<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
is	O
a	O
wireless	O
communications	O
protocol	O
used	O
primarily	O
for	O
residential	O
and	O
commercial	O
building	O
automation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
using	O
low-energy	O
radio	O
waves	O
to	O
communicate	O
from	O
device	O
to	O
device	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
wireless	O
control	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
lights	O
,	O
security	O
systems	O
,	O
thermostats	O
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
smart	O
door	O
locks	O
,	O
and	O
garage	O
door	O
openers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
brand	O
and	O
technology	O
are	O
owned	O
by	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
300	O
companies	O
involved	O
in	O
this	O
technology	O
are	O
gathered	O
within	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
protocols	O
and	O
systems	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
residential	O
,	O
commercial	O
,	O
MDU	O
and	O
building	O
markets	O
,	O
a	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
system	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
from	O
a	O
smart	O
phone	O
,	O
tablet	O
,	O
or	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
locally	O
through	O
a	O
smart	O
speaker	O
,	O
wireless	O
keyfob	O
,	O
or	O
wall-mounted	O
panel	O
with	O
a	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
gateway	O
or	O
central	O
control	O
device	O
serving	O
as	O
both	O
the	O
hub	O
or	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
provides	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
interoperability	O
between	O
home	O
control	O
systems	O
of	O
different	O
manufacturers	O
that	O
are	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
alliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
number	O
of	O
interoperable	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
products	O
;	O
over	O
1,700	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
over	O
2,600	O
by	O
2019	O
,	O
and	O
over	O
4,000	O
by	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
protocol	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Zensys	O
,	O
a	O
Danish	O
company	O
based	O
in	O
Copenhagen	O
,	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
,	O
Zensys	O
introduced	O
a	O
consumer	O
light-control	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
evolved	O
into	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
as	O
a	O
proprietary	O
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
home	O
automation	O
protocol	O
on	O
an	O
unlicensed	O
frequency	O
band	O
in	O
the	O
900MHz	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
500	O
series	O
chip	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Plus	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2013	O
,	O
with	O
four	O
times	O
the	O
memory	O
,	O
improved	O
wireless	O
range	O
,	O
improved	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
an	O
enhanced	O
S2	O
security	O
framework	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
SmartStart	O
setup	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
700	O
series	O
chip	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
communicate	O
up	O
to	O
100	O
meters	O
directly	O
from	O
point-to-point	O
,	O
or	O
800	O
meters	O
across	O
an	O
entire	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
,	O
an	O
extended	O
battery	O
life	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
10	O
years	O
,	O
and	O
comes	O
with	O
S2	O
and	O
SmartStart	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Plus	O
v2	O
certification	O
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Long	O
Range	O
(	O
LR	O
)	O
specification	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
specification	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
four-times	O
the	O
wireless	O
range	O
of	O
standard	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
800	O
series	O
chip	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
2021	O
,	O
with	O
improved	O
security	O
and	O
battery	O
life	O
over	O
the	O
700	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
began	O
to	O
catch	O
on	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
around	O
2005	O
,	O
when	O
five	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
Danfoss	O
,	O
Ingersoll-Rand	O
and	O
Leviton	O
Manufacturing	O
,	O
adopted	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
formed	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
,	O
whose	O
objective	O
is	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
technology	O
,	O
with	O
all	O
certified	O
products	O
by	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
Alliance	O
interoperable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2006	O
,	O
Intel	O
Capital	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
investing	O
in	O
Zensys	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
days	O
after	O
Intel	O
joined	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Sigma	O
Designs	O
in	O
December	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
acquisition	O
,	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
U.S.	O
headquarters	O
in	O
Fremont	O
,	O
California	O
were	O
merged	O
with	O
Sigma	O
's	O
headquarters	O
in	O
Milpitas	O
,	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
changes	O
,	O
the	O
trademark	O
interests	O
in	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
were	O
retained	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
by	O
Sigma	O
Designs	O
and	O
acquired	O
by	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Aeotec	O
Group	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
23	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Sigma	O
announced	O
it	O
planned	O
to	O
sell	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
technology	O
and	O
business	O
assets	O
to	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
for	O
$240	O
million	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
sale	O
was	O
completed	O
on	O
April	O
18	O
,	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
six	O
products	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
that	O
used	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2012	O
,	O
as	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
technology	O
was	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
approximately	O
600	O
products	O
using	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
technology	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
As	O
of	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
over	O
4,000	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
certified	O
interoperable	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
interoperability	O
at	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
ensures	O
that	O
devices	O
can	O
share	O
information	O
and	O
allows	O
all	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
wireless	O
mesh	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
technology	O
enables	O
any	O
node	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
adjacent	O
nodes	O
directly	O
or	O
indirectly	O
,	O
controlling	O
any	O
additional	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
certain	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
technology	O
were	O
made	O
publicly	O
available	O
,	O
when	O
then-owner	O
Sigma	O
Designs	O
released	O
a	O
public	O
version	O
of	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
interoperability	O
layer	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
software	O
added	O
to	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
open-source	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
MAC/PHY	O
is	O
globally	O
standardized	O
by	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
as	O
ITU	O
9959	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open-source	O
availability	O
allows	O
software	O
developers	O
to	O
integrate	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
into	O
devices	O
with	O
fewer	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
S2	O
security	O
,	O
Z/IP	O
for	O
transporting	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
signals	O
over	O
IP	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
middleware	O
are	O
all	O
open	O
source	O
as	O
of	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
ratified	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
specification	O
,	O
adding	O
the	O
application	O
to	O
open-source	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Alliance	O
Technical	O
Working	O
Group	O
manages	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
specification	O
development	O
and	O
maintains	O
a	O
library	O
of	O
standard	O
implementations	O
for	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
compliant	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Established	O
in	O
2005	O
and	O
re-incorporated	O
as	O
a	O
non-profit	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
is	O
a	O
member-driven	O
standards	O
development	O
organization	O
dedicated	O
to	O
market	O
development	O
,	O
technical	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
specification	O
and	O
device	O
certification	O
,	O
and	O
education	O
on	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
is	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
over	O
300	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
residential	O
and	O
commercial	O
connected	O
technology	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
certifies	O
devices	O
to	O
standards	O
that	O
guarantee	O
interoperability	O
with	O
full	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
among	O
all	O
generations	O
of	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
protocol	O
and	O
interoperability	O
certification	O
program	O
called	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Plus	O
was	O
announced	O
,	O
based	O
upon	O
new	O
features	O
and	O
higher	O
interoperability	O
standards	O
bundled	O
together	O
and	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
500	O
series	O
system	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
including	O
some	O
features	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
available	O
since	O
2012	O
for	O
the	O
300/400	O
series	O
SoCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
product	O
was	O
certified	O
by	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Plus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Alliance	O
launched	O
a	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Certified	O
Installer	O
Training	O
program	O
to	O
give	O
installers	O
,	O
integrators	O
and	O
dealers	O
the	O
tools	O
to	O
deploy	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
networks	O
and	O
devices	O
in	O
their	O
residential	O
and	O
commercial	O
jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
Alliance	O
announced	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Certified	O
Installer	O
Toolkit	O
(	O
Z-CIT	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
diagnostics	O
and	O
troubleshooting	O
device	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
during	O
network	O
and	O
device	O
setup	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
remote	O
diagnostics	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
Long	O
Range	O
(	O
LR	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
specification	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
range	O
over	O
regular	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LR	O
specification	O
is	O
managed	O
and	O
certified	O
under	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Plus	O
v2	O
certification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
15	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
announced	O
that	O
Ecolink	O
,	O
a	O
security	O
and	O
home	O
automation	O
brand	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
complete	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
certification	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Ecolink	O
700	O
Series	O
Garage	O
Door	O
Controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
maintains	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
certification	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
components	O
to	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
certification	O
:	O
technical	O
certification	O
and	O
market	O
certification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
announced	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Source	O
Code	O
Project	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
would	O
release	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
its	O
platform	O
,	O
for	O
members	O
to	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
advancement	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
supervision	O
of	O
the	O
newly-established	O
OS	O
Work	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
alliance	O
members	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
announced	O
that	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
specification	O
would	O
become	O
a	O
ratified	O
,	O
multi-source	B-Protocol
wireless	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
being	O
a	O
single-source	O
specification	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
become	O
a	O
multi-source	B-Protocol
,	O
wireless	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
standard	O
developed	O
by	O
collective	O
working	O
group	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
would	O
become	O
a	O
standards	O
development	O
organization	O
(	O
SDO	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
continuing	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
certification	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
officially	O
became	O
incorporated	O
as	O
an	O
independent	O
nonprofit	O
standards	O
development	O
organization	O
,	O
with	O
seven	O
founding	O
members	O
under	O
its	O
new	O
SDO	O
structure	O
:	O
Alarm.com,	O
Assa	O
Abloy	O
,	O
Leedarson	O
,	O
Ring	B-Application
,	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
,	O
StratIS	O
,	O
and	O
Qolsys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
is	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
reliable	O
,	O
low-latency	O
transmission	O
of	O
small	O
data	O
packets	O
at	O
data	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
100kbit/s	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
suitable	O
for	O
control	O
and	O
sensor	O
applications	O
,	O
unlike	O
Wi-Fi	O
and	O
other	O
IEEE	O
802.11-based	O
wireless	B-Architecture
LAN	I-Architecture
systems	O
that	O
are	O
designed	O
primarily	O
for	O
high	O
data	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modulation	B-Application
is	O
frequency-shift	O
keying	O
(	O
FSK	O
)	O
with	O
Manchester	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
other	O
supported	O
modulations	B-Application
schemes	O
include	O
GFSK	O
and	O
DSSS-OQPSK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
uses	O
the	O
Part	O
15	O
unlicensed	O
industrial	O
,	O
scientific	O
,	O
and	O
medical	O
(	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
)	O
band	O
,	O
operating	O
on	O
varying	O
frequencies	O
globally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
Europe	O
it	O
operates	O
at	O
the	O
868-869	O
MHz	O
band	O
while	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
the	O
band	O
varies	O
from	O
908-916	O
MHz	O
when	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
is	O
operating	O
as	O
a	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
and	O
912-920	O
MHz	O
when	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
is	O
operating	O
with	O
a	O
star	O
topology	O
in	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
'	O
s	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
band	O
competes	O
with	O
some	O
cordless	O
telephones	O
and	O
other	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
devices	O
,	O
but	O
avoids	O
interference	O
with	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
and	O
other	O
systems	O
that	O
operate	O
on	O
the	O
crowded	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
(	O
ITU	O
)	O
included	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
PHY	O
and	O
MAC	O
layers	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
in	O
its	O
G.9959	O
standard	O
for	O
wireless	O
devices	O
under	O
1GHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
has	O
been	O
released	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
frequencies	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
frequency	O
bands	O
in	O
various	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
devices	O
create	O
a	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
,	O
where	O
devices	O
can	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
central	O
hub	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advantages	O
to	O
a	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
include	O
greater	O
range	O
and	O
compatibility	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
stronger	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
devices	O
operate	O
on	O
a	O
star	O
network	O
topology	O
that	O
features	O
the	O
hub	O
at	O
a	O
central	O
point	O
and	O
then	O
establishes	O
a	O
direct	O
connection	O
to	O
each	O
device	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
sending	O
signals	O
from	O
node	O
to	O
node	O
until	O
the	O
intended	O
destination	O
is	O
met	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
star	O
network	O
and	O
a	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
direct	O
hub-to-device	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
and	O
traditional	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
nodes	O
can	O
coexist	O
within	O
the	O
same	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
a	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
can	O
span	O
much	O
farther	O
than	O
the	O
radio	O
range	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
unit	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
with	O
several	O
of	O
these	O
hops	O
a	O
slight	O
delay	O
may	O
be	O
introduced	O
between	O
the	O
control	O
command	O
and	O
the	O
desired	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
can	O
secondary	O
controllers	O
,	O
including	O
traditional	O
hand-held	O
controllers	O
,	O
key-fob	O
controllers	O
,	O
wall-switch	O
controllers	O
and	O
PC	O
applications	O
designed	O
for	O
management	O
and	O
control	O
of	O
a	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
can	O
consist	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
232	O
devices	O
,	O
or	O
up	O
to	O
4,000	O
nodes	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
smart-home	O
network	O
with	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
allow	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
bridging	B-Protocol
networks	O
if	O
more	O
devices	O
are	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
device	O
must	O
be	O
"	O
included	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
before	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
via	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
can	O
be	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
by	O
a	O
similar	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
is	O
identified	O
by	O
a	O
Network	O
ID	O
,	O
and	O
each	O
device	O
is	O
further	O
identified	O
by	O
a	O
Node	O
ID	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Network	O
ID	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
Home	O
ID	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
common	O
identification	O
of	O
all	O
nodes	O
belonging	O
to	O
one	O
logical	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
chip	O
is	O
optimized	O
for	O
battery-powered	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
remains	O
in	O
a	O
power	O
saving	O
mode	O
to	O
consume	O
less	O
energy	O
,	O
waking	O
up	O
only	O
to	O
perform	O
its	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
mesh	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
each	O
device	O
in	O
the	O
house	O
bounces	O
wireless	O
signals	O
around	O
the	O
house	O
,	O
which	O
results	O
in	O
low	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
allowing	O
devices	O
to	O
work	O
for	O
years	O
without	O
needing	O
to	O
replace	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
units	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
route	O
unsolicited	O
messages	O
,	O
they	O
cannot	O
be	O
in	O
sleep	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
remote	O
controls	O
,	O
are	O
also	O
excluded	O
since	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
assumes	O
that	O
all	O
repeater	O
capable	O
devices	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
remain	O
in	O
their	O
original	O
detected	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
proprietary	O
design	O
,	O
supported	O
by	O
Sigma	O
Designs	O
as	O
its	O
primary	O
chip	O
vendor	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
business	O
unit	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
release	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
specification	O
as	O
an	O
open	O
wireless	O
standard	O
for	O
development	O
to	O
be	O
certified	O
by	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
vulnerability	O
was	O
uncovered	O
in	O
AES-encrypted	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
door	O
locks	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
remotely	O
exploited	O
to	O
unlock	O
doors	O
without	O
the	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
encryption	O
keys	O
,	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
changed	O
keys	O
,	O
subsequent	O
network	O
messages	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
"	O
door	O
is	O
open	O
"	O
,	O
would	O
be	O
ignored	O
by	O
the	O
established	O
controller	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vulnerability	O
was	O
not	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
flaw	O
in	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
protocol	O
specification	O
but	O
was	O
an	O
implementation	O
error	O
by	O
the	O
door-lock	O
manufacturer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
17	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
announced	O
stronger	O
security	O
standards	O
for	O
devices	O
receiving	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Certification	O
as	O
of	O
April	O
2	O
,	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Known	O
as	O
Security	O
2	O
(	O
or	O
S2	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
provides	O
advanced	O
security	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
devices	O
,	O
gateways	O
and	O
hubs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
,	O
the	O
new	O
security	O
standard	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
advanced	O
security	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
devices	O
and	O
controllers	O
,	O
gateways	O
and	O
hubs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
researchers	O
published	O
several	O
vulnerabilities	O
in	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
chipsets	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
700	O
series	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
open-source	O
protocol-specific	O
fuzzer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
chipset	O
and	O
device	O
,	O
an	O
attacker	O
within	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
radio	O
range	O
can	O
deny	O
service	O
,	O
cause	O
devices	O
to	O
crash	O
,	O
deplete	O
batteries	O
,	O
intercept	O
,	O
observe	O
,	O
and	O
replay	O
traffic	O
,	O
and	O
control	O
vulnerable	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
devices	O
with	O
100	O
,	O
200	O
,	O
300	O
series	O
chipsets	O
cannot	O
be	O
updated	O
to	O
fix	O
the	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chip	O
for	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
nodes	O
is	O
the	O
ZW0500	O
,	O
built	O
around	O
an	O
Intel	B-Architecture
MCS-51	I-Architecture
microcontroller	B-Architecture
with	O
an	O
internal	O
system	O
clock	O
of	O
32MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
on	O
January	O
8	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Sigma	O
Designs	O
introduced	O
its	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
700	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
enables	O
a	O
new	O
class	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
devices	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
outdoors	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
300	O
feet	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
can	O
operate	O
on	O
a	O
coin-cell	O
battery	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
700	O
series	O
uses	O
a	O
32-bit	O
ARM	O
Cortex	O
SoC	O
,	O
it	O
remains	O
backward	O
compatible	O
with	O
all	O
other	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
announced	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Plus	O
v2	O
certification	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
devices	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
700	O
platform	O
,	O
for	O
stronger	O
interoperability	O
and	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
easier	O
installation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
Long	O
Range	O
(	O
LR	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
specification	O
with	O
an	O
improved	O
range	O
over	O
regular	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
testing	O
,	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
had	O
a	O
transmission	O
distance	O
of	O
1-mile	O
(	O
1.6	O
km	O
)	O
direct	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
utilizing	O
+	O
14-dBm	O
output	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
is	O
an	O
extra	O
100-kb/s	O
DSSS	O
OQPSK	O
modulation	B-Application
addition	O
to	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modulation	B-Application
is	O
treated	O
as	O
a	O
fourth	O
channel	O
,	O
allowing	O
gateways	O
to	O
add	O
LR	O
nodes	O
to	O
the	O
existing	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
channel	O
scanning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
also	O
increases	O
scalability	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
smart-home	O
network	O
by	O
up	O
to	O
4,000	O
nodes	O
,	O
a	O
20x	O
increase	O
compared	O
to	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
LR	O
operates	O
on	O
low	O
power	O
so	O
that	O
sensors	O
can	O
last	O
for	O
10	O
years	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
coin	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
backwards	O
compatible	O
and	O
interoperable	O
with	O
other	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
announced	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
800	O
system-on-chips	O
and	O
modules	O
for	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
and	O
automation	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
wireless	O
networking	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
numerous	O
technologies	O
working	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
operates	O
on	O
the	O
sub1GHz	O
(	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
)	O
vs	O
2.4GHz	B-Algorithm
(	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
)	O
to	O
capitalize	O
on	O
the	O
application-level	O
benefits	O
of	O
low	O
power	O
,	O
long	O
range	O
,	O
less	O
RF	O
interference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WiFi	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
operate	O
on	O
the	O
2.4GHz	B-Algorithm
bandwidth	O
which	O
manages	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
traffic	O
among	O
devices	O
that	O
consume	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
network	O
standards	O
include	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
LE	I-General_Concept
and	O
Thread	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
has	O
better	O
interoperability	O
than	O
ZigBee	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
ZigBee	B-Protocol
has	O
a	O
faster	O
data	O
transmission	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thread	B-Protocol
and	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
operate	O
on	O
the	O
busy	O
Wi-Fi	O
standard	O
frequency	O
of	O
2.4GHz	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
operates	O
below	O
1GHz	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
reduced	O
noise	O
and	O
congestion	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
greater	O
coverage	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
three	O
are	O
mesh	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
MAC/PHY	O
is	O
globally	O
standardized	O
by	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
as	O
ITU	O
9959	O
radio	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
Interoperability	O
,	O
Security	O
(	O
S2	O
)	O
,	O
Middleware	O
and	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
over	O
IP	O
specifications	O
were	O
all	O
released	O
into	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
and	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
has	O
become	O
a	O
fully-ratified	O
open-source	O
protocol	O
for	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenZWave	O
is	O
a	O
library	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
C++	O
and	O
wrappers	O
and	O
supporting	O
projects	O
,	O
to	O
interface	O
different	O
languages	O
and	O
protocol(s )	O
allowing	O
anyone	O
to	O
create	O
applications	O
to	O
control	O
devices	O
on	O
a	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
network	O
,	O
without	O
requiring	O
in-depth	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
software	O
is	O
currently	O
aimed	O
at	O
application	O
developers	O
who	O
wish	O
to	O
incorporate	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
functionality	O
into	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matter	B-Application
,	O
brought	O
forth	O
by	O
the	O
Connectivity	O
Standards	O
Alliance	O
,	O
and	O
founded	O
on	O
December	O
19	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
aims	O
to	O
unify	O
device	O
communication	O
so	O
that	O
connected	O
devices	O
will	O
work	O
together	O
,	O
across	O
both	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
and	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
ecosystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z-Wave	B-Device
networks	O
have	O
IP	O
at	O
the	O
gateway	O
level	O
,	O
enabling	O
cloud	O
connectivity	O
to	O
Matter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
