<s>
The	O
Zamboni	B-Algorithm
pile	I-Algorithm
(	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
Duluc	O
Dry	O
Pile	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
early	O
electric	O
battery	O
,	O
invented	O
by	O
Giuseppe	O
Zamboni	O
in	O
1812	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Zamboni	B-Algorithm
pile	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
"	O
electrostatic	O
battery	O
"	O
and	O
is	O
constructed	O
from	O
discs	O
of	O
silver	O
foil	O
,	O
zinc	B-Application
foil	O
,	O
and	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
discs	O
of	O
"	O
silver	O
paper	O
"	O
(	O
paper	O
with	O
a	O
thin	O
layer	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
on	O
one	O
side	O
)	O
gilded	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
or	O
silver	O
paper	O
smeared	O
with	O
manganese	O
dioxide	O
and	O
honey	O
might	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zamboni	B-Algorithm
piles	I-Algorithm
of	O
more	O
modern	O
construction	O
were	O
manufactured	O
as	O
recently	O
as	O
the	O
1980s	O
for	O
providing	O
the	O
accelerating	O
voltage	O
for	O
image	O
intensifier	O
tubes	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
military	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EMF	O
per	O
element	O
is	O
approximately	O
0.8V	O
;	O
with	O
thousands	O
of	O
stacked	O
elements	O
,	O
Zamboni	B-Algorithm
piles	I-Algorithm
have	O
output	O
potential	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
kilovolt	O
range	O
,	O
but	O
current	O
output	O
in	O
the	O
nanoampere	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
famous	O
Oxford	O
Electric	O
Bell	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
ringing	O
continuously	O
since	O
1840	O
,	O
is	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
Zamboni	B-Algorithm
piles	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
