<s>
It	O
is	O
owned	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
most	O
visited	O
website	O
,	O
after	O
Google	B-Application
Search	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
YouTube	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
$1.65	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
ownership	O
of	O
YouTube	O
expanded	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
business	O
model	O
,	O
expanding	O
from	O
generating	O
revenue	O
from	O
advertisements	O
alone	O
to	O
offering	O
paid	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
movies	O
and	O
exclusive	O
content	O
produced	O
by	O
YouTube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
also	O
approved	O
creators	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
AdSense	O
program	O
,	O
which	O
seeks	O
to	O
generate	O
more	O
revenue	O
for	O
both	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
purchase	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	O
has	O
expanded	O
beyond	O
the	O
core	O
website	O
into	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
network	O
television	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
link	O
with	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trio	O
were	O
early	O
employees	O
of	O
PayPal	O
,	O
which	O
left	O
them	O
enriched	O
after	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
eBay	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Hurley	O
had	O
studied	O
design	O
at	O
the	O
Indiana	O
University	O
of	O
Pennsylvania	O
,	O
and	O
Chen	O
and	O
Karim	O
studied	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
together	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
Urbana-Champaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
acquired	O
YouTube	O
for	O
$1.65	O
billion	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
stock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
acquisition	O
launched	O
new	O
newfound	O
interest	O
in	O
video-sharing	O
sites	O
;	O
IAC	O
,	O
which	O
now	O
owned	O
Vimeo	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
supporting	O
the	O
content	O
creators	O
to	O
distinguish	O
itself	O
from	O
YouTube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
officially	O
launched	O
the	O
"	O
polymer	O
"	O
redesign	O
of	O
its	O
user	O
interfaces	O
based	O
on	O
Material	B-Application
Design	I-Application
language	O
as	O
its	O
default	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
a	O
redesigned	O
logo	O
that	O
is	O
built	O
around	O
the	O
service	O
's	O
play	O
button	O
emblem	O
in	O
August	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
YouTube	O
announced	O
a	O
subscription	O
service	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Music	O
Key	O
,	O
"	O
which	O
bundled	O
ad-free	O
streaming	O
of	O
music	O
content	O
on	O
YouTube	O
with	O
the	O
existing	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Music	I-Application
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
also	O
released	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
,	O
a	O
third	O
app	O
oriented	O
towards	O
streaming	O
and	O
discovering	O
the	O
music	O
content	O
hosted	O
on	O
the	O
YouTube	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
released	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
known	O
as	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
in	O
2015	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
experience	O
optimized	O
for	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	O
launched	O
YouTube	O
Gaming	O
—	O
a	O
video	O
gaming-oriented	O
vertical	O
and	O
app	O
for	O
videos	O
and	O
live	O
streaming	O
,	O
intended	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
Amazon.com-owned	O
Twitch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joining	O
the	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
app	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
created	O
a	O
supervised	O
mode	O
,	O
designed	O
more	O
for	O
tweens	O
,	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	O
released	O
YouTube	O
Shorts	O
,	O
a	O
short-form	O
video	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
,	O
in	O
2018	O
and	O
2019	O
,	O
no	O
YouTube	B-Application
app	I-Application
was	O
available	O
for	O
Amazon	B-Application
Fire	I-Application
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
the	O
announcement	O
,	O
software	O
developer	O
Dmitry	O
Selivanov	O
created	O
Return	O
YouTube	O
Dislike	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
,	O
third-party	O
browser	B-Protocol
extension	I-Protocol
for	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
Firefox	B-Application
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
see	O
a	O
video	O
's	O
number	O
of	O
dislikes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
,	O
YouTube	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
rolling	O
out	O
customizable	O
user	O
handles	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Wojcicki	O
will	O
take	O
on	O
an	O
advisory	O
role	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
parent	O
company	O
Alphabet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
has	O
been	O
led	O
by	O
a	O
CEO	O
since	O
its	O
founding	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
retained	O
this	O
leadership	O
model	O
even	O
after	O
its	O
acquisition	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
primarily	O
uses	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
video	O
codecs	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Adaptive	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-4	B-Application
Part	I-Application
2	I-Application
streams	O
contained	O
within	O
3GP	O
containers	O
are	O
also	O
provided	O
for	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	O
had	O
begun	O
rolling	O
out	O
videos	O
in	O
AV1	B-Application
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
considering	O
requiring	O
AV1	B-Application
in	O
streaming	O
hardware	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
decrease	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
increase	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
launch	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
viewing	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
on	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
required	O
the	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
plug-in	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	O
launched	O
an	O
experimental	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
that	O
used	O
the	O
built-in	O
multimedia	O
capabilities	O
of	O
web	O
browsers	O
supporting	O
the	O
HTML5	B-Application
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
videos	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
without	O
requiring	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
or	O
any	O
other	O
plug-in	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
27	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	O
announced	O
that	O
HTML5	B-Application
would	O
be	O
the	O
default	O
playback	O
method	O
on	O
supported	O
browsers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTML5	B-Application
video	O
streams	O
use	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Adaptive	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
(	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
an	O
HTTP-based	O
adaptive	O
bit-rate	O
streaming	O
solution	O
optimizes	O
the	O
bitrate	O
and	O
quality	O
for	O
the	O
available	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
automatic	O
closed	O
captions	O
using	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
technology	I-Application
when	O
a	O
video	O
is	O
uploaded	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
13	O
languages	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
machine-translated	B-Application
during	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
accepts	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
container	O
formats	O
,	O
including	O
MP4	O
,	O
Matroska	O
,	O
FLV	B-Operating_System
,	O
AVI	O
,	O
WebM	B-Application
,	O
3GP	O
,	O
MPEG-PS	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
File	I-Application
Format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
intermediate	O
video	O
formats	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
primarily	O
used	O
for	O
professional	O
video	O
editing	O
,	O
not	O
for	O
final	O
delivery	O
or	O
storage	O
)	O
are	O
also	O
accepted	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ProRes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
originally	O
offered	O
videos	O
at	O
only	O
one	O
quality	O
level	O
,	O
displayed	O
at	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
320×240	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
using	O
the	O
Sorenson	O
Spark	O
codec	O
(	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
with	O
mono	O
MP3	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
high-quality	O
mode	O
was	O
added	O
,	O
which	O
increased	O
the	O
resolution	O
to	O
480×360	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
new	O
feature	O
,	O
YouTube	O
began	O
a	O
switchover	O
to	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
as	O
its	O
default	O
video	O
compression	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
launched	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
videos	O
in	O
4K	B-Architecture
format	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
4096×3072	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
was	O
added	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
videos	O
playing	O
at	O
3840	O
×	O
2160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
8K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
was	O
added	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
videos	O
playing	O
at	O
7680×4320	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2016	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
was	O
added	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
with	O
hybrid	O
log	O
–	O
gamma	O
(	O
HLG	O
)	O
or	O
perceptual	B-Algorithm
quantizer	I-Algorithm
(	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
with	O
the	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
users	O
choose	O
between	O
"	O
Auto	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
adjusts	O
resolution	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
connection	O
,	O
"	O
High	O
Picture	O
Quality	O
"	O
which	O
will	O
prioritize	O
playing	O
high-quality	O
video	O
,	O
"	O
Data	O
saver	O
"	O
which	O
will	O
sacrifice	O
video	O
quality	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
low	O
data	O
usage	O
and	O
"	O
Advanced	O
"	O
which	O
lets	O
the	O
user	O
choose	O
a	O
stream	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	O
began	O
natively	O
supporting	O
360-degree	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
April	O
2016	O
,	O
it	O
allowed	O
live	O
streaming	O
360°	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
both	O
normal	O
and	O
360°	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
at	O
up	O
to	O
1440p	O
,	O
and	O
since	O
November	O
2016	O
both	O
at	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Architecture
(	O
2160p	O
)	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Citing	O
the	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
who	O
watched	O
more	O
than	O
90-degrees	O
,	O
it	O
began	O
supporting	O
an	O
alternative	O
stereoscopic	O
video	O
format	O
known	O
as	O
VR180	B-General_Concept
which	O
it	O
said	O
was	O
easier	O
to	O
produce	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
watch	O
any	O
video	O
using	O
virtual	O
reality	O
headsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2017	O
,	O
live	O
streaming	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
official	O
YouTube	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Live	O
streams	O
support	O
HDR	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
at	O
60	O
fps	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
support	O
360°	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
subsequently	O
implemented	O
a	O
comment	O
system	O
oriented	O
on	O
Google+	O
on	O
November	O
6	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
that	O
required	O
all	O
YouTube	O
users	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
Google+	O
account	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
YouTube	O
co-founder	O
Jawed	O
Karim	O
posted	O
the	O
question	O
"	O
why	O
the	O
fuck	O
do	O
I	O
need	O
a	O
google+	O
account	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
a	O
video	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
in	O
the	O
Newsday	O
blog	O
Silicon	O
Island	O
,	O
Chase	O
Melvin	O
noted	O
that	O
"	O
Google+	O
is	O
nowhere	O
near	O
as	O
popular	O
a	O
social	O
media	O
network	O
like	O
Facebook	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
's	O
essentially	O
being	O
forced	O
upon	O
millions	O
of	O
YouTube	O
users	O
who	O
do	O
n't	O
want	O
to	O
lose	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
videos	O
"	O
and	O
added	O
that	O
"	O
Discussion	O
forums	O
across	O
the	O
Internet	O
are	O
already	O
bursting	O
with	O
the	O
outcry	O
against	O
the	O
new	O
comment	O
system	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
on	O
July	O
27	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
removing	O
the	O
requirement	O
to	O
sign	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
Google+	O
account	O
to	O
post	O
comments	O
to	O
YouTube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
YouTube	O
video	O
is	O
accompanied	O
by	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
embed	O
it	O
on	O
any	O
page	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
third-party	O
web	O
sites	O
,	O
applications	O
and	O
browser	B-Protocol
plug-ins	I-Protocol
allow	O
users	O
to	O
download	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2009	O
,	O
YouTube	O
announced	O
a	O
test	O
service	O
,	O
allowing	O
some	O
partners	O
to	O
offer	O
video	O
downloads	O
for	O
free	O
or	O
for	O
a	O
fee	O
paid	O
through	O
Google	B-Application
Checkout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2012	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
sent	O
cease	O
and	O
desist	O
letters	O
threatening	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
several	O
websites	O
offering	O
online	O
download	O
and	O
conversion	O
of	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
Zamzar	B-Algorithm
removed	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
download	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
from	O
its	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
smartphones	B-Application
are	O
capable	O
of	O
accessing	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
,	O
either	O
within	O
an	O
application	O
or	O
through	O
an	O
optimized	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
Mobile	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
using	O
RTSP	B-Protocol
streaming	O
for	O
the	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
required	O
YouTube	O
's	O
content	O
to	O
be	O
transcoded	O
into	O
Apple	O
's	O
preferred	O
video	O
standard	O
,	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
took	O
several	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
videos	O
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
on	O
devices	O
including	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
and	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
was	O
relaunched	O
based	O
on	O
HTML5	B-Application
in	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
avoiding	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
use	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
and	O
optimized	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
touch	O
screen	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
version	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
platform	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
YouTube	O
launched	O
its	O
first	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
following	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
drop	O
YouTube	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
preloaded	O
apps	O
in	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
5	O
and	O
iOS	B-Application
6	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
GlobalWebIndex	O
,	O
YouTube	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
35%	O
of	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
between	O
April	O
and	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
third-most	O
used	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
TiVo	B-Application
service	O
update	O
in	O
July	O
2008	O
allowed	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
search	O
and	O
play	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
YouTube	O
launched	O
"	O
YouTube	O
for	O
TV	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
website	O
tailored	O
for	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
and	O
other	O
TV-based	O
media	O
devices	O
with	O
web	O
browsers	O
,	O
initially	O
allowing	O
its	O
videos	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
on	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
and	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
video	I-Operating_System
game	I-Operating_System
consoles	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
app	O
on	O
Xbox	B-Application
Live	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
15	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
launched	O
an	O
official	O
app	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
watch	O
YouTube	O
videos	O
from	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
app	O
was	O
available	O
for	O
Wii	B-Device
U	I-Device
and	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
August	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videos	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
viewed	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
Internet	O
Browser	O
using	O
HTML5	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
made	O
YouTube	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Roku	O
player	O
on	O
December	O
17	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Sony	B-Operating_System
PlayStation	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
launched	O
as	O
a	O
downloadable	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
in	O
November	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
CEO	O
Eric	O
Schmidt	O
appeared	O
in	O
Paris	O
to	O
launch	O
the	O
new	O
localization	B-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Countries	O
with	O
YouTube	O
localization	B-General_Concept
600px	O
Country	O
Language(s )	O
Launch	O
date	O
United	O
States	O
(	O
and	O
worldwide	O
launch	O
)	O
English	O
,	O
Spanish	O
February	O
14	O
,	O
2005	O
Brazil	O
Portuguese	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
France	O
French	O
,	O
Catalan	O
,	O
Basque	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Ireland	O
English	O
,	O
Irish	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Italy	O
Italian	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Catalan	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Japan	O
Japanese	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Netherlands	O
Dutch	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Poland	O
Polish	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Spain	O
Spanish	O
,	O
Galician	O
,	O
Catalan	O
,	O
Basque	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
English	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Mexico	O
Spanish	O
October	O
11	O
,	O
2007	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
Chinese	O
,	O
English	O
October	O
17	O
,	O
2007	O
Taiwan	O
Chinese	O
October	O
18	O
,	O
2007	O
Australia	O
EnglishOctober	O
22	O
,	O
2007	O
New	O
Zealand	O
EnglishOctober	O
22	O
,	O
2007	O
Canada	O
English	O
,	O
French	O
November	O
6	O
,	O
2007	O
Germany	O
German	O
November	O
8	O
,	O
2007	O
Russia	O
Russian	O
November	O
13	O
,	O
2007	O
South	O
Korea	O
Korean	O
January	O
23	O
,	O
2008	O
India	O
Hindi	O
,	O
Bengali	O
,	O
Punjabi	O
,	O
English	O
,	O
Gujarati	O
,	O
Kannada	O
,	O
Malayalam	O
,	O
Marathi	O
,	O
Tamil	O
,	O
Telugu	O
,	O
Urdu	O
May	O
7	O
,	O
2008	O
Israel	O
Hebrew	O
,	O
Arabic	O
September	O
16	O
,	O
2008	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
Czech	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2008	O
Sweden	O
Swedish	O
October	O
22	O
,	O
2008	O
Launch	O
video	O
unavailable	O
when	O
YouTube	O
opens	O
up	O
in	O
Sweden	O
October	O
23	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uganda	O
English	O
,	O
Swahili	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2011	O
Google	B-Application
Launches	O
YouTube	O
Uganda	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nigeria	O
English	O
December	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
Launch	O
YouTube	O
Nigeria	O
Today	O
December	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chile	O
Spanish	O
January	O
20	O
,	O
2012	O
Google	B-Application
launches	O
YouTube	O
Chile	O
March	O
19	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hungary	O
Hungarian	O
February	O
29	O
,	O
2012	O
Google	B-Application
Launches	O
Hungarian	O
YouTube	O
March	O
12	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ghana	O
English	O
June	O
5	O
,	O
2012	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
launches	O
YouTube	O
in	O
Ghana	O
"	O
,	O
June	O
22	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
's	O
owner	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
November	O
2015	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
help	O
cover	O
the	O
legal	O
cost	O
in	O
select	O
cases	O
where	O
they	O
believe	O
fair	O
use	O
defenses	O
apply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
1	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
dispute	O
with	O
GEMA	O
was	O
resolved	O
,	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
content	O
ID	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
allow	O
advertisements	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
videos	O
with	O
content	O
protected	O
by	O
GEMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
,	O
Universal	O
and	O
YouTube	O
signed	O
an	O
agreement	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
separate	O
agreements	O
other	O
major	O
labels	O
,	O
which	O
gave	O
the	O
company	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
when	O
its	O
music	O
was	O
played	O
on	O
YouTube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
CEO	O
Eric	O
Schmidt	O
regarded	O
this	O
system	O
as	O
necessary	O
for	O
resolving	O
lawsuits	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
one	O
from	O
Viacom	O
,	O
which	O
alleged	O
that	O
YouTube	O
profited	O
from	O
content	O
that	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
distribute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
guidelines	O
,	O
YouTube	O
has	O
faced	O
criticism	O
over	O
aspects	O
of	O
its	O
operations	O
,	O
its	O
recommendation	B-Application
algorithms	I-Application
perpetuating	O
videos	O
that	O
promote	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
and	O
falsehoods	O
,	O
hosting	O
videos	O
ostensibly	O
targeting	O
children	O
but	O
containing	O
violent	O
or	O
sexually	O
suggestive	O
content	O
involving	O
popular	O
characters	O
,	O
videos	O
of	O
minors	O
attracting	O
pedophilic	O
activities	O
in	O
their	O
comment	O
sections	O
,	O
and	O
fluctuating	O
policies	O
on	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
content	O
that	O
is	O
eligible	O
to	O
be	O
monetized	O
with	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
purports	O
that	O
requests	O
for	O
extremely	O
graphic	O
content	O
to	O
be	O
blurred	O
,	O
reduced	O
in	O
size	O
or	O
made	O
monochrome	O
,	O
per	O
recommendations	B-Application
from	O
the	O
National	O
Center	O
for	O
Missing	O
and	O
Exploited	O
Children	O
,	O
were	O
rejected	O
by	O
YouTube	O
as	O
not	O
a	O
high	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
investigation	O
by	O
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
,	O
"	O
YouTube	O
's	O
recommendations	B-Application
often	O
lead	O
users	O
to	O
channels	O
that	O
feature	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
,	O
partisan	O
viewpoints	O
and	O
misleading	O
videos	O
,	O
even	O
when	O
those	O
users	O
have	O
n't	O
shown	O
interest	O
in	O
such	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
July	O
2019	O
study	O
based	O
on	O
ten	O
YouTube	O
searches	O
using	O
the	O
Tor	B-Operating_System
Browser	I-Operating_System
related	O
to	O
climate	O
and	O
climate	O
change	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
videos	O
were	O
videos	O
that	O
communicated	O
views	O
contrary	O
to	O
the	O
scientific	O
consensus	O
on	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
platforms	O
were	O
pressured	O
to	O
remove	O
such	O
content	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
,	O
YouTube	O
's	O
chief	O
product	O
officer	O
Neal	O
Mohan	O
said	O
that	O
unlike	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
ISIS	B-Operating_System
videos	O
which	O
take	O
a	O
particular	O
format	O
and	O
thus	O
easy	O
to	O
detect	O
through	O
computer-aided	O
algorithms	O
,	O
general	O
hate	O
speech	O
was	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
recognize	O
and	O
handle	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
could	O
not	O
readily	O
take	O
action	O
to	O
remove	O
without	O
human	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ban	O
occurred	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
that	O
Reddit	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
ban	O
on	O
several	O
hate	O
speech	O
sub-forums	O
including	O
r/The_Donald	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	O
implemented	O
policies	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
to	O
deny	O
monetization	O
or	O
revenue	O
to	O
advertisers	O
or	O
content	O
creators	O
that	O
promoted	O
climate	O
change	O
denial	O
,	O
which	O
"	O
includes	O
content	O
referring	O
to	O
climate	O
change	O
as	O
a	O
hoax	O
or	O
a	O
scam	O
,	O
claims	O
denying	O
that	O
long-term	O
trends	O
show	O
the	O
global	O
climate	O
is	O
warming	O
,	O
and	O
claims	O
denying	O
that	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
emissions	O
or	O
human	O
activity	O
contribute	O
to	O
climate	O
change.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
YouTube	O
came	O
under	O
criticism	O
for	O
showing	O
inappropriate	O
videos	O
targeted	O
at	O
children	O
and	O
often	O
featuring	O
popular	O
characters	O
in	O
violent	O
,	O
sexual	O
or	O
otherwise	O
disturbing	O
situations	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
appeared	O
on	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
and	O
attracted	O
millions	O
of	O
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Content	O
creators	O
that	O
earnestly	O
make	O
child-friendly	O
videos	O
have	O
found	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
larger	O
channels	O
,	O
unable	O
to	O
produce	O
content	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
rate	O
as	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
lacking	O
the	O
same	O
means	O
of	O
being	O
promoted	O
through	O
YouTube	O
's	O
recommendation	B-Application
algorithms	I-Application
that	O
the	O
larger	O
animated	O
channel	O
networks	O
have	O
shared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	O
vlogger	O
Matt	O
Watson	O
identified	O
a	O
"	O
wormhole	O
"	O
that	O
would	O
cause	O
the	O
YouTube	O
recommendation	B-Application
algorithm	I-Application
to	O
draw	O
users	O
into	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
video	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
all	O
of	O
that	O
user	O
's	O
recommended	O
content	O
feature	O
only	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
related	O
attempt	O
to	O
algorithmically	O
flag	O
videos	O
containing	O
references	O
to	O
the	O
string	O
"	O
CP	B-Application
"	O
(	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
of	O
child	O
pornography	O
)	O
resulted	O
in	O
some	O
prominent	O
false	O
positives	O
involving	O
unrelated	O
topics	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
abbreviation	O
,	O
including	O
videos	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	O
video	O
game	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
(	O
which	O
uses	O
"	O
CP	B-Application
"	O
as	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
of	O
the	O
statistic	O
"	O
Combat	O
Power	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Club	B-Application
Penguin	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
has	O
suggested	O
potential	O
plans	O
to	O
remove	O
all	O
videos	O
featuring	O
children	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
YouTube	O
site	O
and	O
transferring	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
site	O
where	O
they	O
would	O
have	O
stronger	O
controls	O
over	O
the	O
recommendation	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
major	O
changes	O
on	O
the	O
main	O
YouTube	O
site	O
to	O
the	O
recommended	O
feature	O
and	O
autoplay	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
Premium	O
was	O
originally	O
announced	O
on	O
November	O
12	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
as	O
"	O
Music	O
Key	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
subscription	O
music	O
streaming	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
integrate	O
with	O
and	O
replace	O
the	O
existing	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Music	I-Application
"	O
All	O
Access	O
"	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
is	O
an	O
American	O
children	O
's	O
video	O
app	O
developed	O
by	O
YouTube	O
,	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
First	O
released	O
on	O
February	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
,	O
the	O
app	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
released	O
for	O
LG	O
,	O
Samsung	O
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
smart	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
TV	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
27	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
available	O
on	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
launched	O
a	O
web-based	O
version	O
of	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
on	O
August	O
30	O
,	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2018	O
,	O
Cohen	O
began	O
hinting	O
at	O
the	O
possible	O
launch	O
of	O
YouTube	O
's	O
new	O
subscription	O
music	O
streaming	O
service	O
,	O
a	O
platform	O
that	O
would	O
compete	O
with	O
other	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Spotify	B-Application
and	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Music	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
22	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
music	O
streaming	O
platform	O
named	O
"	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
"	O
was	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
launching	O
in	O
five	O
major	O
markets	O
(	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Philadelphia	O
and	O
San	O
Francisco	O
)	O
on	O
April	O
5	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
offers	O
live	O
streams	O
of	O
programming	O
from	O
the	O
five	O
major	O
broadcast	O
networks	O
(	O
ABC	O
,	O
CBS	O
,	O
The	O
CW	O
,	O
Fox	O
and	O
NBC	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
approximately	O
40	O
cable	O
channels	O
owned	O
by	O
the	O
corporate	O
parents	O
of	O
those	O
networks	O
,	O
The	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Company	O
,	O
CBS	O
Corporation	O
,	O
21st	O
Century	O
Fox	O
,	O
NBCUniversal	O
and	O
Turner	O
Broadcasting	O
System	O
(	O
including	O
among	O
others	O
Bravo	O
,	O
USA	O
Network	O
,	O
Syfy	O
,	O
Disney	O
Channel	O
,	O
CNN	B-Architecture
,	O
Cartoon	O
Network	O
,	O
E	O
!,	O
Fox	O
Sports	O
1	O
,	O
Freeform	O
,	O
FX	O
and	O
ESPN	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
Go	B-Application
was	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
created	O
for	O
making	O
YouTube	O
easier	O
to	O
access	O
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
in	O
emerging	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
main	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
and	O
allowed	O
videos	O
to	O
be	O
downloaded	O
and	O
shared	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
preview	O
videos	O
,	O
share	O
downloaded	O
videos	O
through	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
offered	O
more	O
options	O
for	O
mobile	O
data	O
control	O
and	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
shutting	O
down	O
YouTube	O
Go	B-Application
in	O
August	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
YouTube	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
launching	O
a	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
platform	O
of	O
15-second	O
videos	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
called	O
YouTube	O
Shorts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
platform	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
standalone	O
app	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
main	O
YouTube	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
it	O
gives	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
built-in	O
creative	O
tools	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
adding	O
licensed	O
music	O
to	O
their	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
only	O
available	O
to	O
creators	O
who	O
have	O
more	O
than	O
10,000	O
subscribers	O
and	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
posted/seen	O
in	O
the	O
YouTube	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
Forbes	O
Katheryn	O
Thayer	O
asserted	O
that	O
digital-era	O
artists	O
 '	O
work	O
must	O
not	O
only	O
be	O
of	O
high	B-General_Concept
quality	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
must	O
elicit	O
reactions	O
on	O
the	O
YouTube	O
platform	O
and	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	O
has	O
enabled	O
people	O
to	O
more	O
directly	O
engage	O
with	O
government	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
CNN/YouTube	O
presidential	O
debates	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
ordinary	O
people	O
submitted	O
questions	O
to	O
U.S.	O
presidential	O
candidates	O
via	O
YouTube	O
video	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
techPresident	O
co-founder	O
saying	O
that	O
Internet	O
video	O
was	O
changing	O
the	O
political	O
landscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
YouTube	O
has	O
also	O
allowed	O
government	O
to	O
more	O
easily	O
engage	O
with	O
citizens	O
,	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
's	O
official	O
YouTube	O
channel	O
being	O
the	O
seventh	O
top	O
news	O
organization	O
producer	O
on	O
YouTube	O
in	O
2012	O
and	O
in	O
2013	O
a	O
healthcare	O
exchange	O
commissioned	O
Obama	O
impersonator	O
Iman	O
Crosson	O
's	O
YouTube	B-Application
music	I-Application
video	O
spoof	O
to	O
encourage	O
young	O
Americans	O
to	O
enroll	O
in	O
the	O
Affordable	O
Care	O
Act	O
(	O
Obamacare	O
)	O
-compliant	O
health	O
insurance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
U.S.	O
President	O
Obama	O
held	O
a	O
meeting	O
at	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
with	O
leading	O
YouTube	O
content	O
creators	O
to	O
not	O
only	O
promote	O
awareness	O
of	O
Obamacare	O
but	O
more	O
generally	O
to	O
develop	O
ways	O
for	O
government	O
to	O
better	O
connect	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
YouTube	O
Generation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
a	O
year	O
before	O
YouTube	O
's	O
January	O
2019	O
announcement	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
begin	O
a	O
"	O
gradual	O
change	O
"	O
of	O
"	O
reducing	O
recommendations	B-Application
of	O
borderline	O
content	O
and	O
content	O
that	O
could	O
misinform	O
users	O
in	O
harmful	O
ways	O
"	O
,	O
Zeynep	O
Tufekci	O
had	O
written	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
(	O
g	B-Application
)	O
iven	O
its	O
billion	O
or	O
so	O
users	O
,	O
YouTube	O
may	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
powerful	O
radicalizing	O
instruments	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
YouTube	O
's	O
changes	O
to	O
its	O
recommendation	B-Application
engine	I-Application
,	O
the	O
most	O
recommended	O
channel	O
evolved	O
from	O
conspiracy	O
theorist	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
(	O
2016	O
)	O
to	O
Fox	O
News	O
(	O
2019	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
2020	O
study	O
,	O
"	O
An	O
emerging	O
journalistic	O
consensus	O
theorizes	O
the	O
central	O
role	O
played	O
by	O
the	O
video	O
'	O
recommendation	B-Application
engine	I-Application
,	O
'	O
but	O
we	O
believe	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
premature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2022	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
"	O
despite	O
widespread	O
concerns	O
that	O
YouTube	O
's	O
algorithms	O
send	O
people	O
down	O
'	O
rabbit	O
holes	O
 '	O
with	O
recommendations	B-Application
to	O
extremist	O
videos	O
,	O
little	O
systematic	O
evidence	O
exists	O
to	O
support	O
this	O
conjecture	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
exposure	O
to	O
alternative	O
and	O
extremist	O
channel	O
videos	O
on	O
YouTube	O
is	O
heavily	O
concentrated	O
among	O
a	O
small	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
with	O
high	O
prior	O
levels	O
of	O
gender	O
and	O
racial	O
resentment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
contrary	O
to	O
the	O
'	O
rabbit	O
holes	O
 '	O
narrative	O
,	O
non-subscribers	O
are	O
rarely	O
recommended	O
videos	O
from	O
alternative	O
and	O
extremist	O
channels	O
and	O
seldom	O
follow	O
such	O
recommendations	B-Application
when	O
offered.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
anti-bullying	O
It	O
Gets	O
Better	O
Project	O
expanded	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
YouTube	O
video	O
directed	O
to	O
discouraged	O
or	O
suicidal	O
LGBT	O
teens	O
,	O
that	O
within	O
two	O
months	O
drew	O
video	O
responses	O
from	O
hundreds	O
including	O
U.S.	O
President	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
,	O
Vice	O
President	O
Biden	O
,	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
staff	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
cabinet	O
secretaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
did	O
not	O
provide	O
detailed	O
figures	O
for	O
YouTube	O
's	O
running	O
costs	O
,	O
and	O
YouTube	O
's	O
revenues	O
in	O
2007	O
were	O
noted	O
as	O
"	O
not	O
material	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
regulatory	O
filing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
move	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
other	O
providers	O
of	O
online	O
subscription	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Prime	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Hulu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
first	O
published	O
exact	O
revenue	O
numbers	O
for	O
YouTube	O
in	O
February	O
2020	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Alphabet	O
's	O
2019	O
financial	O
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	O
had	O
made	O
in	O
ad	O
revenue	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
in	O
2017	O
and	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
revenues	O
accounted	O
for	O
approximately	O
20million	O
subscribers	O
combined	O
between	O
YouTube	O
Premium	O
and	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
subscriptions	O
,	O
and	O
2million	O
subscribers	O
to	O
YouTube	O
TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
"	O
begun	O
an	O
extensive	O
review	O
of	O
our	O
advertising	O
policies	O
and	O
have	O
made	O
a	O
public	O
commitment	O
to	O
put	O
in	O
place	O
changes	O
that	O
give	O
brands	O
more	O
control	O
over	O
where	O
their	O
ads	O
appear	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
will	O
occur	O
on	O
channels	O
whose	O
content	O
is	O
deemed	O
"	O
advertiser-friendly	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
revenue	O
will	O
go	B-Application
directly	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
without	O
any	O
share	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
uploader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preventing	O
criticism	O
of	O
a	O
ruler	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
North	O
Korea	O
)	O
,	O
government	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
China	O
)	O
or	O
its	O
actions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Morocco	O
)	O
,	O
government	O
officials	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Turkey	O
and	O
Libya	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
religion	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Morality-based	O
laws	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
specific	O
videos	O
is	O
sometimes	O
prevented	O
due	O
to	O
copyright	O
and	O
intellectual	O
property	O
protection	O
laws	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Germany	O
)	O
,	O
violations	O
of	O
hate	O
speech	O
,	O
and	O
preventing	O
access	O
to	O
videos	O
judged	O
inappropriate	O
for	O
youth	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
also	O
done	O
by	O
YouTube	O
with	O
the	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
app	O
and	O
with	O
"	O
restricted	O
mode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Pakistanis	O
circumvented	O
the	O
three-day	O
block	O
by	O
using	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
