<s>
A	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
system	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
reaction	O
between	O
zinc	B-Application
metal	O
and	O
bromine	O
to	O
produce	O
electric	O
current	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
electrolyte	O
composed	O
of	O
an	O
aqueous	O
solution	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
bromide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
groups	O
:	O
flow	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
and	O
non-flow	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Redflow	B-Algorithm
(	O
Australia	O
)	O
and	O
Primus	O
Power	O
(	O
US	O
)	O
are	O
active	O
in	O
commercialising	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
Gelion	O
(	O
Australia	O
)	O
and	O
EOS	O
Energy	O
Enterprises	O
(	O
US	O
)	O
are	O
developing	O
and	O
commercialising	O
their	O
non-flow	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
flow	O
and	O
non-flow	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
share	O
six	O
advantages	O
over	O
incumbent	O
lithium-ion	O
storage	O
systems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
discharged	O
every	O
few	O
days	O
to	O
prevent	O
zinc	B-Application
dendrites	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
puncture	O
the	O
separator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
features	O
make	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
unsuitable	O
for	O
many	O
mobile	O
applications	O
(	O
that	O
typically	O
require	O
high	O
charge	O
discharge	O
rates	O
and	O
low	O
weight	O
)	O
but	O
highly	O
suitable	O
for	O
stationary	O
energy	O
storage	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
daily	O
cycling	O
to	O
support	O
solar	O
power	O
generation	O
,	O
off-grid	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
load	O
shifting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
(	O
ZBRFB	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
hybrid	O
flow	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
solution	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
bromide	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
two	O
tanks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
energy	O
densities	O
of	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
from	O
different	O
manufacturers	O
range	O
between	O
60	O
and	O
85W·	O
h/kg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
predominantly	O
aqueous	O
electrolyte	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
bromide	O
salt	O
dissolved	O
in	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
charge	O
,	O
metallic	O
zinc	B-Application
is	O
plated	O
from	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
solution	O
onto	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
(	O
carbon	O
felt	O
in	O
older	O
designs	O
,	O
titanium	O
mesh	O
in	O
modern	O
)	O
surfaces	O
in	O
the	O
cell	O
stacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
an	O
electroplating	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
charging	O
,	O
zinc	B-Application
is	O
electroplated	O
onto	O
conductive	O
electrodes	O
,	O
while	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
bromine	O
is	O
formed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
discharge	O
,	O
the	O
reverse	O
process	O
occurs	O
:	O
the	O
metallic	O
zinc	B-Application
plated	O
on	O
the	O
negative	O
electrodes	O
dissolves	O
in	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
be	O
plated	O
again	O
at	O
the	O
next	O
charge	B-Algorithm
cycle	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
advantages	O
of	O
the	O
chemistry	O
,	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
have	O
two	O
significant	O
advantages	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Primus	O
Power	O
produces	O
a	O
125	O
kWh	O
unit	O
and	O
Redflow	B-Algorithm
a	O
10	O
kWh	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
also	O
have	O
specific	O
disadvantages	O
in	O
their	O
design	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
every	O
1	O
–	O
4	O
cycles	B-Algorithm
to	O
short	O
the	O
terminals	O
across	O
a	O
low-impedance	O
shunt	O
while	O
running	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
pump	O
,	O
to	O
fully	O
remove	O
zinc	B-Application
from	O
battery	O
plates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low	O
Round	O
Trip	O
Efficiency	O
with	O
Redflow	B-Algorithm
claim	O
DC	O
–	O
DC	O
efficiency	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
80%	O
for	O
their	O
ZBM3	O
battery	O
and	O
Primus	O
Power	O
just	O
70%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
developers	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
RedFlow	B-Algorithm
Limited	O
–	O
Brisbane	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
a	O
publicly	O
listed	O
company	O
on	O
the	O
ASX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Application
–	O
bromine	O
non-flow	O
battery	O
providers	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Gelion	O
claims	O
its	O
monoblocks	O
will	O
have	O
four	O
major	O
advantages	O
compared	O
with	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
flow	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Gelion	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
signed	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
Acciona	O
Energy	O
to	O
trial	O
its	O
Endure	O
gel	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
for	O
grid-scale	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
EOS	O
are	O
commercialising	O
their	O
Znyth®	O
“	O
zinc-hybrid	O
cathode	O
”	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
non-flow	O
battery	O
design	O
that	O
also	O
uses	O
zinc	B-Application
–	O
bromine	O
chemistry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
EOS	O
Energy	O
's	O
specifications	O
of	O
its	O
Aurora(R )	O
150kW/600kWh	O
battery	O
system	O
claims	O
an	O
RTE	O
of	O
75	O
–	O
80%	O
DC	O
;	O
a	O
lifetime	O
of	O
5000	O
cycles/15years	O
;	O
and	O
an	O
operating	O
temperature	O
range	O
from	O
−20	O
to	O
45oC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
flow	O
and	O
non-flow	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
share	O
the	O
same	O
electrochemistry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
zinc	B-Application
is	O
the	O
electroactive	O
species	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Application
has	O
long	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
of	O
primary	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
it	O
is	O
rather	O
stable	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
neutral	O
and	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
aqueous	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
today	O
in	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
and	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
primaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
bromine	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
reaction	O
is	O
the	O
reversible	O
dissolution/plating	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
positive	O
electrode	O
bromine	O
is	O
reversibly	O
reduced	B-Operating_System
to	O
bromide	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
standard	O
reduction	O
potential	O
of	O
+	O
1.087V	O
vs	O
SHE	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
helps	O
to	O
prevent	O
bromine	O
from	O
reaching	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
would	O
react	O
with	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
,	O
causing	O
the	O
battery	O
to	O
self-discharge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
Redflow	B-Algorithm
completed	O
a	O
2	O
MWh	O
installation	O
for	O
Aneargia	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
2.0	O
MW	O
biogas-fuelled	O
cogeneration	O
unit	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
microgrid	O
control	O
system	O
in	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
