<s>
Zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
cerium	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
first	O
developed	O
by	O
Plurion	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
UK	O
)	O
during	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
both	O
negative	O
zinc	B-Application
and	O
positive	O
cerium	O
electrolytes	O
are	O
circulated	O
though	O
an	O
electrochemical	O
flow	O
reactor	O
during	O
the	O
operation	O
and	O
stored	O
in	O
two	O
separated	O
reservoirs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
zinc	B-Application
is	O
electroplated	O
during	O
charge	O
at	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
this	O
system	O
is	O
classified	O
as	O
a	O
hybrid	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
in	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
and	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
chlorine	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
no	O
condensation	O
device	O
is	O
needed	O
to	O
dissolve	O
halogen	O
gases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reagents	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
zinc-cerium	O
system	O
are	O
considerably	O
less	O
expensive	O
than	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
vanadium	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
standard	O
electrode	O
potentials	O
of	O
both	O
zinc	B-Application
and	O
cerium	O
redox	O
reactions	O
in	O
aqueous	O
media	O
,	O
the	O
open-circuit	O
cell	O
voltage	O
is	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
2.43	O
V	O
.	O
Among	O
the	O
other	O
proposed	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
aqueous	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
systems	O
,	O
this	O
system	O
has	O
the	O
largest	O
cell	O
voltage	O
and	O
its	O
power	O
density	O
per	O
electrode	O
area	O
is	O
second	O
only	O
to	O
H2-Br2	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Methanesulfonic	O
acid	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
supporting	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
allows	O
high	O
concentrations	O
of	O
both	O
zinc	B-Application
and	O
cerium	O
;	O
the	O
solubility	O
of	O
the	O
corresponding	O
methanesulfonates	O
is	O
2.1	O
M	O
for	O
Zn	O
,	O
2.4	O
M	O
for	O
Ce(III )	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
1.0	O
M	O
for	O
Ce(IV )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zn-Ce	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
still	O
in	O
early	O
stages	O
of	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
(	O
anode	O
)	O
,	O
zinc	B-Application
is	O
electroplated	O
and	O
stripped	O
on	O
the	O
carbon	O
polymer	O
electrodes	O
during	O
charge	O
and	O
discharge	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
cerium	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
by	O
Clarke	O
and	O
co-workers	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
core	O
technology	O
of	O
Plurion	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
UK	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
the	O
electrochemical	O
properties	O
and	O
the	O
characterisation	O
of	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
cerium	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
identified	O
by	O
the	O
researchers	O
of	O
Southampton	O
and	O
Strathclyde	O
Universities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
charge/discharge	B-Algorithm
cycles	I-Algorithm
at	O
50	O
mA	O
cm−2	O
,	O
the	O
coulombic	O
and	O
voltage	O
efficiencies	O
of	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
cerium	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
were	O
reported	O
to	O
be	O
92	O
and	O
68%	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
a	O
membraneless	O
(	O
undivided	O
)	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
cerium	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
low	O
acid	O
concentration	O
electrolyte	O
using	O
compressed	O
pieces	O
of	O
carbon	O
felt	O
positive	O
electrode	O
was	O
proposed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
installation	O
of	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
cerium	O
redox	B-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
>	O
2kW	O
testing	O
facility	O
in	O
Glenrothes	O
,	O
Scotland	O
,	O
installed	O
by	O
Plurion	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zinc	B-Application
electrodeposition	O
on	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
has	O
been	O
studied	O
using	O
a	O
Hull	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zn-Ce	O
system	O
has	O
introduced	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
this	O
acid	O
to	O
other	O
flow	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
better	O
alternative	O
to	O
sulphuric	O
acid	O
.	O
</s>
