<s>
sudo	O
(	O
or	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
program	B-Application
for	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
programs	O
with	O
the	O
security	O
privileges	O
of	O
another	O
user	O
,	O
by	O
default	O
the	O
superuser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
originally	O
stood	O
for	O
"	O
superuser	B-Application
do	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
that	O
was	O
all	O
it	O
did	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
its	O
most	O
common	O
usage	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
official	O
Sudo	O
project	O
page	O
lists	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
su	B-Device
'	O
do	O
 '	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
Linux	O
manual	O
pages	O
for	O
su	B-Device
define	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
substitute	O
user	O
"	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
correct	O
meaning	O
of	O
sudo	O
"	O
substitute	O
user	O
,	O
do	O
"	O
,	O
because	O
sudo	O
can	O
run	O
a	O
command	O
as	O
other	O
users	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
similar	O
command	O
su	B-Device
,	O
users	O
must	O
,	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
supply	O
their	O
own	O
password	O
for	O
authentication	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
password	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
authentication	O
,	O
and	O
if	O
the	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
(	O
typically	O
/etc/sudoers	B-Protocol
)	O
permits	O
the	O
user	O
access	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
invokes	O
the	O
requested	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
offers	O
detailed	O
access	O
permissions	O
,	O
including	O
enabling	O
commands	O
only	O
from	O
the	O
invoking	O
terminal	O
;	O
requiring	O
a	O
password	O
per	O
user	O
or	O
group	O
;	O
requiring	O
re-entry	O
of	O
a	O
password	O
every	O
time	O
or	O
never	O
requiring	O
a	O
password	O
at	O
all	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
command	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1986	O
and	O
1993	O
,	O
the	O
code	O
and	O
features	O
were	O
substantially	O
modified	O
by	O
the	O
IT	O
staff	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Colorado	O
Boulder	O
Computer	O
Science	O
Department	O
and	O
the	O
College	O
of	O
Engineering	O
and	O
Applied	O
Science	O
,	O
including	O
Todd	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Miller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
has	O
been	O
publicly	O
maintained	O
by	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
developer	O
Todd	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Miller	O
since	O
1994	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
distributed	O
under	O
an	O
ISC-style	B-License
license	O
since	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
claims	O
were	O
narrowly	O
framed	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
rather	O
than	O
to	O
the	O
sudo	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
command	O
su	B-Device
,	O
users	O
supply	O
their	O
personal	O
password	O
to	O
sudo	O
(	O
if	O
necessary	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
superuser	B-Application
or	O
other	O
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
authentication	O
,	O
and	O
if	O
the	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
permits	O
the	O
user	O
access	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
invokes	O
the	O
requested	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
sudo	O
retains	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
invocation	O
rights	O
through	O
a	O
grace	O
period	O
(	O
typically	O
5	O
minutes	O
)	O
per	O
pseudo	B-Protocol
terminal	I-Protocol
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
execute	O
several	O
successive	O
commands	O
as	O
the	O
requested	O
user	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
password	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
user	O
attempts	O
to	O
invoke	O
sudo	O
without	O
being	O
listed	O
in	O
the	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
,	O
an	O
exception	O
indication	O
is	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
indicating	O
that	O
the	O
attempt	O
has	O
been	O
recorded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
configured	O
,	O
the	O
root	B-Application
user	I-Application
will	O
be	O
alerted	O
via	O
mail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
/etc/sudoers	B-Protocol
file	O
contains	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
users	O
or	O
user	O
groups	O
with	O
permission	O
to	O
execute	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
commands	O
while	O
having	O
the	O
privileges	O
of	O
the	O
root	B-Application
user	I-Application
or	O
another	O
specified	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-Application
may	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
require	O
a	O
password	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
system	O
distributions	O
,	O
sudo	O
has	O
largely	O
supplanted	O
the	O
default	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
distinct	O
superuser	B-Application
login	O
for	O
administrative	O
tasks	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
in	O
some	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
association	O
with	O
SELinux	B-Application
,	O
sudo	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
transition	O
between	O
roles	O
in	O
role-based	O
access	O
control	O
(	O
RBAC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
visudo	O
is	O
a	O
command-line	O
utility	O
that	O
allows	O
editing	O
the	O
sudo	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
in	O
a	O
fail-safe	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
prevents	O
multiple	O
simultaneous	O
edits	O
with	O
locks	B-Application
and	O
performs	O
sanity	B-Error_Name
and	I-Error_Name
syntax	I-Error_Name
checks	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sudoedit	O
is	O
a	O
program	B-Application
that	O
symlinks	O
to	O
the	O
sudo	O
binary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-Application
runas	O
provides	O
similar	O
functionality	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
cannot	O
pass	O
current	O
directories	O
,	O
environment	O
variables	O
or	O
long	O
command	O
lines	O
to	O
the	O
child	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
true	O
su	B-Device
and	O
sudo	O
for	O
Windows	O
that	O
can	O
pass	O
all	O
of	O
that	O
state	O
information	O
and	O
start	O
the	O
child	O
either	O
elevated	O
or	O
as	O
another	O
user	O
(	O
or	O
both	O
)	O
is	O
included	O
with	O
Hamilton	B-Device
C	I-Device
shell	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
exist	O
for	O
sudo	O
–	O
notably	O
gksudo	O
–	O
but	O
are	O
deprecated	O
in	O
Debian	O
and	O
no	O
longer	O
included	O
in	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
user	O
interfaces	O
are	O
not	O
directly	O
built	O
on	O
sudo	O
,	O
but	O
provide	O
similar	O
temporary	O
privilege	O
elevation	O
for	O
administrative	O
purposes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
pkexec	B-Language
in	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
User	O
Account	O
Control	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Authorization	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
doas	B-Device
,	O
available	O
since	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
5.8	O
(	O
October	O
2015	O
)	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
written	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
replace	O
sudo	O
in	O
the	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
base	O
system	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
latter	O
still	O
being	O
made	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
