<s>
Zoom	B-Application
,	O
stylized	O
as	O
zoom	B-Application
or	O
Zoom	B-Application
Meetings	I-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
videotelephony	B-Application
software	O
program	O
developed	O
by	O
Zoom	B-Application
Video	O
Communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
that	O
could	O
host	O
conferences	O
with	O
only	O
up	O
to	O
15	O
video	O
participants	O
was	O
launched	O
on	O
August	O
21	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
its	O
first	O
month	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
had	O
400,000	O
users	O
and	O
rose	O
to	O
over	O
one	O
million	O
users	O
by	O
May	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
,	O
by	O
February	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
had	O
gained	O
2.22	O
million	O
users	O
in	O
2020	O
–	O
more	O
users	O
than	O
it	O
amassed	O
in	O
the	O
entirety	O
of	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
app	I-Application
was	O
downloaded	O
2.13	O
million	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
for	O
remote	O
work	O
,	O
distance	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
online	O
social	O
relations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
downloaded	O
mobile	O
apps	O
worldwide	O
in	O
2020	O
with	O
over	O
500	O
million	O
downloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
had	O
more	O
than	O
300	O
million	O
daily	O
meeting	O
participants	O
,	O
clarified	O
to	O
mean	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
times	O
someone	O
joined	O
a	O
meeting	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
happen	O
several	O
times	O
per	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
One	O
has	O
six	O
tiers	O
:	O
Basic	O
,	O
Pro	O
,	O
Business	O
,	O
Business	O
Plus	O
,	O
Enterprise	O
,	O
and	O
Enterprise	O
Plus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
Windows	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
include	O
one-on-one	O
meetings	O
,	O
group	O
video	B-Application
conferences	I-Application
,	O
screen	O
sharing	O
,	O
plugins	O
,	O
browser	O
extensions	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
record	O
meetings	O
and	O
have	O
them	O
automatically	O
transcribed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
the	O
platform	O
is	O
free	O
for	O
video	B-Application
conferences	I-Application
of	O
up	O
to	O
100	O
participants	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
40-minute	O
time	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
geared	O
towards	O
business	O
conferences	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Zoom	B-Application
Rooms	O
,	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
49	O
people	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
on	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
or	O
laptop	B-Device
screen	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
4	O
people	O
per	O
screen	O
in	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
Android	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
phones	I-Application
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
people	O
per	O
screen	O
on	O
iPad	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
security	O
features	O
include	O
password-protected	O
meetings	O
,	O
user	O
authentication	O
,	O
waiting	O
rooms	O
,	O
locked	O
meetings	O
,	O
disabling	O
participant	O
screen	O
sharing	O
,	O
randomly	O
generated	O
IDs	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
the	O
host	O
to	O
remove	O
disruptive	O
attendees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
began	O
offering	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
to	O
business	O
and	O
enterprise	O
users	O
,	O
with	O
AES	B-Algorithm
256	I-Algorithm
GCM	B-Algorithm
encryption	O
enabled	O
for	O
all	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
added	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
for	O
free	O
and	O
paid	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
available	O
on	O
all	O
platforms	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
official	O
Zoom	B-Application
web	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
also	O
offers	O
a	O
transcription	O
service	O
using	O
Otter.ai	B-General_Concept
software	O
that	O
allows	O
businesses	O
to	O
store	O
transcriptions	O
of	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
meetings	I-Application
online	O
and	O
search	O
them	O
,	O
including	O
separating	O
and	O
labeling	O
different	O
speakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
Rooms	O
and	O
Zoom	B-Application
Phone	O
became	O
available	O
as	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
as	I-General_Concept
a	I-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
July	O
2022	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
Phone	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
domestic	O
telephone	O
service	O
in	O
47	O
countries	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
has	O
sold	O
3	O
million	O
seats	O
for	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
for	O
Home	O
,	O
a	O
category	O
of	O
products	O
designed	O
for	O
home	O
use	O
,	O
became	O
available	O
in	O
August	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
Phone	O
Provider	O
Exchange	O
,	O
which	O
gives	O
customers	O
options	O
for	O
voice	O
services	O
,	O
reaches	O
more	O
than	O
70	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2022	O
,	O
an	O
option	O
was	O
added	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
Phone	O
to	O
turn	O
on	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
during	O
one-on-one	O
calls	O
between	O
users	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
company	O
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
added	O
new	O
accessibility	O
features	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
app	O
easier	O
to	O
use	O
for	O
those	O
who	O
are	O
deaf	O
,	O
hard	O
of	O
hearing	O
,	O
or	O
visually	O
impaired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2020	O
at	O
Zoomtopia	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
annual	O
user	O
conference	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
unveiled	O
OnZoom	O
,	O
a	O
virtual	O
event	O
marketplace	O
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
payment	O
system	O
where	O
users	O
can	O
host	O
and	O
promote	O
free	O
or	O
paid	O
live	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
also	O
announced	O
Zoom	B-Application
Apps	I-Application
,	O
a	O
feature	O
integrating	O
third-party	O
apps	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
within	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
interface	O
during	O
meetings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
such	O
apps	O
were	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
around	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
from	O
companies	O
including	O
Slack	O
,	O
Salesforce	B-Application
,	O
Dropbox	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Qatalog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
gave	O
its	O
users	O
better	O
security	O
with	O
an	O
upgrade	O
to	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
for	O
its	O
online	O
meetings	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2021	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
added	O
a	O
"	O
virtual	O
receptionist	O
"	O
feature	O
in	O
the	O
Kiosk	O
Mode	O
for	O
Zoom	B-Application
Rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
22	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
start	O
selling	O
its	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
technology	O
as	O
a	O
white-label	O
product	O
,	O
so	O
other	O
companies	O
can	O
embed	O
it	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
products	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
calls	O
running	O
over	O
Zoom	B-Application
but	O
not	O
carrying	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
brand	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2021	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
released	O
Zoom	B-Application
Apps	I-Application
which	O
integrated	O
a	O
marketplace	O
of	O
third-party	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Dropbox	B-Application
Spaces	I-Application
,	O
Asana	B-Application
,	O
and	O
SurveyMonkey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
launched	O
Focus	O
Mode	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
educational	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
is	O
available	O
across	O
all	O
Zoom	B-Application
accounts	O
,	O
including	O
free	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2021	O
at	O
Zoomtopia	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
announced	O
that	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
would	O
now	O
be	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
upgrade	O
for	O
Zoom	B-Application
Phone	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
also	O
announced	O
Bring	O
Your	O
Own	O
Key	O
(	O
BYOK	O
)	O
(	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
manage	O
their	O
own	O
encryption	O
keys	O
that	O
Zoom	B-Application
cannot	O
access	O
or	O
see	O
)	O
,	O
Verified	O
Identity	O
(	O
a	O
multi-factor	O
authentication	O
feature	O
working	O
through	O
Okta	B-Application
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
confirm	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
meeting	O
participants	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Video	O
Engagement	O
Center	O
(	O
for	O
businesses	O
to	O
digitally	O
interact	O
with	O
customers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
updates	O
include	O
revamped	O
virtual	O
whiteboard	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
touchscreen	O
whiteboards	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
digitized	O
for	O
remote	O
participants	O
,	O
and	O
improved	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Zoom	B-Application
Meetings	I-Application
and	O
Zoom	B-Application
Chat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
automatically	O
generate	O
closed	O
captions	O
in	O
English	O
for	O
Zoom	B-Application
meetings	I-Application
was	O
expanded	O
to	O
all	O
accounts	O
,	O
including	O
free	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
added	O
features	O
including	O
gesture	O
recognition	O
,	O
a	O
virtual	O
whiteboard	O
,	O
and	O
Zoom	B-Application
IQ	O
for	O
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
launched	O
Zoom	B-Application
Contact	O
Center	O
,	O
a	O
cloud	O
contact	O
center	O
optimized	O
for	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
and	O
integrated	O
directly	O
into	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
One	O
,	O
which	O
brings	O
together	O
chat	O
,	O
phone	O
,	O
whiteboard	O
,	O
and	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
capabilities	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
offering	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
opened	O
its	O
Zoom	B-Application
Apps	I-Application
developer	O
program	O
to	O
all	O
developers	O
,	O
via	O
Zoom	B-Application
Apps	I-Application
SDK	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
One	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
offers	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
translation	O
and	O
captioning	O
for	O
11	O
languages	O
:	O
English	O
,	O
simplified	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Italian	O
,	O
Japanese	O
,	O
Korean	O
,	O
Russian	O
,	O
Spanish	O
,	O
and	O
Ukrainian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
banks	O
,	O
schools	O
,	O
universities	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
agencies	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
UK	O
Parliament	O
,	O
by	O
healthcare	O
professionals	O
for	O
telemedicine	O
,	O
barbershops	O
,	O
and	O
ceremonies	O
such	O
as	O
birthday	O
parties	O
,	O
funeral	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
bar	O
and	O
bat	O
mitzvah	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
formed	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Formula	B-Application
One	I-Application
to	O
create	O
a	O
virtual	O
club	O
where	O
fans	O
can	O
go	O
behind	O
the	O
scenes	O
and	O
take	O
part	O
in	O
virtual	O
activities	O
through	O
Zoom	B-Application
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
Hungarian	O
Grand	O
Prix	O
on	O
July	O
19	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
published	O
in	O
July	O
2020	O
in	O
the	O
San	O
Francisco	O
Chronicle	O
noted	O
a	O
new	O
real	O
estate	O
trend	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
and	O
Oakland	O
where	O
some	O
listings	O
include	O
"	O
Zoom	B-Application
rooms	O
"	O
with	O
backdrops	O
for	O
Zoom	B-Application
calls	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
were	O
complaining	O
about	O
"	O
zoom	B-Application
fatigue	O
"	O
(	O
too	O
many	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
)	O
before	O
they	O
had	O
their	O
"	O
zoom	B-Application
happy	O
hour	O
"	O
(	O
online	O
social	O
meeting	O
with	O
friends	O
or	O
colleagues	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
takes	O
place	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
,	O
with	O
its	O
main	O
characters	O
congregating	O
online	O
during	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
using	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Written	O
and	O
directed	O
by	O
Nelson	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
commissioned	O
by	O
The	O
Public	O
Theater	O
and	O
premiered	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
on	O
April	O
29	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
benefit	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oprah	O
's	O
Your	O
Life	O
in	O
Focus	O
:	O
A	O
Vision	O
Forward	O
was	O
a	O
live	O
virtual	O
experience	O
hosted	O
by	O
Oprah	O
Winfrey	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
from	O
May	O
16	O
through	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Source	O
Material	O
's	O
play	O
In	O
These	O
Uncertain	O
Times	O
,	O
directed	O
by	O
Samantha	O
Shay	O
,	O
characters	O
communicate	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
play	O
premiered	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
on	O
July	O
25	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2020	O
British	O
found-footage	O
Zoom-based	O
horror	O
film	O
Host	O
,	O
directed	O
by	O
Rob	O
Savage	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
young	O
people	O
has	O
a	O
remote	O
séance	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
try	O
contacting	O
spirits	O
over	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
live	O
reading	O
of	O
Kristoffer	O
Diaz	O
's	O
2009	O
play	O
The	O
Elaborate	O
Entrance	O
of	O
Chad	O
Deity	O
over	O
Zoom	B-Application
streamed	O
on	O
Play-PerView	O
from	O
August	O
15	O
–	O
20	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2021	O
film	O
Locked	O
Down	O
,	O
directed	O
by	O
Doug	O
Liman	O
and	O
starring	O
Anne	O
Hathaway	O
and	O
Chiwetel	O
Ejiofor	O
,	O
characters	O
communicate	O
through	O
Zoom	B-Application
conferences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
3	O
–	O
4	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
using	O
Zoom	B-Application
Webinar	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Association	O
of	O
Constitutional	O
Law	O
and	O
Alma	O
Mater	O
Europaea	O
organized	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
round-the-clock	O
and	O
round-the-globe	O
"	O
event	O
that	O
traveled	O
through	O
time	O
zones	O
,	O
featuring	O
52	O
speakers	O
from	O
28	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
broadcast	O
of	O
the	O
72nd	O
Primetime	O
Emmy	O
Awards	O
on	O
September	O
20	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
hosted	O
by	O
Jimmy	O
Kimmel	O
,	O
featured	O
nominees	O
participating	O
through	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
an	O
alternate	O
music	O
video	O
for	O
the	O
2020	O
single	O
"	O
Ice	O
Cream	O
"	O
by	O
Blackpink	O
featuring	O
Selena	O
Gomez	O
,	O
the	O
artists	O
appeared	O
via	O
Zoom	B-Application
from	O
their	O
homes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
series	O
Zoom	B-Application
Where	O
It	O
Happens	O
,	O
airing	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
as	O
a	O
partnership	O
between	O
Zoom	B-Application
and	O
Black	O
female	O
artists	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
September	O
2020	O
with	O
a	O
virtual	O
table	O
read	O
of	O
an	O
episode	O
of	O
The	O
Golden	O
Girls	O
,	O
reimagined	O
with	O
an	O
all-Black	O
cast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
for	O
"	O
security	O
lapses	O
and	O
poor	O
design	O
choices	O
"	O
that	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
heightened	O
scrutiny	O
of	O
its	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
issues	O
"	O
surround	O
deliberate	O
features	O
designed	O
to	O
reduce	O
friction	O
in	O
meetings	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
found	O
to	O
"	O
also	O
,	O
by	O
design	O
,	O
reduce	O
privacy	O
or	O
security	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
State	O
Attorney	O
General	O
Letitia	O
James	O
launched	O
an	O
inquiry	O
into	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inquiry	O
was	O
closed	O
on	O
May	O
7	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
with	O
Zoom	B-Application
not	O
admitting	O
wrongdoing	O
,	O
but	O
agreeing	O
to	O
take	O
added	O
security	O
measures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
CEO	O
Yuan	O
apologized	O
for	O
the	O
security	O
issues	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
issues	O
were	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
having	O
been	O
designed	O
for	O
"	O
large	O
institutions	O
with	O
full	O
IT	O
support.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
noted	O
that	O
in	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
had	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
10	O
million	O
daily	O
meeting	O
participants	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
March	O
2020	O
the	O
software	O
had	O
more	O
than	O
200	O
million	O
daily	O
meeting	O
participants	O
,	O
bringing	O
the	O
company	O
increased	O
challenges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
agreed	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
data	O
privacy	O
and	O
issue	O
a	O
transparency	O
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
released	O
Zoom	B-Application
version	O
5.0	O
,	O
which	O
addressed	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
security	O
and	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
added	O
support	O
for	O
two-factor	O
authentication	O
to	O
its	O
desktop	B-Device
and	O
mobile	O
apps	O
;	O
the	O
security	O
feature	O
was	O
previously	O
Web-only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
businesses	O
,	O
schools	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
entities	O
who	O
have	O
restricted	O
or	O
prohibited	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
on	O
their	O
networks	O
include	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Siemens	O
,	O
the	O
Australian	O
Defence	O
Force	O
,	O
the	O
German	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Foreign	O
Affairs	O
,	O
the	O
Indian	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Home	O
Affairs	O
,	O
SpaceX	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
Department	O
of	O
Education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
Department	O
of	O
Education	O
lifted	O
their	O
ban	O
on	O
Zoom	B-Application
after	O
the	O
company	O
addressed	O
security	O
and	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
had	O
370,200	O
institutional	O
customers	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
10	O
employees	O
,	O
up	O
about	O
458	O
percent	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
quarter	O
to	O
the	O
year	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
pandemic	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
profit	O
increased	O
by	O
4,000	O
%	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
did	O
not	O
pay	O
any	O
income	O
tax	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
report	O
by	O
the	O
Institute	O
on	O
Taxation	O
and	O
Economic	O
Policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
for	O
its	O
privacy	O
and	O
corporate	O
data	O
sharing	O
policies	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
enabling	O
video	O
hosts	O
to	O
potentially	O
violate	O
the	O
privacy	O
of	O
those	O
participating	O
in	O
their	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
Motherboard	O
article	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
app	O
was	O
sending	O
device	O
analytics	O
data	O
to	O
Facebook	B-Application
on	O
startup	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
whether	O
a	O
Facebook	B-Application
account	O
was	O
being	O
used	O
with	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
without	O
disclosing	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
responded	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
made	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
issue	O
and	O
patched	O
the	O
app	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
SDK	B-Application
after	O
learning	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
collecting	O
unnecessary	O
device	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
SDK	B-Application
was	O
only	O
collecting	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
specifications	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
model	O
names	O
and	O
operating	O
system	O
versions	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
optimize	O
its	O
service	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
collecting	O
personal	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
was	O
sued	O
by	O
a	O
user	O
in	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
Court	O
for	O
illegally	O
and	O
secretly	O
disclosing	O
personal	O
data	O
to	O
third	O
parties	O
,	O
including	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
responded	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
has	O
never	O
sold	O
user	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
and	O
has	O
no	O
intention	O
of	O
selling	O
users	O
 '	O
data	O
going	O
forward	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
Zoom	B-Application
information	O
gathering	O
feature	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
automatically	O
sent	O
user	O
names	O
and	O
email	O
addresses	O
to	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
some	O
participants	O
to	O
surreptitiously	O
access	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
profile	O
data	O
about	O
other	O
users	O
without	O
their	O
express	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
looking	O
into	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
privacy	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FTC	O
alleged	O
in	O
a	O
complaint	O
that	O
since	O
at	O
least	O
2016	O
,	O
"	O
Zoom	B-Application
maintained	O
the	O
cryptographic	O
keys	O
that	O
could	O
allow	O
Zoom	B-Application
to	O
access	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
its	O
customers	O
 '	O
meetings	O
,	O
did	O
not	O
provide	O
advertised	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
,	O
falsely	O
claimed	O
HIPAA	O
compliance	O
,	O
installed	O
the	O
ZoomOpener	O
webserver	O
without	O
adequate	O
consent	O
,	O
did	O
not	O
uninstall	O
the	O
web	O
server	O
after	O
uninstalling	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
App	I-Application
,	O
and	O
secured	O
its	O
Zoom	B-Application
Meetings	I-Application
with	O
a	O
lower	O
level	O
of	O
encryption	O
than	O
promised.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
security	O
vulnerability	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
allowed	O
a	O
remote	O
unauthenticated	O
attacker	O
to	O
spoof	O
UDP	B-Protocol
messages	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
attacker	O
to	O
remove	O
attendees	O
from	O
meetings	O
,	O
spoof	O
messages	O
from	O
users	O
,	O
or	O
hijack	O
shared	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
security	O
researcher	O
Jonathan	O
Leitschuh	O
disclosed	O
a	O
zero-day	O
vulnerability	O
allowing	O
any	O
website	O
to	O
force	O
a	O
macOS	B-Application
user	O
to	O
join	O
a	O
Zoom	B-Application
call	I-Application
,	O
with	O
their	O
video	O
camera	O
activated	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attempts	O
to	O
uninstall	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
client	O
on	O
macOS	B-Application
would	O
prompt	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
re-install	O
automatically	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
using	O
a	O
hidden	O
web	O
server	O
that	O
was	O
set	O
up	O
on	O
the	O
machine	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
installation	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
remains	O
active	O
even	O
after	O
attempting	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
receiving	O
public	O
criticism	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
removed	O
the	O
vulnerability	O
and	O
the	O
hidden	O
webserver	O
to	O
allow	O
complete	O
uninstallation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
issued	O
a	O
fix	O
in	O
April	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motherboard	O
reported	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
two	O
Zoom	B-Application
zero-days	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
respectively	O
,	O
selling	O
for	O
$500	O
,	O
000	O
,	O
on	O
April	O
15	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
bug	O
brokers	O
were	O
selling	O
access	O
to	O
Zoom	B-Application
security	O
flaws	O
that	O
could	O
allow	O
remote	O
access	O
into	O
users	O
 '	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hackers	O
also	O
put	O
up	O
over	O
500,000	O
Zoom	B-Application
user	O
names	O
and	O
passwords	O
for	O
sale	O
on	O
the	O
dark	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
multitude	O
of	O
security	O
and	O
privacy	O
issues	O
found	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
began	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
security	O
plan	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
consulting	O
with	O
Luta	O
Security	O
,	O
Trail	O
of	O
Bits	O
,	O
former	O
Facebook	B-Application
CSO	O
Alex	O
Stamos	O
,	O
former	O
Google	B-Application
global	O
lead	O
of	O
privacy	O
technology	O
Lea	O
Kissner	O
,	O
BishopFox	O
,	O
the	O
NCC	O
Group	O
,	O
and	O
Johns	O
Hopkins	O
University	O
cryptographer	O
Matthew	O
D	O
.	O
Green	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
20	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
reported	O
that	O
Dropbox	B-Application
engineers	O
had	O
traced	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
back	O
over	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
pushing	O
Zoom	B-Application
to	O
address	O
such	O
issues	O
more	O
quickly	O
,	O
and	O
paying	O
top	O
hackers	O
to	O
find	O
problems	O
with	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
article	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
noted	O
that	O
security	O
researchers	O
have	O
praised	O
Zoom	B-Application
for	O
improving	O
its	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
quickly	O
patching	O
recent	O
bugs	O
and	O
removing	O
features	O
that	O
could	O
have	O
privacy	O
risks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yuan	O
also	O
stated	O
that	O
Zoom	B-Application
would	O
be	O
sharing	O
a	O
transparency	O
report	O
later	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
16	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
new	O
security	O
feature	O
to	O
combat	O
disruptions	O
during	O
a	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
feature	O
was	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
default	O
for	O
all	O
free	O
and	O
paid	O
users	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
clients	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
,	O
PC	O
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Zoom	B-Application
mobile	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
12	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Wired	O
magazine	O
reported	O
on	O
three	O
separate	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
discovered	O
by	O
security	O
researcher	O
Patrick	O
Wardle	O
affecting	O
the	O
Zoom	B-Application
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
desktop	B-Device
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vulnerabilities	O
allowed	O
an	O
attacker	O
who	O
already	O
had	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
device	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
privilege	O
escalation	O
attack	O
by	O
installing	O
malicious	O
code	O
using	O
the	O
app	O
's	O
auto-update	O
feature	O
,	O
thereby	O
giving	O
them	O
full	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
victim	O
's	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
increased	O
its	O
default	O
security	O
settings	O
to	O
mitigate	O
Zoombombing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
also	O
created	O
a	O
new	O
"	O
report	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
Zoom	B-Application
"	O
button	O
,	O
intended	O
to	O
catch	O
those	O
behind	O
Zoombombing	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
encrypts	O
its	O
public	O
data	O
streams	O
,	O
using	O
TLS	O
1.2	O
with	O
AES-256	B-Algorithm
(	O
Advanced	B-Algorithm
Encryption	I-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
)	O
to	O
protect	O
signaling	O
,	O
and	O
AES-128	B-Algorithm
to	O
protect	O
streaming	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
initially	O
claimed	O
to	O
use	O
"	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
"	O
in	O
its	O
marketing	O
materials	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
clarified	O
it	O
meant	O
"	O
from	O
Zoom	B-Application
end	O
point	O
to	O
Zoom	B-Application
end	O
point	O
"	O
(	O
meaning	O
effectively	O
between	O
Zoom	B-Application
servers	O
and	O
Zoom	B-Application
clients	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
The	O
Intercept	O
described	O
as	O
misleading	O
and	O
"	O
dishonest	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alex	O
Stamos	O
,	O
a	O
Zoom	B-Application
advisor	O
who	O
was	O
formerly	O
security	O
chief	O
at	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
noted	O
that	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
is	O
common	O
in	O
such	O
products	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
true	O
of	O
Google	B-Protocol
Hangouts	I-Protocol
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Teams	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Cisco	O
Webex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
7	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
acquired	O
Keybase	B-Application
,	O
a	O
company	O
specializing	O
in	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
strengthen	O
its	O
security	O
practices	O
moving	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
month	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
published	O
a	O
document	O
for	O
peer	O
review	O
,	O
detailing	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
ultimately	O
bring	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Citizen	O
Lab	O
researchers	O
discovered	O
that	O
a	O
single	O
,	O
server-generated	O
AES-128	B-Algorithm
key	O
is	O
being	O
shared	O
between	O
all	O
participants	O
in	O
ECB	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
deprecated	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
pattern-preserving	O
characteristics	O
of	O
the	O
ciphertext	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
3	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Zoom	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
users	O
on	O
their	O
free	O
tier	O
will	O
not	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
could	O
cooperate	O
with	O
the	O
FBI	O
and	O
law	O
enforcement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
7	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
cryptography	O
researcher	O
Nadim	O
Kobeissi	O
accused	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
security	O
team	O
of	O
failing	O
to	O
credit	O
his	O
open-source	O
protocol	O
analysis	O
research	O
software	O
,	O
Verifpal	O
,	O
with	O
being	O
instrumental	O
during	O
the	O
design	O
phase	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
new	O
encryption	O
protocol	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
their	O
whitepaper	O
published	O
in	O
June	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kobeissi	O
published	O
a	O
week	O
's	O
worth	O
of	O
conversations	O
with	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
security	O
leadership	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
his	O
claim	O
,	O
including	O
Max	O
Krohn	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
eight	O
Verifpal	O
models	O
that	O
Zoom	B-Application
's	O
team	O
asked	O
for	O
feedback	O
on	O
,	O
promises	O
of	O
a	O
citation	O
to	O
credit	O
Kobeissi	O
for	O
his	O
contributions	O
and	O
an	O
admission	O
that	O
the	O
Verifpal	O
citation	O
was	O
pulled	O
from	O
the	O
whitepaper	O
at	O
the	O
last	O
moment	O
for	O
unspecified	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kobeissi	O
also	O
linked	O
to	O
a	O
tweet	O
by	O
Zoom	B-Application
security	O
consultant	O
Lea	O
Kissner	O
which	O
he	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
public	O
character	O
assassination	O
attempt	O
issued	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
his	O
repeated	O
requests	O
to	O
have	O
his	O
work	O
cited	O
in	O
the	O
research	O
paper	O
published	O
by	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoom	B-Application
admitted	O
that	O
some	O
calls	O
in	O
early	O
April	O
2020	O
and	O
prior	O
were	O
mistakenly	O
routed	O
through	O
servers	O
in	O
mainland	O
China	O
,	O
prompting	O
some	O
governments	O
and	O
businesses	O
to	O
cease	O
their	O
usage	O
of	O
Zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
Data	O
Protection	O
regulatory	O
body	O
in	O
Hamburg	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
ruled	O
that	O
Zoom	B-Application
was	O
operating	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
in	O
breach	O
of	O
the	O
General	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Regulation	O
(	O
GDPR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
gathered	O
by	O
Zoom	B-Application
was	O
being	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
