<s>
The	O
ZEBRA	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
rechargeable	O
molten	B-Architecture
salt	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
based	O
on	O
commonly	O
available	O
materials	O
–	O
primarily	O
nickel	O
metal	O
and	O
the	O
sodium	O
and	O
chloride	O
from	O
conventional	O
table	O
salt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZEBRA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
need	O
to	O
be	O
kept	O
hot	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
for	O
thermal	O
management	O
reasons	O
,	O
are	O
only	O
practical	O
when	O
built	O
in	O
large	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZEBRA	O
is	O
a	O
simpler	O
,	O
safer	O
and	O
less	O
expensive	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
otherwise	O
similar	O
sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulfur	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
although	O
it	O
offers	O
less	O
energy	O
density	O
,	O
about	O
90	O
to	O
120	O
Wh/kg	O
compared	O
to	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
150	O
Wh/kg	O
for	O
sodium	O
–	O
sulfur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZEBRA	O
and	O
sodium	O
–	O
sulfur	O
both	O
compete	O
with	O
better-known	O
systems	O
,	O
like	O
lithium	O
–	O
iron	O
–	O
phosphate	O
and	O
lithium	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
sulfur	I-Algorithm
in	O
these	O
same	O
roles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
common	O
disposable	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
(	O
"	O
dry	O
cell	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
primary	O
chemicals	O
involved	O
are	O
zinc	B-Application
and	O
manganese	O
oxide	O
,	O
separated	O
by	O
an	O
electrolyte	O
of	O
zinc	B-Application
chloride	O
and	O
ammonium	O
chloride	O
dissolved	O
in	O
water	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
thick	O
paste	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
movement	O
of	O
oxygen	O
from	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
to	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
in	O
the	O
outer	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
drives	O
one	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
reaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
attaching	O
a	O
conductor	O
between	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
to	O
the	O
manganese	O
will	O
cause	O
current	O
to	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
zinc	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
carbon	I-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
chemical	O
reaction	O
can	O
only	O
occur	O
easily	O
in	O
one	O
direction	O
-	O
attempting	O
to	O
"	O
recharge	O
"	O
the	O
battery	O
will	O
not	O
cause	O
the	O
zinc	B-Application
to	O
cleanly	O
reform	O
into	O
its	O
original	O
solid	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
common	O
table	O
salt	O
an	O
almost	O
ideal	O
battery	O
material	O
,	O
producing	O
2.58	O
volts	O
when	O
it	O
combines	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
about	O
1.5	O
for	O
common	O
zinc-based	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
molten	B-Architecture
salt	I-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
were	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1940s	O
and	O
first	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
missile	O
guidance	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
WWII	O
era	O
and	O
after	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
development	O
in	O
the	O
rechargeable	O
molten	B-Architecture
salt	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
market	O
was	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
solid	O
ceramic	O
electrolyte	O
known	O
as	O
beta-alumina	B-Algorithm
solid	I-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
BASE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combining	O
BASE	O
with	O
ionic	O
salts	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulphur	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
first	O
rechargeable	O
molten	B-Architecture
salt	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
more	O
at	O
Sodium	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
sulfur	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
molten	B-Architecture
salt	I-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
using	O
safer	O
regents	O
would	O
have	O
an	O
obvious	O
advantage	O
over	O
the	O
sodium	O
–	O
sulphur	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
merged	O
company	O
,	O
AEG	O
Anglo	O
Batteries	O
,	O
began	O
pilot	O
construction	O
of	O
ZEBRA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
in	O
1994	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
1998	O
merger	O
of	O
Daimler	O
with	O
Chrysler	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
terminated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MES-DEA	O
,	O
formed	O
in	O
1999	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
,	O
took	O
over	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Innovenergy	O
in	O
Meiringen	O
,	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
has	O
further	O
optimised	O
this	O
technology	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
domestically	O
sourced	O
raw	O
materials	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
nickel	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
charge	B-Algorithm
curve	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
ZEBRA	O
design	O
has	O
a	O
rather	O
abrupt	O
voltage	O
drop	O
just	O
before	O
the	O
cell	O
is	O
fully	O
discharged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
know	O
the	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
(	O
SOC	O
)	O
and	O
whether	O
the	O
battery	O
is	O
about	O
to	O
"	O
die	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Which	O
can	O
indicate	O
the	O
state	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
charge	I-Algorithm
when	O
this	O
reaction	O
stops	O
occurring	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
smaller	O
voltage	O
drop	O
,	O
indicating	O
the	O
battery	O
is	O
at	O
a	O
low	O
SOC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
a	O
Na	O
–	O
S	O
battery	O
,	O
NaAlCl4	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
secondary	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
(	O
catholyte	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
ZEBRA	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
Na+	O
ion	O
movement	O
in	O
the	O
cathode	O
,	O
providing	O
critical	O
advantages	O
over	O
a	O
Na	O
–	O
S	O
battery	O
including	O
lower	O
operating	O
temperatures	O
and	O
safe	O
cell	O
failure	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
