",
"9027792",
"1361797",
"6106868",
"8840945"
] | [
"The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients.",
"A randomized trial of Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis in peritoneal dialysis patients: mupirocin calcium ointment 2% applied to the exit site versus cyclic oral rifampin.",
"The use of povidone iodine in exit ... | [
"This study evaluates the dialysis-related infection rate in children receiving peritoneal dialysis with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Children with S. aureus nasal carriage were randomized to treatment with rifampin and bacitracin or no treatment. The children were observed for one month after randomizatio... | This review demonstrates that nasal mupirocin reduces exit-site/tunnel infection but not peritonitis. Preoperative intravenous prophylaxis reduces early peritonitis but not exit-site/tunnel infection. No other antimicrobial interventions have proven efficacy. Given the large number of patients on PD and the importance of peritonitis, the lack of adequately powered RCTs to inform decision making about strategies to prevent peritonitis is striking. |
CD006171 | [
"2606162"
] | [
"The effectiveness of a prenatal education programme for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis."
] | [
"A 10 min education programme was developed which, if effective in changing the behaviour of pregnant women, would eliminate or greatly reduce the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis. It was taught in 26 randomly selected (case) prenatal classes offered to women early in their pregnancy. The remaining 26 (control) cla... | Even though primary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis is considered a desirable intervention, given the lack of related risks compared to secondary and tertiary prevention, its effectiveness has not been adequately evaluated. There is very little evidence from RCTs that prenatal education is effective in reducing congenital toxoplasmosis even though evidence from observational studies suggests it is. Given the lack of good evidence supporting prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis prevention, further RCTs are needed to confirm any potential benefits and to further quantify the impact of different sets of educational intervention. |
CD002026 | [
"17920715",
"14511925",
"1480768",
"11439206",
"9288839",
"16782926",
"10924966",
"1869454",
"9288840",
"11830307",
"10799721",
"3542916",
"11054514",
"12504039",
"9165135"
] | [
"Five year results of a randomized trial comparing hyperfractionated to conventional radiotherapy over four weeks in locally advanced head and neck cancer.",
"Five compared with six fractions per week of conventional radiotherapy of squamous-cell carcinoma of head and neck: DAHANCA 6 and 7 randomised controlled t... | [
"Fractionation strategies delivered over 4 weeks are of clinical and radiobiological interest because treatment is completed before radiotherapy (RT) induced clonogen proliferation commences in earnest approximately 3 to 4 weeks into a course of RT. We wished to test the clinical hypothesis that an increased total ... | Altered fractionation radiotherapy improves survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Comparison of the different types of altered radiotherapy suggests that hyperfractionation provides the greatest benefit. An update of this IPD meta-analysis (MARCH 2), which will increase the power of this analysis and allow for other comparisons, is currently in progress. |
CD007615 | [
"18971490",
"18035140",
"1919895"
] | [
"Early insulin therapy in very-low-birth-weight infants.",
"Early elective insulin therapy can reduce hyperglycemia and increase insulin-like growth factor-I levels in very low birth weight infants.",
"Introduction of intravenous lipid administration on the first day of life in the very low birth weight neonate... | [
"Studies involving adults and children being treated in intensive care units indicate that insulin therapy and glucose control may influence survival. Hyperglycemia in very-low-birth-weight infants is also associated with morbidity and mortality. This international randomized, controlled trial aimed to determine wh... | Glucose infusion rate: There is insufficient evidence from trials comparing lower with higher glucose infusion rates to inform clinical practice. Large randomized trials are needed, powered on clinical outcomes including death, major morbidities and adverse neurodevelopment.
Insulin infusion: The evidence reviewed does not support the routine use of insulin infusions to prevent hyperglycemia in VLBW neonates. Further randomized trials of insulin infusion may be justified. They should enrol extremely low birth weight neonates at very high risk for hyperglycemia and neonatal death. They might use real time glucose monitors if these are validated for clinical use. Refinement of algorithms to guide insulin infusion is needed to enable tight control of glucose concentrations within the target range. |
CD007961 | [
"19023429",
"18091987",
"21330907",
"20643915",
"20851460",
"19059048",
"18213382",
"18669425"
] | [
"Effectiveness of cellulose sulfate vaginal gel for the prevention of HIV infection: results of a Phase III trial in Nigeria.",
"SAVVY (C31G) gel for prevention of HIV infection in women: a Phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Ghana.",
"Safety and effectiveness of BufferGel and 0.5% PR... | [
"This trial evaluated the safety and effectiveness of 6% cellulose sulfate vaginal gel in preventing male-to-female vaginal transmission of HIV, gonorrhea and chlamydial infection.\n This Phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted between November 2004 and March 2007 ... | Limited evidence suggests that vaginal tenofovir microbicides may reduce the risk of acquisition of HIV and HSV-2 infections in women; but other types of topical microbicides have not shown evidence of an effect on HIV or STI acquisition. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to recommend topical microbicides for HIV or STI prevention at present. Further studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of tenofovir microbicide gel in vaginal sex. In addition, further research should continue on the development and testing of new microbicides. If the effectiveness of the tenofovir and/or other microbicides is confirmed in further studies, there will need to be a clear pathway to rapid regulatory approval. Successful launch of the effective gel would depend on having in place appropriate mechanisms for distribution to the women who need it, along with a strategy for ensuring that they use it correctly. |
CD006688 | [
"17051490",
"16525097",
"12693587",
"11414432",
"15838784",
"16354821",
"9185262",
"11706666",
"19769536"
] | [
"Azithromycin combination therapy with artesunate or quinine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults: a randomized, phase 2 clinical trial in Thailand.",
"Effective treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria with azithromycin-quinine combinations: a randomized, dos... | [
"Because antimalarial drug resistance is spreading, there is an urgent need for new combination treatments for malaria, which kills >1 million people every year. Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is particularly attractive as an antimalarial because of its safety in children and the extensive experience w... | Currently, there is no evidence for the superiority or equivalence of azithromycin monotherapy or combination therapy for the treatment of P. falciparum or P. vivax compared with other antimalarials or with the current first-line antimalarial combinations. The available evidence suggests that azithromycin is a weak antimalarial with some appealing safety characteristics. Unless the ongoing dose, formulation and product optimisation process results in a universally efficacious product, or a specific niche application is identified that is complementary to the current scala of more efficacious antimalarial combinations, azithromycin's future for the treatment of malaria does not look promising. |
CD001360 | [
"938184",
"6151246",
"4342116"
] | [
"Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment. I. Design and other problems.",
"Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: II. Comparative outcome of two forms of treatment.",
"Group vs individual psychotherapy with schizophrenics. A controlled outcome study."
] | [
"This is the first of a series of articles on a follow-up study of the results of treatment of schizophrenia, studied over a period of two to five years after first admission and first release. The study compares the follow-up outcome of five different treatment methods given to first-admission male and female schi... | Current data do not support the use of psychodynamic psychotherapy techniques for hospitalised people with schizophrenia. If psychoanalytic therapy is being used for people with schizophrenia there is an urgent need for trials. |
CD007715 | [
"21748313",
"20063224",
"7657008",
"22717414",
"19217592",
"11120525",
"16542657"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial to study the effect of IV hydration on the duration of labor in nulliparous women.",
"A randomized trial of increased intravenous hydration in labor when oral fluid is unrestricted.",
"Hyponatraemia and non-electrolyte solutions in labouring primigravida.",
"Increased intravenou... | [
"To compare the effects of two different regimens of intravenous hydration and oral hydration on the duration of active labor.\n Two hundred and ninety-three low risk term primigravida in active labor were randomized into three groups. The first group had 99 patients who received oral fluids only, th... | Although the administration of intravenous fluids compared with oral intake alone demonstrated a reduction in the duration of labour, this finding emerged from only two trials. The findings of other trials suggest that if a policy of no oral intake is applied, then the duration of labour in nulliparous women may be shortened by the administration of intravenous fluids at a rate of 250 mL/hour rather than 125 mL/hour. However, it may be possible for women to simply increase their oral intake rather than being attached to a drip and we have to consider whether it is justifiable to persist with a policy of 'nil by mouth'. One trial raised concerns about the safety of dextrose and this needs further exploration.
None of the trials reported on the evaluation of maternal views of being attached to a drip during their entire labour. Furthermore, there was no objective assessment of dehydration. The evidence from this review does not provide robust evidence to recommend routine administration of intravenous fluids. Interpreting the results from trials was hampered by the low number of trials contributing data and by variation between trials. In trials where oral fluids were not restricted there was considerable variation in the amount of oral fluid consumed by women in different arms of the same trial, and between different trials. In addition, results from trials were not consistent and risk of bias varied. Some important research questions were addressed by single trials only, and important outcomes relating to maternal and infant morbidity were frequently not reported. |
CD000234 | [
"6137255",
"2274638",
"6135468",
"71397",
"8909331",
"16497273",
"7030444",
"1347291",
"1676029"
] | [
"Propranolol in schizophrenia: a double blind, placebo controlled trial of propranolol as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication.",
"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive nadolol in the management of violent psychiatric patients.",
"Oxprenolol in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia: a ... | [
"A double blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out to examine the contribution of propranolol as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients whose florid symptoms had not remitted with neuroleptic medication alone. Propranolol was shown to have a more beneficial ef... | Existing evidence is limited and dated. Any possible benefit of adjunctive beta-blocker therapy is obscured by poor reporting within the studies. Important data on quality of life, satisfaction, healthy days, and cost are not available. Considering the number of people whose symptoms are only partially responsive to antipsychotic medication, well conducted and reported trials in this area could be justified. |
CD008092 | [
"16831672",
"18647310",
"18230389",
"10200704",
"15857105",
"8426717",
"18093246",
"16403107",
"12140475",
"2195345",
"19141065",
"15149513",
"17438179",
"18158199",
"16150205"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial to compare steroid with cyclosporine for the topical treatment of oral lichen planus.",
"Pimecrolimus cream 1% in erosive oral lichen planus--a prospective randomized double-blind vehicle-controlled study.",
"A comparative treatment study of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in or... | [
"To compare the effectiveness of cyclosporine solution versus triamcinolone acetonide in orabase in the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP) in reducing signs and symptoms.\n One hundred thirty-nine biopsy-proven OLP patients were randomly assigned to cyclosporine (68) or steroid (71) applied onto t... | This review suggests that there is only weak evidence for the effectiveness of any of the treatments for oral ELP, whilst no evidence was found for genital ELP. More RCTs on a larger scale are needed in the oral and genital ELP populations. We suggest that future studies should have standardised outcome variables that are clinically important to affected individuals. We recommend the measurement of a clinical severity score and a participant-rated symptom score using agreed and validated severity scoring tools. We also recommend the development of a validated combined severity scoring tool for both oral and genital populations. |
CD001917 | [
"9150331"
] | [
"Home intravenous therapy in cystic fibrosis: a prospective randomized trial examining clinical, quality of life and cost aspects."
] | [
"In this study, we set out to determine if home intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic therapy in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is a feasible, effective and less costly alternative to hospitalization, and to assess the impact of home therapy on quality of life. The study was a prospective, randomized, two-factor ... | Current evidence is restricted to a single randomized clinical trial. It suggests that, in the short term, home therapy does not harm individuals, entails fewer investigations, reduces social disruptions and can be cost-effective. There were both advantages and disadvantages in terms of quality of life. The decision to attempt home treatment should be based on the individual situation and appropriate local resources. More research is urgently required. |
CD000375 | [
"8615350",
"12412870",
"1491608",
"9396564",
"15718356",
"11102555",
"2255573",
"11483801",
"17991642",
"16382755",
"10467999",
"15812447",
"15069395",
"12032520"
] | [
"Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.",
"Dietary supplementation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm infants: effects on cerebral maturation.",
"First year growth of preterm infants fed st... | [
"Healthy preterm infants fed formula with long-chain n-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCFAs) from marine oil have better early visual acuity but lower plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) arachidonic acid (AA) and growth than infants fed formula containing linolenic acid (LLA) as the sole n-3 fatty acid. This randomized, double-bli... | Infants enrolled in the trials were relatively mature and healthy preterm infants. Assessment schedule and methodology, dose and source of supplementation and fatty acid composition of the control formula varied between trials. On pooling of results, no clear long-term benefits or harms were demonstrated for preterm infants receiving LCPUFA-supplemented formula. |
CD003353 | [
"3102779",
"7781368",
"6441010"
] | [
"Efficacy of metoclopramide as an adjunct to duodenal placement of small-bore feeding tubes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.",
"Enteral feeding tube placement success with intravenous metoclopramide administration in ICU patients.",
"When does metoclopramide facilitate transpyloric intubat... | [
"We examined whether metoclopramide would improve the success rate of transpyloric intubation of a weighted Corpak feeding tube when fluoroscopic guidance is not used. Seventy patients were randomized in a prospective, double-blind fashion to receive either placebo (n = 35) or metoclopramide, 10 mg (n = 35) parente... | Metoclopramide enhanced the migration of naso-enteral tubes, but the results did not reach conventional statistical significance. The reasons may include: small studies, underpowered, varying doses, etc. In clinical practice, clinicians should no longer use metoclopramide for this purpose. However, more randomised clinical trials should be performed with a significant sample size, administering metoclopramide or not. The use of metoclopramide may include adverse reactions, such as depression, high blood pressure, decrease of libido, headache, skin rash, fatigue, fever, hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, sedation, drowsiness, agitation, extrapyramidal reactions (impaired speech or impaired swallowing, unsteady gait, inflexibility of upper and lower members, tremor). |
CD007201 | [
"15464768",
"8610779",
"3620398"
] | [
"High and low dose oxytocin in augmentation of labor.",
"Low-dose versus high-dose oxytocin augmentation of labor--a randomized trial.",
"A randomized control study of oxytocin augmentation of labour. 1. Obstetric outcome."
] | [
"To compare the efficacy and safety of high dose oxytocin in the augmentation of labor.\n Two hundred pregnant women requiring augmentation of labor were randomly assigned to receive oxytocin by either a low dose protocol (1.5 microm/min initially, increased by 1.5 microm/min every 30 min) or a high ... | Higher dose of oxytocin starting and increment dose (4 mU per minute or more) was associated with a reduction in the length of labour and in caesarean section, and an increase in spontaneous vaginal birth. However, there is insufficient evidence. The number of studies and the quality of the available evidence is of concern. Additionally, there is insufficient evidence for other maternal and neonatal outcomes, and how women feel about the higher doses of oxytocin. Therefore, no firm recommendation can be made. Further research should evaluate the effect of high dose oxytocin for women delayed in labour and should include these outcomes. |
CD002056 | [
"10735462",
"8215566"
] | [
"The haemodynamic effects of dopamine and volume expansion in sick preterm infants.",
"Randomised controlled trial of plasma protein fraction versus dopamine in hypotensive very low birthweight infants."
] | [
"To determine the haemodynamic effects of dopamine and volume expansion in preterm neonates. Effect parameters were mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), left ventricular output (LVO) and global cerebral blood flow (CBF).\n In a randomised, clinical control trial 36 preterm neonates were randomised to... | Dopamine was more successful than albumin at correcting low BP in hypotensive preterm infants, many of whom had already received volume. Neither intervention has been shown to be superior at improving blood flow or in improving mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. The trials do not allow any firm conclusions to be made as to whether or when volume or dopamine should be used in preterm infants. |
CD001323 | [
"8411891",
"15162273",
"10690817",
"16272048",
"10476515",
"14750378",
"9113011",
"12770957",
"9437309",
"2872913",
"15148202",
"15051198",
"15878068",
"9826042",
"10463407",
"9379368",
"10711881"
] | [
"[Comparison of complications after intra- and extracapsular cataract extraction with lens implantation. Results of a prospective, randomized, clinical study].",
"Comparing phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, small pupil, and phacodonesis.",
"The So... | [
"The postoperative complications of ICCE with ACL implantation are compared with those of ECCE and PCL. Our clinical experience with ICCE and ACL implantation can not confirm the widespread rejection of this method.\n A prospective, randomized, clinical study with participation of medical statisticia... | This review provides evidence from seven RCTs that phacoemulsification gives a better outcome than ECCE with sutures. We also found evidence that ECCE with a posterior chamber lens implant provides better visual outcome than ICCE with aphakic glasses. The long term effect of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) needs to be assessed in larger populations. The data also suggests that ICCE with an anterior chamber lens implant is an effective alternative to ICCE with aphakic glasses, with similar safety. Phacoemulsification provides the best visual outcomes but will only be accessible to the poorer countries if the cost of phacoemulsification and foldable IOLs decrease. Manual small incision cataract surgery provides early visual rehabilitation and comparable visual outcome to PHACO. It has better visual outcomes than ECCE and can be used in any clinic that is currently carrying out ECCE with IOL. Further research from developing regions are needed to compare the cost and longer term outcomes of these procedures e.g. PCO and corneal endothelial cell damage. |
CD004997 | [
"1933160",
"439971"
] | [
"Single-blind, randomised, parallel group study of the Bard Biocath catheter and a silicone elastomer coated catheter.",
"[Clinical evaluation of Foley catheters]."
] | [
"A group of 69 community patients undergoing long-term urethral catheterisation for urinary incontinence took part in this study; 33 patients with a mean age of 70.03 years (+/- 16.6) received the Dow Corning Silastic catheter (16 F 10-ml balloon) and 36 patients with a mean age of 75.61 years (+/- 12.6) received t... | The updated search could not reveal any additional evidence. Very few trials have compared different types of catheter for long-term bladder drainage. All trials were small and showed methodological weaknesses. Therefore, the evidence was not sufficient as a reliable basis for practical conclusions. Further, better quality trials are needed to address the current lack of evidence in this clinically important area. |
CD007393 | [
"18977178",
"18541884",
"21087403",
"20655809",
"20937130",
"22067661"
] | [
"NGX-4010, a high-concentration capsaicin patch, for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double-blind study.",
"Controlled trial of high-concentration capsaicin patch for treatment of painful HIV neuropathy.",
"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled study of NGX-4010, a high-conc... | [
"The limitations of current treatments for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) have led to the investigation of localised, non-systemic alternatives. NGX-4010, a high-concentration (8%) capsaicin dermal patch, was developed to treat patients with neuropathic pain. We report the results of a randomised, double blind, 12-we... | High-concentration topical capsaicin used to treat postherpetic neuralgia and HIV-neuropathy generates more participants with high levels of pain relief than does control treatment using a much lower concentration of capsaicin. The additional proportion who benefit over control is not large, but for those who do obtain high levels of pain relief there are additional improvements in sleep, fatigue, depression and an improved quality of life. High-concentration topical capsaicin is therefore similar to other therapies for chronic pain. In this case, the high cost of single and repeated applications suggest that high-concentration topical capsaicin is likely to be used when other available therapies have failed, and that it should probably not be used repeatedly without substantial documented pain relief. Even when efficacy is established, there are unknown risks, especially on epidermal innervation, of repeated application of long periods. |
CD008776 | [
"16241873",
"19538239",
"18473689",
"20714820",
"17175680",
"12649049",
"15616230",
"11140073",
"8900703",
"3533475",
"12881874",
"18227359",
"20299481",
"21788632",
"21270188"
] | [
"A randomized, controlled trial of an automated wireless messaging system for diabetes.",
"A Ubiquitous Chronic Disease Care system using cellular phones and the internet.",
"WellDoc mobile diabetes management randomized controlled trial: change in clinical and behavioral outcomes and patient and physician sati... | [
"Aggressive management of blood glucose reduces future diabetes-related complications, but this is difficult to achieve.\n This randomized, controlled study tested the effect of using a wireless two-way pager-based automated messaging system to improve diabetes control through facilitated self-manage... | Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions to manage type 2 diabetes appear to have a small beneficial effect on blood glucose control and the effect was larger in the mobile phone subgroup. There is no evidence to show benefits in other biological outcomes or any cognitive, behavioural or emotional outcomes. |
CD001909 | [
"8937535",
"8112232",
"8505632",
"1821833",
"8453943",
"10563619",
"2127016",
"2498073",
"17938371",
"2612495",
"18077797",
"8232944"
] | [
"Controlled trial of lamotrigine (Lamictal) for treatment-resistant partial seizures.",
"Lamotrigine therapy for partial seizures: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial.",
"Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant partial seizures.",
"... | [
"The antiepileptic effect of lamotrigine (Lamictal) was assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 56 adult patients with refractory partial seizures. Lamotrigine or placebo was added to the patients' existing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose of lamotrigine varied from 75 to 400 mg daily... | Lamotrigine add-on therapy is effective in reducing the seizure frequency, in people with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Further trials are needed to assess the long-term effects of lamotrigine, and to compare it with other add-on drugs.Two new trials have been included in this update, but the conclusions are unchanged. |
CD009078 | [
"16547328",
"9950598",
"15019322"
] | [
"Randomised controlled trial of topical ciclosporin A in steroid dependent allergic conjunctivitis.",
"The immunomodulatory effect of topical cyclosporin A in atopic keratoconjunctivitis.",
"A randomized trial of topical cyclosporin 0.05% in topical steroid-resistant atopic keratoconjunctivitis."
] | [
"To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic effect of topical ciclosporin A 0.05% as a steroid sparing agent in steroid dependent allergic conjunctivitis.\n Prospective, randomised, double masked, placebo controlled trial comparing signs, symptoms, and the ability to reduce or stop concurrent ... | This systematic review highlights the relative scarcity of controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy of topical CsA therapy in AKC and suggests that evidence on the efficacy and safety of topical CsA treatment in patients with CsA remains limited. However, the data suggest that topical CsA may provide clinical and symptomatic relief in AKC and may help to reduce topical steroid use in patients with steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant AKC. No serious adverse events were reported. Reported adverse events in patients treated with topical CsA include intense stinging and eyelid skin maceration. One patient in the placebo group developed a severe allergic response to maize antigens. However, the total number of patients in the trials was too small to assess the safety of this treatment.
Additional well-designed and powered RCTs of topical CsA in AKC are needed. Ideal study designs should include adequate randomisation and concealment of allocation; masking of participants, personnel and outcome assessors; adequate follow-up periods and minimisation of attrition bias; and comparison groups with similar clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. Samples should be large enough to provide sufficient statistical power to assess the safety of CsA and to detect clinically relevant treatment effect sizes of the primary outcomes. Analyses should be appropriate to the study’s design and outcome measures. Moreover, standardisation of outcome measures and follow-up periods across studies would be beneficial to maximise study comparability. |
CD003392 | [
"7839936",
"6377899",
"1432827",
"3940333",
"3959016"
] | [
"Cervical ripening and induction of labour by breast stimulation.",
"The use of breast stimulation to prevent postdate pregnancy.",
"Evaluation of two methods employed for cervical ripening.",
"Cervical ripening by breast stimulation.",
"Induction of labor with an electric breast pump."
] | [
"The value of gentle, unilateral breast stimulation in the ripening of cervix and induction of labour was studied. Three hundred patients with uncomplicated term pregnancies, (38-42 weeks) were recruited into the study, consisting of three separate randomised double blind prospective trials. The first trial was to ... | Breast stimulation appears beneficial in relation to the number of women not in labour after 72 hours, and reduced postpartum haemorrhage rates. Until safety issues have been fully evaluated it should not be used in high-risk women. Further research is required to evaluate its safety, and should seek data on postpartum haemorrhage rates, number of women not in labour at 72 hours and maternal satisfaction. |
CD001776 | [
"1493717",
"6809421",
"8899261",
"3530633",
"487808",
"2887401",
"761675",
"16246660",
"15105064",
"3084167",
"6811195",
"15802410",
"2491981",
"2112079",
"2510968",
"10739510",
"12878284",
"913116",
"12338635",
"3098498",
"12336988"
] | [
"Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T.",
"Long-term intracervical contraception with a levonorgestrel device.",
"A 12-month comparative clinical investigation of a levonorgestrel-releasing intracervical device situated in the uterine cavity or cervical c... | [
"In a European randomized multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of an intrauterine contraceptive device releasing 20 microgram levonorgestrel/24 hours (LNG-IUD) have been evaluated and compared to the Nova-T. Because the LNG-IUD has a strongly suppressive effect on the endometrium and in some women affects ova... | Evidence suggests there is no difference in pregnancy rates among LNG-20 IUS, IUD >250mm2 and Norplant-2 users. The LNG-20 IUS more effectively prevented intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies than IUDs ≤250mm2. P4-IUS was significantly more effective than non-medicated IUDs, but no difference was observed when compared to IUDs ≤250mm2. Continuation rates for LNG-20 IUS, non-hormonal IUDs and Norplant-2 were similar. Lack of menstrual bleeding was the main reason for discontinuation of LNG-20 IUS.
Recent evidence, from studies meeting the review inclusion criteria for the update conducted in July 2009, suggests that the LNG-20 IUS does not impact upon breastfeeding performance or the growth and development of breastfed infants in lactating women nor did the device have an adverse effect on glucose metabolism among insulin-dependent diabetic women. |
CD002755 | [
"7661937",
"10740162",
"2427458",
"1782952",
"10099907",
"10636525",
"2095164",
"14695461",
"11099993",
"2589170",
"3548627",
"8749868",
"9213716",
"12401244",
"2195862",
"7543083",
"6399346",
"7856520",
"8130021",
"14993771"
] | [
"ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.",
"Benefits of magnesium in acute myocardial infarc... | [
"58,050 patients entering 1086 hospitals up to 24 h (median 8 h) after the onset of suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI) with no clear contraindications to the study treatments (in particular, no cardiogenic shock or persistent severe hypotension) were randomised in a \"2 x 2 x 2 factorial\" study. The treatm... | Owing to the likelihood of publication bias and marked heterogeneity of treatment effects, it is essential that the findings are interpreted cautiously. From the evidence reviewed here, we consider that: (1) it is unlikely that magnesium is beneficial in reducing mortality both in patients treated early and in patients treated late, and in patients already receiving thrombolytic therapy; (2) it is unlikely that magnesium will reduce mortality when used at high dose (>=75 mmol); (3) magnesium treatment may reduce the incidence of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, severe arrhythmia needing treatment or Lown 2-5, but it may increase the incidence of profound hypotension, bradycardia and flushing; and (4) the areas of uncertainty regarding the effect of magnesium on mortality remain the effect of low dose treatment (< 75 mmol) and in patients not treated with thrombolysis. |
CD002227 | [
"4777936",
"8637787",
"13010995",
"8637789",
"5953287",
"5695575"
] | [
"Epidemiology and prophylaxis of rheumatic fever in Delhi--a five year follow-up.",
"Three- versus four-week administration of benzathine penicillin G: effects on incidence of streptococcal infections and recurrences of rheumatic fever.",
"Prophylaxis of recurrences of rheumatic fever with penicillin given oral... | [
"nan",
"To investigate the effects of 3-week versus 4-week administration of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) on the incidence of Group A streptococcal infections and the recurrences of rheumatic fever (RF).\n We started, in 1979, randomly allocating all patients with RF to a 3-week or 4-week BPG prop... | Intramuscular penicillin seemed to be more effective than oral penicillin in preventing rheumatic fever recurrence and streptococcal throat infections. Two-weekly or 3-weekly injections appeared to be more effective than 4-weekly injections. However, the evidence is based on poor quality of trials. |
CD000213 | [
"10591384",
"7491044",
"15925877",
"1579252",
"8322373",
"19097942",
"16574922",
"18296121",
"8805730",
"7493170",
"10753980",
"7563451",
"9788453",
"15569863",
"18815396",
"17702958",
"12971850"
] | [
"Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke.",
"Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combinati... | [
"Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) improves outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke, but current approved use is limited to within 3 hours of symptom onset. This restricts the number of patients who can be treated, since most stroke patients present more than 3 hours after symptom onset... | Overall, thrombolytic therapy appears to result in a significant net reduction in the proportion of patients dead or dependent in activities of daily living. This overall benefit was apparent despite an increase both in deaths (evident at seven to 10 days and at final follow up) and in symptomatic intracranial haemorrhages. Further trials are needed to identify which patients are most likely to benefit from treatment and the environment in which thrombolysis may best be given in routine practice. |
CD001058 | [
"1372508",
"9307346",
"2704497",
"1550145",
"16602839",
"8238159",
"2206065",
"8238160",
"3421250",
"1892190",
"8885772",
"8116706",
"14526317",
"1407911",
"12824971",
"11293640"
] | [
"Premature rupture of the membranes: effect of penicillin prophylaxis and long-term outcome of the children.",
"Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fe... | [
"To assess the value of prophylaxis with penicillin in women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and the long-term outcome of children born after prolonged PROM, we studied 221 women with this condition. Penicillin (5 mu twice, 6 hours apart) was given intravenously to 50 women and placebo to 51 women, where... | The decision to prescribe antibiotics for women with PROM is not clearcut. Benefits in some short-term outcomes (prolongation of pregnancy, infection, less abnormal cerebral ultrasound before discharge from hospital) should be balanced against a lack of evidence of benefit for others, including perinatal mortality, and longer term outcomes. If antibiotics are prescribed it is unclear which would be the antibiotic of choice.
Co-amoxiclav should be avoided in women at risk of preterm delivery due to increased risk of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. |
CD004106 | [
"15006018",
"18455221",
"16675212",
"17362472"
] | [
"Adjustable maintenance dosing with budesonide/formoterol compared with fixed-dose salmeterol/fluticasone in moderate to severe asthma.",
"Comparison of adjustable- and fixed-dose budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler and fixed-dose fluticasone propionate/salmeterol dry powder inhaler in asthma p... | [
"Current asthma guidelines recommend that patients are educated to adjust their medication according to their asthma severity using physician-guided self-management plans. However, many patients take a fixed dose of their controller medication and adjust their reliever medication according to asthma symptoms.\n ... | Statistical imprecision in the effect estimates for exacerbations and serious adverse events do not enable us to conclude that either therapy is superior. The uncertainty around the effect estimates justify further trials to provide more definitive conclusions; the overall quality of evidence based on GRADE recommendations for the three primary outcomes and withdrawals due to serious adverse events was moderate. We rated the quality of evidence for mortality to be low. Results for lung function outcomes showed that the drugs were sufficiently similar that further research is unlikely to change the effects. No trials were identified in the under-12s and research in this population is a high priority. Evaluation of quality of life is a priority for future research. |
CD004123 | [
"12882865",
"21310502",
"8134442",
"8941460",
"12787692",
"1303408",
"20427683",
"19239860"
] | [
"Hyperbaric oxygenation accelerates the healing rate of nonischemic chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized study.",
"Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a comparative study of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.",
"Hyperbaric oxygen reduced size of chronic leg ulcers: ... | [
"To study the effect of systemic hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy on the healing course of nonischemic chronic diabetic foot ulcers.\n From 1999 to 2000, 28 patients (average age 60.2 +/- 9.7 years, diabetes duration 18.2 +/- 6.6 years), of whom 87% had type 2 diabetes, demonstrating chronic Wagn... | In people with foot ulcers due to diabetes, HBOT significantly improved the ulcers healed in the short term but not the long term and the trials had various flaws in design and/or reporting that means we are not confident in the results. More trials are needed to properly evaluate HBOT in people with chronic wounds; these trials must be adequately powered and designed to minimise all kinds of bias. |
CD004647 | [
"3524742",
"9462389",
"3566123",
"12027979",
"11260099"
] | [
"De-functioning stomas: a prospective controlled trial comparing loop ileostomy with loop transverse colostomy.",
"Temporary decompression after colorectal surgery: randomized comparison of loop ileostomy and loop colostomy.",
"Colostomy or ileostomy after colorectal anastomosis?: a randomised trial.",
"Rando... | [
"Patients undergoing colorectal surgery who required a defunctioning stoma were randomly allocated to receive either a loop ileostomy (n = 23) or transverse loop colostomy (n = 24). Assessment was made during construction, immediately postoperatively, during the period of outpatient supervision and before and after... | The best available evidence for decompression of colorectal anastomosis, either use of loop ileostomy or loop colostomy, could not be clarified from this review. So far, the results in terms of occurrence of postoperative stoma prolapse support the choice of loop ileostomy as a technique for fecal diversion for colorectal anastomosis, but large scale RCT's is needed to verify this. |
CD003169 | [
"8426316",
"11428528",
"1564652",
"18031818",
"21420587",
"15465543",
"12101459",
"18538402",
"8201559",
"18416260",
"20152611",
"8733848",
"11054329",
"15617914",
"1630773"
] | [
"Prospectively randomized trial comparing the pseudoaccommodation of the AMO ARRAY multifocal lens and a monofocal lens.",
"Contrast sensitivity and depth of focus with aspheric multifocal versus conventional monofocal intraocular lens.",
"Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses. Visual and refractive co... | [
"A prospective trial was set up to compare pseudoaccommodation. Fifty patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 comprised 25 patients who had a monofocal implant and a postoperative refractive aim of -0.3 to -1.3 diopter (D) spherical equivalent and an astigmatic component between 1.0 and 1.75 D cylinder. G... | Multifocal IOLs are effective at improving near vision relative to monofocal IOLs. Whether that improvement outweighs the adverse effects of multifocal IOLs will vary between patients. Motivation to achieve spectacle independence is likely to be the deciding factor. |
CD007498 | [
"19738090",
"19416298",
"21507143",
"19576090",
"18096708",
"20097417",
"17218551",
"20185423",
"19493352",
"16603606",
"14987884",
"18852401",
"19797133",
"19034493"
] | [
"Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial.",
"Antibiotic treatment interruption of suspected lower respiratory tract infections based on a single procalcitonin measurement at hospital admission-... | [
"In previous smaller trials, a procalcitonin (PCT) algorithm reduced antibiotic use in patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).\n To examine whether a PCT algorithm can reduce antibiotic exposure without increasing the risk for serious adverse outcomes.\n A multicenter... | Use of procalcitonin to guide initiation and duration of antibiotic treatment in patients with ARI was not associated with higher mortality rates or treatment failure. Antibiotic consumption was significantly reduced across different clinical settings and ARI diagnoses. Further high-quality research is needed to confirm the safety of this approach for non-European countries and patients in intensive care. Moreover, future studies should also establish cost-effectiveness by considering country-specific costs of procalcitonin measurement and potential savings in consumption of antibiotics and other healthcare resources, as well as secondary cost savings due to lower risk of side effects and reduced antimicrobial resistance. |
CD006638 | [
"16330868",
"17869973",
"9894960",
"15647576"
] | [
"Safety and therapeutical benefit of hemicraniectomy combined with mild hypothermia in comparison with hemicraniectomy alone in patients with malignant ischemic stroke.",
"Effects of therapeutic mild hypothermia on patients with severe traumatic brain injury after craniotomy.",
"Mild hypothermia as a protective... | [
"Both for hemicraniectomy and for hypothermia, several reports describe a beneficial effect in patients with malignant supratentorial cerebral ischemia. We compared the safety and the clinical outcome in patients with a malignant supratentorial infarction who were treated with hemicraniectomy alone (HA) or received... | Although there is some evidence that mild hypothermia is safe, its effectiveness is not clear when compared with normothermia. We need to perform more clinical trials in order to establish the benefit, if any, of hypothermia for cerebral protection during brain surgery before making firm recommendations for the routine use of this intervention. |
CD006564 | [
"3288477",
"8836932",
"10894991",
"10449550",
"8665547",
"15262734",
"10928571",
"16211594",
"10877152",
"1903079",
"9270567",
"12671949",
"10816186",
"3076200",
"9579296",
"2340834",
"11248591",
"11706112",
"9037575",
"15330687",
"15580607",
"7486869",
"2208182",
"1044... | [
"A double-blind study of bromocriptine and L-dopa in de novo Parkinson's disease. Short-term results.",
"Early institution of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease inhibits the emergence of levodopa-associated motor side effects. Long-term results of the PRADO study.",
"Five-year follow-up of early lisuride and ... | [
"The first phase of a longitudinal multicenter study comparing bromocriptine and L-dopa (as Sinemet) as de novo therapy for Parkinson's disease using a double-blind randomized design has recently been completed. Over a period of 5.5 months, bromocriptine and L-dopa were equipotent in reducing functional and neurolo... | This meta-analysis confirms that motor complications are reduced with dopamine agonists compared to levodopa, but also establishes that other important side-effects are increased and symptom control is poorer with agonists. Larger, long-term comparative trials assessing patient-rated quality of life are needed to assess more reliably the balance of benefits and risks of dopamine agonists compared to levodopa. |
CD003263 | [
"8186511",
"16847214",
"17432541",
"16869873",
"12780716",
"12207762",
"16029343",
"19016706",
"15492182",
"12430737",
"17447977",
"14692927",
"15522021",
"6531024",
"17659004",
"17100739",
"17953631",
"12756094",
"17373978",
"15871319",
"19082804",
"7751099",
"16700666",... | [
"L-phenylalanine and UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo.",
"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comparing narrowband UV-B Plus 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with narrowband UV-B plus placebo in the treatment of generalized vitiligo.",
"[Evaluation of an antioxidant and mitochondria-stimula... | [
"In order to evaluate the efficacy of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) in combination with UVA therapy for vitiligo an open trial (149 patients, 18 months) and a small double-blind trial (32 patients, 6 months) were conducted. Oral L-Phe loading resulted in peak plasma levels of L-Phe after 30-60 min and a slight increase i... | This review has found some evidence from individual studies to support existing therapies for vitiligo, but the usefulness of the findings is limited by the different designs and outcome measurements and lack of quality of life measures. There is a need for follow-up studies to assess permanence of repigmentation as well as high quality randomised trials using standardised measures and which also address quality of life. |
CD003783 | [
"10965008",
"8748595"
] | [
"Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy.",
"Spinal cord stimulation versus reoperation for failed back surgery syndrome: a prospective, randomized study design."
] | [
"Chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy (also called the complex regional pain syndrome) is a painful, disabling disorder for which there is no proven treatment. In observational studies, spinal cord stimulation has reduced the pain associated with the disorder.\n We performed a randomized trial involv... | Although there is limited evidence in favour of SCS for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I, more trials are needed to confirm whether SCS is an effective treatment for certain types of chronic pain. In addition, there needs to be a debate about trial designs that will provide the best evidence for assessing this type of intervention. |
CD000990 | [
"2404633",
"11454114",
"1788664",
"7915754",
"11459433",
"9413374",
"16376202",
"16828435",
"16890883",
"17210383",
"12618567",
"6060733",
"16205431",
"16858218",
"4819838",
"8872646",
"1863010",
"2647051",
"11472042",
"15890545",
"12528763"
] | [
"Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease.",
"Exercise rehabilitation improves functional outcomes and peripheral circulation in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial.",
"[Effect of a 2-year ambulatory vascular sports program on walking dist... | [
"Patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities have impaired walking ability due to exercise-induced muscle ischemia and the resultant pain of intermittent claudication. To evaluate the benefit of exercise training as a treatment for patients with PAD, as well as possible ... | Exercise programmes were of significant benefit compared with placebo or usual care in improving walking time and distance in selected patients with leg pain from IC. |
CD004287 | [
"10937118",
"16804456",
"9811023",
"12390375",
"2696870",
"15450839",
"11722525",
"11485582",
"17661940",
"17394707"
] | [
"Efficacy of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate tissue glue in blepharoplasty. A prospective controlled study of wound-healing characteristics.",
"A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (LiquiBand) with sutures for skin closure after laparoscopic general surgical procedures.... | [
"To compare the surgical efficacy and wound-healing characteristics of the tissue adhesive octyl-2-cyanoacrylate (approved by the Food and Drug Administration) with traditional suture closure in upper blepharoplasty.\n Prospective, randomized, blinded study comparing cosmetic and functional outcome a... | Sutures were significantly better than tissue adhesives for minimising dehiscence and were found to be significantly faster to use. Although surgeons may consider the use of tissue adhesives as an alternative to other methods of surgical site closure in the operating theatre they must be aware that adhesives may take more time to apply and that if higher tension is needed upon an incision, sutures may minimise dehiscence. There is a need for more well designed randomised controlled trials comparing tissue adhesives and alternative methods of closure. These trials should include people whose health may interfere with wound healing and surgical sites of high tension. |
CD000140 | [
"3890520",
"10853619",
"2181103",
"7347217",
"7310594",
"19926098"
] | [
"Limitations of theophylline in the treatment of apnea of prematurity.",
"Caffeine citrate for the treatment of apnea of prematurity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.",
"A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to compare theophylline and doxapram for the treatment of apnea of prematurity.",
"... | [
"Theophylline is commonly used to treat apnea of prematurity. To determine the effectiveness of theophylline with respect to gestational and postnatal age, we conducted a controlled study in 43 premature infants with idiopathic apnea. Three of the 21 treated and eight of the 22 control infants developed respiratory... | Methylxanthine is effective in reducing the number of apnoeic attacks and the use of mechanical ventilation in the two to seven days after starting treatment. Caffeine is also associated with better longer term outcomes. In view of its lower toxicity, caffeine would be the preferred drug for the treatment of apnoea. |
CD003205 | [
"1872925",
"1473127",
"1459169",
"8732710",
"8112187",
"3181646",
"12351465",
"12399272",
"7698053",
"8352456",
"9125301",
"9028717",
"2676659",
"11247166",
"2394967",
"16960167",
"12421024",
"9589230",
"8495604",
"7825523",
"2209315"
] | [
"A controlled study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.",
"[The effect of fish oil on the secretion and effect of insulin in patients with type II diabetes].",
"Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-... | [
"Eight male non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients participated in a double-blind randomized cross-over study (2 weeks for each period) evaluating the effects of 10 g/day fish oil dietary supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism. Fasting serum triglyceride concentrations were decreased by fish oil because o... | Omega-3 PUFA supplementation in type 2 diabetes lowers triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, but may raise LDL cholesterol (although results were non-significant in subgroups) and has no statistically significant effect on glycemic control or fasting insulin. Trials with vascular events or mortality defined endpoints are needed. |
CD004221 | [
"11854640",
"11810088",
"12118642"
] | [
"Buccal versus intravaginal misoprostol administration for cervical ripening.",
"Sublingual misoprostol for the induction of labor at term.",
"Sublingual compared with oral misoprostol in term labour induction: a randomised controlled trial."
] | [
"The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of misoprostol that is administered in the buccal pouch with the intravaginal route of administration.\n One hundred fifty-seven pregnant women with a singleton live gestation, Bishop score of <7, estimated fetal weight of <4500 g, and gestationa... | Based on only three small trials, sublingual misoprostol appears to be at least as effective as when the same dose is administered orally. There are inadequate data to comment on the relative complications and side-effects. Sublingual or buccal misoprostol should not enter clinical use until its safety and optimal dosage have been established by larger trials.
[Note: The 17 citations in the awaiting classification section of the review may alter the conclusions of the review once assessed.] |
CD001760 | [
"22473231",
"16551154",
"15889606",
"9825167"
] | [
"Vaginismus treatment. Hypnotherapy versus behavior therapy.",
"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for women with lifelong vaginismus: a randomized waiting-list controlled trial of efficacy.",
"[Treatment of vaginismus with the Paula Garburg sphincter muscle exercises].",
"Therapy for vaginismus: in vivo versus in ... | [
"To investigate the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the treatment of vaginismus compared to behavior therapy.\n A consecutive sample of 36 women with vaginismus (DSM-IV criteria) referred to the out-patient psychiatry clinic at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital in Riyadh between 1999-2003 were div... | A clinically relevant effect of systematic desensitisation when compared with any of the control interventions cannot be ruled out. None of the included trials compared other behaviour therapies (e.g. cognitive behaviour therapy, sex therapy) to pharmacological interventions. The findings are limited by the evidence available and as such conclusions about the efficacy of interventions for the treatment of vaginismus should be drawn cautiously. |
CD002824 | [
"3318993",
"8173852",
"13588962",
"12972485",
"10568861",
"7551664"
] | [
"Intra-articular rimexolone in the rheumatoid knee: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial of three doses.",
"A randomized controlled study of post-injection rest following intra-articular steroid therapy for knee synovitis.",
"Intra-articular therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of hydroc... | [
"One-hundred and thirty-seven patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis, involving at least one knee joint, were randomly allocated to a single intra-articular injection of 10, 20 or 40 mg of rimexolone (Org 6216) or placebo. The follow-up period was 84 days, during which clinical and laboratory asse... | There is some evidence to support the use of IA steroid injections and resting a knee following injections but that wrists should not be rested following injections. The included studies involved adult participants so any conclusions can only cautiously applied to children. Further research is required to examine the use and type of rest and the differential responses of different joints following injections. |
CD006452 | [
"16818837",
"18814887",
"17079787",
"12897288"
] | [
"Accuracy and impact of a point-of-care rapid influenza test in young children with respiratory illnesses.",
"A randomized, controlled trial of the impact of early and rapid diagnosis of viral infections in children brought to an emergency department with febrile respiratory tract illnesses.",
"Effect of point-... | [
"To determine whether a point-of-care rapid influenza test impacts the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of children with acute respiratory illnesses.\n Randomized controlled trial.\n Pediatric emergency department and acute care clinic of a children's hospital.\n Chil... | Current evidence is insufficient to support routine rapid viral testing as a means to reduce antibiotic use in pediatric EDs. Results suggest that rapid viral testing may be beneficial in terms of reducing rates of antibiotic usage, urine investigations and blood investigations, but are not statistically significant due to lack of power. Rapid viral testing does reduce the rate of chest X-rays in the ED. A large trial addressing the effect on antibiotic usage is needed. |
CD000535 | [
"10665553",
"6755786",
"1788755",
"1402213",
"6474351",
"7934346",
"3555690",
"9392698",
"1987387",
"6465619"
] | [
"Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomised trial.",
"Effects of aspirin and dipyridamole on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft patency.",
"[Experiences with adjuvant prostaglandin therapy in ... | [
"Oral anticoagulants and aspirin are antithrombotic drugs that are commonly used in patients with vascular disease. We investigated whether either of these treatments prevented more effectively than the other bypass complications after infrainguinal bypass surgery.\n We did a multicentre, randomised,... | Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin had a slight beneficial effect on the patency of peripheral bypass grafts but seemed to have an inferior effect on venous graft patency compared with artificial grafts. The effect of aspirin on cardiovascular outcomes and survival was small and not statistically significant. This might be due to the fact that the majority of patients receiving a peripheral graft have an advanced stage of PAD with critical ischaemia. They are usually seriously ill as a result of cardiovascular disease and have high mortality rates, of 20% per year. Additionally, the number of patients included in this analysis might be too small to reach a statistically significant effect for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. |
CD000508 | [
"463541"
] | [
"Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. I. Thrombosis in relation to catheter type and position."
] | [
"Seventy-one sick newborn infants, who had an umbilical artery catheterized, were randomized in one of four catheter groups: long end-hole-, short end-hole-, long side-hole- or short side-hole catheter. A long catheter means a high position of the catheter tip (Th6--11) and a short catheter a low position of the ti... | Side hole catheters should be avoided for umbilical arterial catheterisation in the newborn. |
CD003140 | [
"8251778",
"8257235",
"8721977",
"8995350",
"9929524",
"2690762",
"10197321",
"8897354",
"3278764",
"1963364",
"8377779"
] | [
"Treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin).",
"Reduction of filaritic lymphoedema and elephantiasis by 5,6 benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin), and the effects of diethylcarbamazine (DEC).",
"Treatment of secondary lymphedema of the upper limb with CYCLO 3 FORT.",
"E... | [
"To study efficacy of treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone.\n Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study with matching for grade and duration of disease, age, and sex. Treatment was given for 367 days, and subjects were followed up for another year.\... | It is not possible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of Benzopyrones in the management of lymphoedema from the current available trials. |
CD008167 | [
"6376207",
"6376208",
"3521443",
"6863579"
] | [
"The efficacy of a potassium-sparing combination of chlorthalidone and triamterene in the control of mild and moderate hypertension. I.",
"The efficacy of a potassium-sparing combination of chlorthalidone and triamterene in the control of mild and moderate hypertension. II.",
"Comparison of low doses of hydroch... | [
"Chlorthalidone 25 mg/triamterene 50 mg in once-daily oral doses was as effective in reducing blood pressure as chlorthalidone 25 mg alone. The decrease in serum potassium was statistically significantly less with the combination than for chlorthalidone. There were no notable differences between the treatments in a... | ENaC blockers do not have a statistically or clinically significant BP lowering effect at low doses but trials at higher doses are not available. The review did not provide a good estimate of the incidence of harms associated with ENaC blockers. |
CD002168 | [
"6367554",
"3619219",
"1854108"
] | [
"Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.",
"Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A controlled trial.",
"Aminophylline therapy for acute bronchospastic disease in the emergency room."
] | [
"Often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients treated for acute exacerbations receive intravenous (IV) aminophylline in addition to inhaled bronchodilators that may raise serum levels of theophylline into the toxic range. A double-blind, randomized study of 52 men with COPD who came to the emergency ... | Given current evidence, methylxanthines should not be used for COPD exacerbations. Possible beneficial effects in lung function and clinical endpoints were modest and inconsistent, whereas adverse effects were significantly increased. More selective agents, tested in larger randomised trials, are necessary if methylxanthines are to have any role in the treatment of COPD exacerbations. |
CD004391 | [
"11220772",
"11463108"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of artemotil (beta-arteether) in Zambian children with cerebral malaria.",
"Clinical trial of beta-arteether versus quinine for the treatment of cerebral malaria in children in Yaounde, Cameroon."
] | [
"The efficacy and safety of intramuscular artemotil (ARTECEF) was compared to intravenous quinine in African children with cerebral malaria. This prospective block randomized open-label study was conducted at two centers in Zambia. Subjects were children aged 0 to 10 years of age with cerebral malaria and a Blantyr... | More trials with a larger number of participants are needed before a firm conclusion about the efficacy and safety of arteether can be reached. |
CD006911 | [
"19752847",
"12719743",
"18033724",
"14669295",
"17037953",
"19574761",
"10514756",
"19442346",
"11407965",
"19661790",
"17891547",
"20386063",
"11421145"
] | [
"[Role of interactive music in oncological pediatric patients undergoing painful procedures].",
"Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer.",
"A non-randomized [corrected] controlled trial of the active music engagement (AME) intervention on children with cancer.",
"Musi... | [
"The present study has examined whether interactive music may be considered an effective treatment for the attenuation of anxiety in oncological paediatric patients undergoing painful procedures (lumbar injection, bone marrow aspiration, osteomedullary biopsy and arterial catheter).\n Thirty-nine tum... | This systematic review indicates that music interventions may have beneficial effects on anxiety, pain, mood, and QoL in people with cancer. Furthermore, music may have a small effect on heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Most trials were at high risk of bias and, therefore, these results need to be interpreted with caution. |
CD001017 | [
"7002206",
"1835005",
"15512177",
"3685399",
"1872778",
"8238173"
] | [
"Reduction of menstrual blood loss by danazol in unexplained menorrhagia: lack of effect of placebo.",
"A comparative study of danazol and norethisterone in dysfunctional uterine bleeding presenting as menorrhagia.",
"A double-blind randomised study comparing danazol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the manag... | [
"In women with menorrhagia of unknown cause, the efficacy of the drug danazol in reducing heavy menstrual blood loss was investigated making objective measurements of menstrual blood loss. Drug regimens tested were daily administration of 200 or 100 mg danazol for 12 weeks and daily danazol given in the luteal phas... | Danazol appears to be an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding compared to other medical treatments. The use of Danazol may be limited by its side effect profile, its acceptability to women and the need for continuing treatment. The small number of trials, and the small sample sizes of the included trials limit the recommendations for clinical care. Further studies are unlikely in the future and this review will not be updated unless further studies are identified. |
CD007357 | [
"2948162",
"6228772",
"6232359",
"2934008",
"2944997",
"10485505",
"6212554"
] | [
"Comparison of etodolac, aspirin and placebo for pain after oral surgery.",
"The effectiveness of 100 and 200 mg etodolac (Ultradol), aspirin, and placebo in patients with pain following oral surgery.",
"The efficacy of etodolac for patients with pain following oral surgery.",
"Relief of dental surgery pain: ... | [
"Single oral doses of etodolac 50, 100 and 200 mg were compared with aspirin 650 mg and placebo in a double-blind, parallel group study of 189 outpatients reporting moderate or severe pain after oral surgery. Overall efficacy of test drugs was evaluated by sum of pain intensity difference (SPID) scores and total pa... | Etodolac 200 mg may be a useful analgesic in postoperative pain, with efficacy similar to paracetamol 1000 mg and celecoxib 200 mg. Higher doses may provide analgesia equivalent to more commonly used drugs, such as ibuprofen 400 mg, naproxen 500 mg and diclofenac 50 mg. |
CD009296 | [
"15363008",
"14586050",
"21311842"
] | [
"Trial of nurse-run asthma clinics based in general practice versus usual medical care.",
"Outpatient management of childhood asthma by paediatrician or asthma nurse: randomised controlled study with one year follow up.",
"Paediatric asthma outpatient care by asthma nurse, paediatrician or general practitioner:... | [
"The aim of this study was to assess the ability of nurse-run asthma clinics based in general practice compared with usual medical care to produce at least a moderate improvement in the quality of life of adults with asthma.\n A randomized controlled trial involving 80 asthma clinic and 90 usual medi... | We found no significant difference between nurse-led care for patients with asthma compared to physician-led care for the outcomes assessed. Based on the relatively small number of studies in this review, nurse-led care may be appropriate in patients with well-controlled asthma. More studies in varied settings and among people with varying levels of asthma control are needed with data on adverse events and health-care costs. |
CD004619 | [
"16399189",
"11556862",
"12049562",
"15839866",
"11700188",
"17071297",
"15195050"
] | [
"Comparison of posttonsillectomy pain using the ultrasonic scalpel, coblator, and electrocautery.",
"Traditional tonsillectomy compared with bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation tonsillectomy in adults: a pilot study.",
"Tonsillectomy by means of plasma-mediated ablation: prospective, randomized, blinded com... | [
"To compare postoperative tonsillectomy pain between 3 commonly used surgical devices: the Harmonic Ultrasonic Scalpel (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH), the Coblator (ArthroCare Corp, Sunnyvale, CA), and electrocautery.\n A prospective, randomized trial. One hundred thirty-four patients were ra... | In terms of postoperative pain and speed and safety of recovery, there is inadequate evidence to determine whether coblation tonsillectomy is better or worse than other methods of tonsillectomy. Evidence from a large prospective audit suggests that it has been associated with a higher level of morbidity, in terms of postoperative bleeding. Large, well-designed randomised controlled trials supplemented by data from large prospective audits are needed to produce information on effectiveness and morbidity respectively. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.