<s>
A	O
zinc-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
or	O
Zn-ion	O
battery	O
(	O
abbreviated	O
as	O
ZIB	O
)	O
uses	O
zinc	B-Application
ions	O
(	O
Zn2+	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
charge	O
carriers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
zinc-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
reserved	O
for	O
rechargeable	O
(	O
secondary	O
)	O
batteries	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
sometimes	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
rechargeable	O
zinc	B-Application
metal	O
batteries	O
(	O
RZMB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
ZIBs	O
are	O
different	O
than	O
non-rechargeable	O
(	O
primary	O
)	O
batteries	O
which	O
use	O
zinc	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
or	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
Waterloo	O
in	O
Canada	O
owns	O
patent	O
rights	O
to	O
zinc-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
technology	O
developed	O
in	O
its	O
laboratories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Canadian	O
company	O
Salient	O
Energy	O
is	O
commercialising	O
the	O
zinc-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
forms	O
of	O
rechargeable	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
also	O
being	O
developed	O
for	O
stationary	O
energy	O
storage	O
,	O
although	O
these	O
are	O
not	O
explicitly	O
zinc-ion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Eos	O
Energy	O
Storage	O
is	O
developing	O
a	O
zinc-halide	O
battery	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
cathode	O
reaction	O
involves	O
the	O
oxidation	O
and	O
reduction	O
of	O
halides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eos	O
Energy	O
Storage	O
is	O
producing	O
1.5GWh	O
of	O
‘	O
Made	O
in	O
America’	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Texas	O
and	O
California	O
electric	O
grids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
lithium	O
metal	O
,	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
negative	O
electrode	O
holds	O
a	O
higher	O
theoretical	O
volumetric	O
capacity	O
and	O
natural	O
abundance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
zinc	B-Application
is	O
more	O
compatible	O
with	O
aqueous	O
electrolytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Application
salts	O
using	O
the	O
TFSI	O
or	O
triflate	O
anions	O
have	O
been	O
considered	O
for	O
both	O
aqueous	O
and	O
non-aqueous	O
electrolytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zinc	B-Application
sulfate	O
and	O
alkaline	B-Algorithm
KOH-based	O
aqueous	O
electrolytes	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
considered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
researchers	O
reported	O
a	O
prototype	O
zinc-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
that	O
has	O
high	O
reversibility	O
,	O
rate	O
,	O
and	O
capacity	O
without	O
dendrite	O
formation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
used	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
metal	O
anode	O
,	O
a	O
vanadium	O
oxide	O
cathode	O
(	O
Zn0.25V2O5	O
⋅nH2O	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
aqueous	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
all	O
non-toxic	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
