<s>
Zenit	B-Application
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
Soviet	O
camera	O
brand	O
manufactured	O
by	O
KMZ	O
in	O
the	O
town	O
of	O
Krasnogorsk	O
near	O
Moscow	O
since	O
1952	O
and	O
by	O
BelOMO	O
in	O
Belarus	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit	B-Application
trademark	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
35	O
mm	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
related	O
brands	O
are	O
Zorki	B-Algorithm
for	O
35mm	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
Moskva	O
(	O
Moscow	O
)	O
and	O
Iskra	O
for	O
medium-format	O
folding	O
cameras	O
and	O
Horizon	B-Algorithm
for	O
panoramic	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
is	O
sometimes	O
spelled	O
Zenith	O
in	O
English	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
manuals	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
UK	O
Zenit-importer	O
TOE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
TOE	O
's	O
imported	O
camera	O
bodies	O
as	O
from	O
1963	O
retained	O
the	O
"	O
Zenit	B-Application
"	O
badges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
Zorki-based	O
models	O
before	O
that	O
time	O
were	O
labelled	O
"	O
Zenith	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
handwritten	O
style	O
of	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
2018	O
Photokina	O
expo	O
,	O
Zenit	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
resuming	O
camera	O
and	O
lens	O
production	O
for	O
the	O
M-mount	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
unspecified	O
Nikon	O
and	O
Canon	O
mounts	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	O
Zenit	B-Application
M	O
camera	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
a	O
limited	O
edition	O
set	O
with	O
the	O
Zenitar-M	O
35mm	O
F/1.0	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
above	O
Zenit	B-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Zorki	B-Algorithm
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
(	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
Leica	O
II	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
transforming	O
the	O
Zorki	B-Algorithm
into	O
an	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
simplest	O
approach	O
was	O
taken	O
:	O
the	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
housing	O
was	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
top	O
and	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
plain	O
ground-glass	O
screen	O
and	O
prism	O
;	O
a	O
mirror	O
was	O
added	O
below	O
with	O
a	O
lever	O
operated	O
mirror	O
setting	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
M39×1	O
thread	O
mount	O
was	O
pushed	O
forward	O
to	O
make	O
room	O
for	O
the	O
mirror	O
inside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
first	O
years	O
of	O
production	O
(	O
until	O
the	O
Zenit-E	O
of	O
1967	O
)	O
Zenit	B-Application
camera	I-Application
development	O
coincided	O
with	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Zorki	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-S	O
had	O
PC-synchro	O
for	O
external	O
flash	O
units	O
(	O
almost	O
like	O
the	O
Zorki-S	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Zenit-3M	O
also	O
had	O
an	O
RF-sibling	O
,	O
the	O
Zorki-6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
an	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
Pentaprism	O
of	O
all	O
classical	O
Zenits	B-Application
was	O
undersize	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
viewfinder	O
showing	O
about	O
two-thirds	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
frame-size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
Zenit-S	O
the	O
mirror	O
setting	O
lever	O
mechanism	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Zenit	B-Application
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
cord	O
and	O
pulley	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Camera	O
production	O
switched	O
to	O
the	O
M42×1	B-Algorithm
thread	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Praktica	O
thread	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
instant-return	O
mirror	O
was	O
also	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
famous	O
Zenits	B-Application
—	O
Zenit-E	O
which	O
saw	O
(	O
including	O
its	O
subtypes	O
)	O
over	O
12	O
million	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	O
diaphragm	O
functionality	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Zenit-EM	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
direct	O
mechanism	O
linking	O
the	O
shutter	O
release	O
button	O
to	O
the	O
aperture	O
mechanism	O
,	O
significantly	O
increasing	O
the	O
effort	O
required	O
to	O
release	O
the	O
shutter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Production	O
included	O
both	O
M39×1	O
and	O
M42×1	B-Algorithm
mounts	O
for	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
E	O
and	O
Zenit	B-Algorithm
B	I-Algorithm
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
models	O
were	O
only	O
produced	O
in	O
the	O
M42×1	B-Algorithm
with	O
the	O
Pentax	B-Algorithm
K	I-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
available	O
for	O
the	O
latest	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Towards	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
the	O
Zenit-E	O
heritage	O
became	O
an	O
obstacle	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
more	O
modern	O
Zenit	B-Application
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
because	O
almost	O
all	O
low-end	O
Zenits	B-Application
until	O
the	O
recent	O
412DX	O
have	O
been	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Zenit-E	O
die-cast	O
chassis	O
,	O
complying	O
with	O
the	O
local	O
philosophy	O
that	O
a	O
crude	O
but	O
affordable	O
camera	O
was	O
better	O
than	O
no	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
events	O
of	O
the	O
further	O
development	O
of	O
Zenit-E	O
line	O
was	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-E	O
was	O
also	O
sold	O
with	O
the	O
Moscow	O
1980	O
Olympics	O
emblem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
Zeiss-Ikon	O
Contaflex	O
of	O
the	O
mid-1950s	O
and	O
its	O
follow-ups	O
in	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
Bessamatic	O
,	O
Retina	O
-	O
and	O
Paxette-reflex	O
,	O
Zenit	B-Application
's	O
next	O
attempt	O
was	O
the	O
Zenit-4	O
(	O
1964	O
)	O
,	O
-5	O
and	O
-6	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
poor	O
durability	O
and	O
high	O
manufacturing	O
cost	O
of	O
this	O
concept	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
classical	O
barebone	O
Zenit	B-Application
design	O
based	O
on	O
ultimate	O
simplicity	O
showed	O
KMZ	O
to	O
have	O
taken	O
a	O
wrong	O
track	O
:	O
Nevertheless	O
,	O
the	O
Zenit-5	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Soviet	O
motor-driven	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
Soviet	O
zoom	O
lens	O
(	O
Rubin-1c	O
2.8/37	O
–	O
80	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
Voigtländer	O
Zoomar	O
design	O
)	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
Zenit-6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
this	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
two	O
more	O
attempts	O
to	O
make	O
high-end	O
photographic	O
equipment	O
,	O
namely	O
the	O
Zenit-7	O
(	O
1968	O
)	O
and	O
Zenit-D	O
(	O
1969	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-D	O
had	O
automatic	O
exposure	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Start	O
,	O
Zenit-7	O
and	O
Zenit-D	O
utilized	O
the	O
same	O
normal	O
lens	O
—	O
a	O
Helios-44	O
2/58	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-D	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
rarest	O
Zenit	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
—	O
only	O
63	O
cameras	O
were	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit	B-Application
12-XP	O
With	O
its	O
Helios	O
f2/58mm	O
lens	O
and	O
cloth	O
shutter	O
was	O
widely	O
sold	O
by	O
US	O
Eastern	O
camera	O
stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
with	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
name	O
covered	O
with	O
their	O
"	O
USA	O
"	O
brand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
Metallic	O
re-badge	O
was	O
easy	O
enough	O
to	O
gently	O
pry	O
off	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
true	O
name	O
Zenit	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
one	O
more	O
unsuccessful	O
camera	O
(	O
Zenit-16	O
)	O
which	O
was	O
produced	O
in	O
very	O
small	O
quantities	O
,	O
in	O
1979	O
production	O
of	O
the	O
Zenit-19	O
began	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
camera	O
with	O
an	O
original	O
electromagnet-driven	O
focal-plane	O
shutter	O
,	O
M42	B-Algorithm
lens	I-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
shutter	O
speeds	O
from	O
1	O
sec	O
to	O
1/1000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-19	O
was	O
,	O
perhaps	O
,	O
the	O
top-of-the-line	O
Soviet	O
M42	B-Algorithm
lens	I-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
the	O
Zenit-automat	O
entered	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
had	O
a	O
Pentax	B-Algorithm
K	I-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
(	O
which	O
was	O
proposed	O
as	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
by	O
Pentax	B-Application
and	O
distributed	O
freely	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
focal	O
shutter	O
with	O
horizontal-travel	O
cloth	O
curtains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
operation	O
mode	O
was	O
aperture-priority	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
was	O
modified	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
to	O
include	O
shutter	O
FZL-84	O
with	O
vertical-travel	O
metal	O
curtains	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
reissued	O
as	O
the	O
Zenit-AM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-AM2	O
was	O
a	O
cheaper	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
AM	O
without	O
the	O
self-timer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
in	O
line	O
was	O
the	O
Zenit-APK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
distinguishing	O
feature	O
was	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
a	O
manual	O
shutter	O
mode	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
aperture-priority	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
recent	O
model	O
is	O
the	O
Zenit-KM	O
of	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
microprocessor-controlled	O
camera	O
in	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
range	O
(	O
the	O
first	O
one	O
was	O
the	O
second	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
Zenit-automat	O
camera	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
(	O
after	O
the	O
Zenit-5	O
)	O
motor-driven	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
built	O
by	O
KMZ	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
X-sync	O
is	O
1/125	O
sec	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
camera	O
includes	O
both	O
manual	O
shutter	O
and	O
aperture-priority	B-Algorithm
modes	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
DX-coding	O
from	O
50	O
to	O
3200	O
ISO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Zenit-KM	O
Plus	O
was	O
the	O
final	O
Zenit	B-Application
camera	I-Application
to	O
be	O
produced	O
;	O
all	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
production	O
at	O
the	O
Krasnogorsk	O
factory	O
ceased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
highly	O
interesting	O
ultimate	O
Zeniths	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
major	O
sellers	O
on	O
Western	O
markets	O
during	O
the	O
"	O
SLR-decade	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
20-year	O
overdue	O
replacement	O
of	O
the	O
external	O
selenium	O
cell	O
of	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
E	O
by	O
TTL-metering	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
an	O
employee	O
who	O
made	O
a	O
conversion	O
on	O
his	O
own	O
accord	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
West	O
,	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
line	O
can	O
be	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
primarily	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
marketing	O
activity	O
and	O
service	O
of	O
TOE	O
,	O
and	O
secondly	O
the	O
originally	O
heavy	O
UK	O
tax-load	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
two-thirds	O
on	O
imported	O
precision	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
criticism	O
of	O
the	O
USSR	O
exporters	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
was	O
that	O
they	O
could	O
only	O
supply	O
hopelessly	O
outdated	O
equipment	O
like	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
E	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
been	O
directed	O
to	O
produce	O
in	O
quantity	O
,	O
despite	O
having	O
the	O
capacity	O
to	O
produce	O
more	O
technically	O
advanced	O
products	O
that	O
might	O
have	O
been	O
attractive	O
to	O
Western	O
buyers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Zenit	B-Application
came	O
with	O
the	O
sturdy	O
click-stop	O
four-element	O
3.5/50mm	O
Zeiss	O
Tessar	O
copy	O
under	O
the	O
"	O
Industar	O
"	O
designation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
lens	O
is	O
the	O
6-element	O
2.0/58mm	O
"	O
Helios	O
"	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
pre-war	O
Zeiss	O
Biotar	O
(	O
US	O
Patent	O
1,786,916	O
(	O
W.Merté	O
,	O
1930	O
)	O
Zenit	B-Application
also	O
manufactures	O
several	O
Tair	O
lenses	O
in	O
different	O
focal	O
lengths	O
of	O
which	O
some	O
were	O
of	O
4-element	O
pre-war	O
Zeiss	O
Sonnar	O
design	O
with	O
the	O
cemented	O
second	O
and	O
ultra-fat	O
third	O
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
List	O
of	O
Zenit	B-Application
DKL-mount	O
(	O
"	O
Байонет	O
Ц	O
"	O
)	O
lenses	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Zenit-EM	O
,	O
Produced	O
between	O
1972-1984	O
by	O
KMZ	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
oddity	O
of	O
the	O
Zenit	B-Application
camera	I-Application
range	O
is	O
the	O
so-called	O
FotoSnaiper	O
(	O
or	O
Photosniper	O
)	O
kit	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
case	O
(	O
either	O
leather	O
or	O
metal	O
)	O
a	O
gunstock	O
and	O
shoulderstock	O
,	O
filters	O
,	O
a	O
300mm	O
f4.5	O
Tair-3	O
lens	O
,	O
a	O
normal	O
lens	O
and	O
a	O
Zenit	B-Application
adapted	O
for	O
the	O
gunstock	O
(	O
recognizable	O
by	O
the	O
s	O
designation	O
,	O
Zenit-ES	O
,	O
122s	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zenit	B-Application
manufactured	O
a	O
large	O
range	O
of	O
enlargers	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
