<s>
The	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
or	O
Zettabyte	O
Zone	O
is	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
human	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
history	O
that	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
mid-2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
zettabyte	O
is	O
a	O
multiple	O
of	O
the	O
unit	O
byte	B-Application
that	O
measures	O
digital	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
equivalent	O
to	O
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000	O
(	O
1021	O
)	O
bytes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
contributing	O
factor	O
to	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
IP	O
traffic	O
comes	O
from	O
video	O
traffic	O
(	O
including	O
online	O
streaming	O
services	O
like	O
Netflix	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
understood	O
as	O
an	O
age	O
of	O
growth	O
of	O
all	O
forms	O
of	O
digital	O
data	O
that	O
exist	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
public	O
Internet	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
all	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
digital	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
stored	O
data	O
from	O
security	O
cameras	O
or	O
voice	O
data	O
from	O
cell-phone	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taking	O
into	O
account	O
this	O
second	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
was	O
estimated	O
that	O
in	O
2012	O
upwards	O
of	O
1	O
zettabyte	O
of	O
data	O
existed	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
that	O
by	O
2020	O
there	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
than	O
40	O
zettabytes	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
at	O
large	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
translates	O
to	O
difficulties	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
to	O
keep	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
explosion	O
of	O
data	O
consumption	O
,	O
creation	O
and	O
replication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
2%	O
of	O
total	O
global	O
power	O
was	O
taken	O
up	O
by	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
all	O
its	O
components	O
,	O
so	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
with	O
regards	O
to	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
has	O
become	O
a	O
central	O
problem	O
in	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
zettabyte	O
is	O
equal	O
to	O
one	O
sextillion	O
bytes	B-Application
or	O
1021	O
(	O
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000	O
)	O
bytes	B-Application
,	O
or	O
,	O
one	O
zettabyte	O
is	O
equal	O
to	O
a	O
trillion	O
gigabytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
separated	O
into	O
two	O
distinct	O
categories	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
this	O
definition	O
,	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
began	O
in	O
2016	O
when	O
global	O
IP	O
traffic	O
surpassed	O
one	O
zettabyte	O
,	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
reached	O
roughly	O
1.2	O
zettabytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
all	O
forms	O
of	O
digital	O
data	O
:	O
In	O
this	O
second	O
definition	O
,	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
the	O
total	O
amount	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
digital	O
data	O
that	O
exists	O
in	O
any	O
form	O
,	O
from	O
digital	O
films	O
to	O
transponders	O
that	O
record	O
highway	O
usage	O
to	O
SMS	O
text	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
this	O
definition	O
,	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
began	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
digital	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
surpassed	O
one	O
zettabyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Cisco	O
Systems	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
was	O
now	O
reality	O
when	O
global	O
IP	O
traffic	O
reached	O
an	O
estimated	O
1.2	O
zettabytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
also	O
provided	O
future	O
predictions	O
of	O
global	O
IP	O
traffic	O
in	O
their	O
report	O
The	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
:	O
Trends	O
and	O
Analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netflix	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
)	O
accounted	O
for	O
73%	O
of	O
total	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
factors	O
that	O
brought	O
about	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increases	O
in	O
video	O
streaming	O
,	O
mobile	O
phone	O
usage	O
,	O
broadband	O
speeds	O
and	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
storage	O
are	O
all	O
contributing	O
factors	O
that	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
(	O
and	O
continuation	O
)	O
of	O
data	O
consumption	O
,	O
creation	O
and	O
replication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
large	O
,	O
and	O
ever-growing	O
consumption	O
of	O
multimedia	O
,	O
including	O
video	O
streaming	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
that	O
has	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netflix	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
are	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
globally	O
streamed	O
video	O
services	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Netflix	O
represented	O
32.72	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
video	O
streaming	O
IP	O
traffic	O
,	O
while	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
represented	O
17.31	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
spot	O
is	O
taken	O
up	O
by	O
Amazon	B-Application
Prime	I-Application
Video	I-Application
where	O
global	O
data	O
usage	O
comes	O
in	O
at	O
4.14	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vast	O
amount	O
of	O
data	O
marks	O
an	O
unparalleled	O
period	O
in	O
time	O
and	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
contributing	O
factors	O
that	O
has	O
led	O
the	O
world	O
into	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
is	O
another	O
large	O
video	O
streaming	O
(	O
and	O
video	O
uploading	O
)	O
service	O
,	O
whose	O
data	O
consumption	O
rate	O
across	O
both	O
fixed	O
and	O
mobile	O
networks	O
remains	O
quite	O
large	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
300	O
hours	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
content	O
is	O
uploaded	O
every	O
minute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
usage	O
of	O
mobile	O
technologies	O
to	O
access	O
IP	O
networks	O
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
overall	O
IP	O
traffic	O
in	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
broadband	O
technologies	O
including	O
Fiber-to-the-home	B-Architecture
(	O
FTTH	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
high-speed	O
digital	O
subscriber	O
line	O
(	O
DSL	O
)	O
and	O
cable	B-Device
broadband	I-Device
are	O
paving	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
increased	O
broadband	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTTH	B-Architecture
can	O
offer	O
broadband-speeds	O
that	O
are	O
ten	O
times	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
a	O
hundred	O
times	O
)	O
faster	O
than	O
DSL	O
or	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
has	O
affected	O
Internet	O
service	O
providers	O
(	O
ISPs	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
data	O
flowing	O
from	O
all	O
directions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
aid	O
ISP	O
's	O
in	O
dealing	O
with	O
large	O
data-flow	O
in	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
2008	O
Cisco	O
unveiled	O
a	O
new	O
router	O
,	O
the	O
Aggregation	O
Services	O
Router	O
(	O
ASR	O
)	O
9000	O
,	O
which	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
was	O
supposed	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
offer	O
six	O
times	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
comparable	O
routers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
coming	O
of	O
the	O
Zettabyte	B-General_Concept
Era	I-General_Concept
,	O
Cisco	O
had	O
continued	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
ASR9000	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
now	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
handle	O
96	O
terabytes	O
a	O
second	O
,	O
up	O
significantly	O
from	O
6.4	O
terabytes	O
a	O
second	O
the	O
ASR9000	O
could	O
handle	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
attempt	O
to	O
accommodate	O
the	O
ever-growing	O
rate	O
at	O
which	O
data	O
is	O
produced	O
,	O
distributed	O
,	O
and	O
stored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
are	O
large	O
facilities	O
used	O
by	O
enterprises	O
to	O
store	O
immense	O
datasets	O
on	O
servers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
it	O
was	O
estimated	O
that	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
alone	O
there	O
were	O
roughly	O
3	O
million	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
small	O
centers	O
located	O
in	O
office	O
buildings	O
to	O
large	O
complexes	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasingly	O
,	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
are	O
storing	O
more	O
data	O
than	O
end-user	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2020	O
it	O
is	O
predicted	O
that	O
61%	O
of	O
total	O
data	O
will	O
be	O
stored	O
via	O
cloud	O
applications	O
(	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
)	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
2010	O
when	O
62%	O
of	O
data	O
storage	O
was	O
on	O
end-user	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
increase	O
in	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
for	O
data	O
storage	O
coincides	O
with	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
energy	O
consumption	O
by	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
accounted	O
for	O
roughly	O
1.8	O
%	O
of	O
total	O
electricity	O
consumption	O
which	O
equates	O
to	O
70billionkWh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
2010	O
–	O
2014	O
an	O
increase	O
of	O
4%	O
was	O
attributed	O
to	O
electricity	O
consumption	O
by	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
this	O
upward	O
trend	O
of	O
4%	O
is	O
predicted	O
to	O
continue	O
through	O
2014	O
–	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
energy	O
consumption	O
from	O
all	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
equated	O
to	O
roughly	O
1.1	O
%	O
to	O
1.5	O
%	O
of	O
total	O
global	O
energy	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
communication	I-General_Concept
technologies	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
are	O
responsible	O
for	O
creating	O
large	O
quantities	O
of	O
emissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
energy	O
used	O
by	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
is	O
not	O
only	O
to	O
power	O
their	O
servers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
most	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
use	O
about	O
half	O
of	O
their	O
energy	O
costs	O
on	O
non-computing	O
energy	O
such	O
as	O
cooling	O
and	O
power	O
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
's	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
reduce	O
non-computing	O
costs	O
to	O
12%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	O
uses	O
its	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
unit	O
,	O
DeepMind	O
,	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
electricity	O
used	O
for	O
cooling	O
their	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
results	O
in	O
a	O
cost	O
reduction	O
of	O
roughly	O
40%	O
after	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
DeepMind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
claims	O
that	O
its	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
use	O
50%	O
less	O
energy	O
than	O
ordinary	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Google	O
's	O
Senior	O
Vice	O
President	O
of	O
Technical	O
Infrastructure	O
,	O
Urs	O
Hölzle	O
,	O
Google	O
's	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
their	O
offices	O
)	O
will	O
have	O
reached	O
100%	O
renewable	O
energy	O
for	O
their	O
global	O
operations	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
's	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
,	O
reduce	O
costs	O
and	O
lower	O
the	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
environment	O
,	O
Google	O
provides	O
5	O
of	O
the	O
best	O
practices	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
to	O
implement	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Measure	O
the	O
Power	O
Usage	O
Effectiveness	O
(	O
PUE	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
ratio	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
industry	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
energy	O
used	O
for	O
non-computing	O
functions	O
,	O
to	O
track	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
's	O
energy	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
free	O
cooling	O
methods	O
to	O
cool	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
a	O
large	O
thermal	O
reservoir	O
or	O
evaporating	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
new	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
designed	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
allowed	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
38%	O
more	O
efficient	O
and	O
24%	O
less	O
expensive	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
run	O
than	O
the	O
average	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
development	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
Open	B-Operating_System
Compute	I-Operating_System
Project	I-Operating_System
(	O
OCP	O
)	O
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OCP	O
is	O
currently	O
working	O
on	O
several	O
projects	O
,	O
including	O
one	O
specifically	O
focusing	O
on	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
aims	O
to	O
guide	O
the	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
new	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
are	O
built	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
aid	O
already	O
existing	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
in	O
improving	O
thermal	O
and	O
electrical	O
energy	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
maximize	O
mechanical	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OCP	O
's	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
project	O
focuses	O
on	O
five	O
areas	O
:	O
facility	O
power	O
,	O
facility	O
operations	O
,	O
layout	O
and	O
design	O
,	O
facility	O
cooling	O
and	O
facility	O
monitoring	O
and	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
