Principle: If you sell an item that you know to be defective, telling the buyer that the item is sound, you thereby commit fraud. Application: Wilton sold a used bicycle to Harris, knowing very little about its condition. Wilton told Harris that the bicycle was in good working condition, but Harris soon learned that the brakes were defective. Wilton was ttherefore guilty of fraud.
The statement 'asserting something without justification is not the same as asserting something one knows to be false' is the most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the application of the principle is.