 Au-rich sulfide liquid, either during partial melting in the mantle source or during partial re-melting of sulfide-bearing cumulates at the crust-mantle boundary. We argue that MSS is the dominant sulfide phase in the mantle source region of these magmas, and thus that their high Au content is a consequence of low MSS-silicate melt partition coefficients rather than of sulfide exhaustion or partial re-melting of sulfide-bearing cumulates. Continental crust is depleted in Au, Ag and Cu relative to mantle melts, which was thought to be due to removal of.
Remodeling of extracellular matrix due to solid stress accumulation during tumor tumor displaces and deforms the surrounding normal tissue, and also as a result of intratumoral component interplay. Among other things, solid stresses are known to induce extensive extracellular matrix synthesis and reorganization. In this study, we developed a mathematical model of tumor growth that distinguishes the contribution to stress generation by collagenous and non-collagenous tumor structural components, and also investigates collagen fiber remodeling exclusively due to solid stress. To this end, we initially conducted in vivo experiments using an orthotopic mouse model for breast cancer to monitor primary tumor growth and derive the mechanical properties of the tumor. Subsequently, we fitted the mathematical model to experimental data to determine values of the model parameters. According to the model, intratumoral solid stress is compressive, whereas extratumoral stress in the tumor vicinity is compressive in the radial direction and tensile in the periphery. Furthermore, collagen fibers engaged in stress generation only in the peritumoral region, and not in the interior where they were slackened due to the compressive stress state. Peritumoral fibers were driven away from the radial direction, tended to realign tangent to the tumor-host interface, and were also significantly stretched by tensile circumferential stresses. By means of this remodeling, the model predicts that the tumor is enveloped by a progressively thickening capsule of collagen fibers. This prediction is consistent with long-standing observations of tumor encapsulation and histologic sections that we performed, and it further corroborates the expansive growth hypothesis for the capsule formation. PMID:26194953
Rate of production, dissolution and accumulation of biogenic solids in the ocean
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Arrhenius, G.
1988-01-01
The equatorial current system, by its response to global circulation changes, provides a unique recording mechanism for long range climatic oscillations. A permanent record of the changes in rate of upwelling and organic production is generated in the equatorial deep sea sediments, particularly by such biogenic components which are unaffected by secondary dissolution. In order to determine the rates of accumulation of various sedimentary components, a reliable differential measurement of age of the strata must be obtained. Various approaches to this problem are reviewed, and sources of error discussed. Secondary dissolution of calcium carbonate introduces a substantial and variable difference between the dissolution-modified, and hence a priori unknown, rate of deposition on one hand and the rate of accumulation, derivable from the observed concentration, on the other. The cause and magnitude of these variations are of importance, particularly since some current dating schemes are based on assumed constancy in the rate of accumulation of this and, in some cases, also all other sedimentary components. The concepts used in rate evaluation are discussed with emphasis on the difference between the state of dissolution, an observable property of the sediment, and the rate of dissolution, a parameter that requires deduction of the carbonate fraction dissolved, and of the time differential. As a most likely cause of the enhanced state of dissolution of the interglacial carbonate sediments is proposed the lowered rates of biogenic production and deposition, which cause longer exposure of the carbonate microfossils to corrosion in the bioturbated surface layer of the sediment. Historical perspective is included in the discussion in view of the dedication of the Symposium to Hans Pettersson, the leader of the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition 1947-1948, an undertaking that opened a new era in deep sea research and planetary dynamics.
Optimization of erythritol and glycerol accumulation in conidia of Beauveria bassiana by solid-state fermentation, using response surface methodology.
Tarocco, Federico; Lecuona, Roberto E; Couto, Alicia S; Arcas, Jorge A
2005-09-01
Entomopathogenic fungi are widely produced for use as mycoinsecticides. Therefore, improvement of the shelf life of fungal propagules under good and adverse conditions should be a pre-requisite of their production. In order to improve conidial physiology as well as mycoinsecticide efficiency, culture conditions may be varied. The Doehlert design was used to generate response surfaces with an estimation of the parameters of the quadratic model allowing the study of three different factors at a different number of levels. This experimental design was applied to optimize water activity (aw), pH, and fermentation time for Beauveria bassiana conidial production and accumulation of polyols in solid-state fermentation. Thus, it was possible to identify the region in the experimental range in which the optimum values of these parameters were simultaneously achieved. Maximal conidia production was achieved at pH 5-6 and aw=0.999. Under these conditions, polyol accumulation was 3 mg erythritol/g conidia and 29.6 mg glycerol/g conidia. However, maximal polyol accumulation was achieved at pH 4.5 and aw 0.950; erythritol production increased 33-fold and glycerol production 4.5-fold. Under these conditions conidia production was 1,000 times lower. The possibilities of increasing the quality of the biocontrol agent without neglecting yield are discussed. PMID:15731900.
Improved reactor performance and operability in the biotransformation of carveol to carvone using a solid-liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactor.
Morrish, Jenna L E; Daugulis, Andrew J
2008-12-01
In an effort to improve reactor performance and process operability, the microbial biotransformation of (-)-trans-carveol to (R)-(-)-carvone by hydrophobic Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 was carried out in a two phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) with solid polymer beads acting as the partitioning phase. Previous work had demonstrated that the substrate and product become inhibitory to the organism at elevated aqueous concentrations and the use of an immiscible second phase in the bioreactor was intended to provide a reservoir for substrates to be delivered to the aqueous phase based on the metabolic rate of the cells, while also acting as a sink to uptake the product as it is produced. The biotransformation was previously undertaken in a two liquid phase TPPB with 1-dodecene and with silicone oil as the immiscible second phase and, although improvement in the reactor performance was obtained relative to a single phase system, the hydrophobic nature of the organism caused the formation of severe emulsions leading to significant operational challenges. In the present work, eight types of polymer beads were screened for their suitability for use in a solid-liquid TPPB for this biotransformation. The use of selected solid polymer beads as the second phase completely prevented emulsion formation and therefore improved overall operability of the reactor. Three modes of solid-liquid TPPB operation were considered: the use of a single polymer bead type (styrene/butadiene copolymer) in the reactor, the use of a mixture of polymer beads in the reactor (styrene/butadiene copolymer plus Hytrel(R) 8206), and the use of one type of polymer beads in the reactor (styrene/butadiene copolymer), and another bead type (Hytrel(R) 8206) in an external column through which fermentation medium was recirculated. This last configuration achieved the best reactor performance with 7 times more substrate being added throughout the biotransformation relative to a single aqueous phase....
Spatial distribution and accumulation of radicals arising in organic solids under the action of glow discharge
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Raitsimring, A. M.; Kurshev, V. V.
1994-12-01
The method, based on analyzing the dipolar broadening of EPR spectra was applied for investigation of the spatial distribution of radicals generated by high-frequency glow discharge in organic molecular crystals (powders of malonic and dimethylmalonic acids) and glassy isopropanol contained electron scavenger. It was shown that in the first case the radical distribution does not depend on time of discharge. The radicals are generated in layer of size ˜.05-0.1 μm at a concentration of ˜2 10 20 cm -3. For the second case the distribution function was changed in the course of plasma treatment and the depth of radical generation was varied from 0.25 to 1.5 μm during the discharge action. Contribution of the various mechanisms of radical formation were evaluated and it was shown that ionic mechanism predominated. A kinetic model is proposed to describe both the radical accumulation and evolution of spatial distribution function in plasmolysis. The use of the model, method and obtained data for general and practical applications is discussed.
Ginsberg, M.L.
1996-12-31 {alpha}-{beta} pruning provides over minimax.
Solid-solution partitioning and thionation of diphenylarsinic acid in a flooded soil under the impact of sulfate and iron reduction.
Zhu, Meng; Tu, Chen; Hu, Xuefeng; Zhang, Haibo; Zhang, Lijuan; Wei, Jing; Li, Yuan; Luo, Yongming; Christie, Peter
2016-11-01
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a major organic arsenic (As) compound derived from abandoned chemical weapons. The solid-solution