<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
American	O
global	O
online	O
video	O
sharing	O
and	O
social	O
media	O
platform	O
headquartered	O
in	O
San	O
Bruno	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
owned	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
most	O
visited	O
website	O
,	O
after	O
Google	B-Application
Search	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
more	O
than	O
2.5	O
billion	O
monthly	O
users	O
,	O
who	O
collectively	O
watch	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
billion	O
hours	O
of	O
videos	O
each	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
bought	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
$1.65	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
ownership	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
expanded	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
business	O
model	O
,	O
expanding	O
from	O
generating	O
revenue	O
from	O
advertisements	O
alone	O
to	O
offering	O
paid	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
movies	O
and	O
exclusive	O
content	O
produced	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
offers	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Premium	O
,	O
a	O
paid	O
subscription	O
option	O
for	O
watching	O
content	O
without	O
ads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
also	O
approved	O
creators	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
AdSense	O
program	O
,	O
which	O
seeks	O
to	O
generate	O
more	O
revenue	O
for	O
both	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
reported	O
revenue	O
of	O
$29.2	O
billion	O
in	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
annual	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
increased	O
to	O
$28.8	O
billion	O
,	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
revenue	O
of	O
9	O
billion	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
its	O
purchase	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
expanded	O
beyond	O
the	O
core	O
website	O
into	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
network	O
television	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
link	O
with	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
categories	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
include	O
music	O
videos	O
,	O
video	O
clips	O
,	O
news	O
,	O
short	O
films	O
,	O
feature	O
films	O
,	O
songs	O
,	O
documentaries	O
,	O
movie	O
trailers	O
,	O
teasers	O
,	O
live	O
streams	O
,	O
vlogs	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discovery	O
have	O
also	O
created	O
and	O
expanded	O
their	O
corporate	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channels	I-General_Concept
to	O
advertise	O
to	O
a	O
greater	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
had	O
unprecedented	O
social	O
impact	O
,	O
influencing	O
popular	O
culture	O
,	O
internet	O
trends	O
,	O
and	O
creating	O
multimillionaire	O
celebrities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
all	O
its	O
growth	O
and	O
success	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
widely	O
criticized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Criticism	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
includes	O
the	O
website	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
misinformation	O
,	O
copyright	O
issues	O
,	O
routine	O
violations	O
of	O
its	O
users	O
 '	O
privacy	O
,	O
enabling	O
censorship	O
,	O
their	O
guidelines	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
are	O
implemented	O
,	O
and	O
endangering	O
child	O
safety	O
and	O
wellbeing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
founded	O
by	O
Steve	O
Chen	O
,	O
Chad	O
Hurley	O
,	O
and	O
Jawed	O
Karim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trio	O
were	O
early	O
employees	O
of	O
PayPal	O
,	O
which	O
left	O
them	O
enriched	O
after	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
eBay	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Hurley	O
had	O
studied	O
design	O
at	O
the	O
Indiana	O
University	O
of	O
Pennsylvania	O
,	O
and	O
Chen	O
and	O
Karim	O
studied	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
together	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
Urbana-Champaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
story	O
that	O
has	O
often	O
been	O
repeated	O
in	O
the	O
media	O
,	O
Hurley	O
and	O
Chen	O
developed	O
the	O
idea	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
during	O
the	O
early	O
months	O
of	O
2005	O
,	O
after	O
they	O
had	O
experienced	O
difficulty	O
sharing	O
videos	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
shot	O
at	O
a	O
dinner	O
party	O
at	O
Chen	O
's	O
apartment	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Karim	O
did	O
not	O
attend	O
the	O
party	O
and	O
denied	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
occurred	O
,	O
but	O
Chen	O
remarked	O
that	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
founded	O
after	O
a	O
dinner	O
party	O
"	O
was	O
probably	O
very	O
strengthened	O
by	O
marketing	O
ideas	O
around	O
creating	O
a	O
story	O
that	O
was	O
very	O
digestible	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Karim	O
said	O
the	O
inspiration	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
first	O
came	O
from	O
the	O
Super	O
Bowl	O
XXXVIII	O
halftime	O
show	O
controversy	O
,	O
when	O
Janet	O
Jackson	O
's	O
breast	O
was	O
briefly	O
exposed	O
by	O
Justin	O
Timberlake	O
during	O
the	O
halftime	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hurley	O
and	O
Chen	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
original	O
idea	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
video	O
version	O
of	O
an	O
online	O
dating	O
service	O
and	O
had	O
been	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
website	O
Hot	O
or	O
Not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
created	O
posts	O
on	O
Craigslist	O
asking	O
attractive	O
women	O
to	O
upload	O
videos	O
of	O
themselves	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
a	O
$100	O
reward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
as	O
a	O
venture	O
capital	O
–	O
funded	O
technology	O
startup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
early	O
headquarters	O
were	O
situated	O
above	O
a	O
pizzeria	O
and	O
a	O
Japanese	O
restaurant	O
in	O
San	O
Mateo	O
,	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
activated	O
www.youtube.com	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
video-sharing	O
site	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
;	O
Vimeo	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
November	O
2004	O
,	O
though	O
that	O
site	O
remained	O
a	O
side	O
project	O
of	O
its	O
developers	O
from	O
CollegeHumor	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
grow	O
much	O
,	O
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
week	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
launch	O
,	O
NBC-Universal	O
'	O
s	O
Saturday	O
Night	O
Live	O
ran	O
a	O
skit	O
"	O
Lazy	O
Sunday	O
"	O
by	O
The	O
Lonely	O
Island	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
helping	O
to	O
bolster	O
ratings	O
and	O
long-term	O
viewership	O
for	O
Saturday	O
Night	O
Live	O
,	O
"	O
Lazy	O
Sunday	O
"	O
 '	O
s	O
status	O
as	O
an	O
early	O
viral	O
video	O
helped	O
establish	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
an	O
important	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unofficial	O
uploads	O
of	O
the	O
skit	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
drew	O
in	O
more	O
than	O
five	O
million	O
collective	O
views	O
by	O
February	O
2006	O
before	O
they	O
were	O
removed	O
when	O
NBCUniversal	O
requested	O
it	O
two	O
months	O
later	O
based	O
on	O
copyright	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
eventually	O
being	O
taken	O
down	O
,	O
these	O
duplicate	O
uploads	O
of	O
the	O
skit	O
helped	O
popularize	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
reach	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
upload	O
of	O
more	O
third-party	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
choice	O
of	O
the	O
name	O
www.youtube.com	B-General_Concept
led	O
to	O
problems	O
for	O
a	O
similarly	O
named	O
website	O
,	O
www.utube.com	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
site	O
's	O
owner	O
,	O
Universal	O
Tube	O
&	O
Rollform	O
Equipment	O
,	O
filed	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
November	O
2006	O
after	O
being	O
regularly	O
overloaded	O
by	O
people	O
looking	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
acquired	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
for	O
$1.65	O
billion	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
stock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
acquisition	O
launched	O
new	O
newfound	O
interest	O
in	O
video-sharing	O
sites	O
;	O
IAC	O
,	O
which	O
now	O
owned	O
Vimeo	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
supporting	O
the	O
content	O
creators	O
to	O
distinguish	O
itself	O
from	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
at	O
this	O
time	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
issued	O
the	O
slogan	O
"	O
Broadcast	B-General_Concept
Yourself	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Daily	O
Telegraph	O
wrote	O
that	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
consumed	O
as	O
much	O
bandwidth	O
as	O
the	O
entire	O
Internet	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
moved	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
office	O
in	O
San	O
Bruno	O
,	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hurley	O
announced	O
that	O
he	O
would	O
be	O
stepping	O
down	O
as	O
a	O
chief	O
executive	O
officer	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
take	O
an	O
advisory	O
role	O
and	O
that	O
Salar	O
Kamangar	O
would	O
take	O
over	O
as	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
in	O
October	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2009	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
partnered	O
with	O
Vevo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Susan	O
Wojcicki	O
was	O
appointed	O
CEO	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
February	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
expanded	O
its	O
headquarters	O
in	O
San	O
Bruno	O
by	O
purchasing	O
an	O
office	O
park	O
for	O
$215million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
officially	O
launched	O
the	O
"	O
polymer	O
"	O
redesign	O
of	O
its	O
user	O
interfaces	O
based	O
on	O
Material	B-Application
Design	I-Application
language	O
as	O
its	O
default	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
a	O
redesigned	O
logo	O
that	O
is	O
built	O
around	O
the	O
service	O
's	O
play	O
button	O
emblem	O
in	O
August	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
tried	O
several	O
new	O
ways	O
to	O
generate	O
revenue	O
beyond	O
advertisements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
a	O
pilot	O
program	O
for	O
content	O
providers	O
to	O
offer	O
premium	O
,	O
subscription-based	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
a	O
subscription	O
service	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Music	O
Key	O
,	O
"	O
which	O
bundled	O
ad-free	O
streaming	O
of	O
music	O
content	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
existing	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Music	I-Application
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
continued	O
to	O
evolve	O
in	O
2015	O
when	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Red	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
premium	O
service	O
that	O
would	O
offer	O
ad-free	O
access	O
to	O
all	O
content	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
(	O
succeeding	O
the	O
Music	O
Key	O
service	O
released	O
the	O
previous	O
year	O
)	O
,	O
premium	O
original	O
series	O
,	O
and	O
films	O
produced	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
personalities	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
background	O
playback	O
of	O
content	O
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
also	O
released	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
,	O
a	O
third	O
app	O
oriented	O
towards	O
streaming	O
and	O
discovering	O
the	O
music	O
content	O
hosted	O
on	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
released	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
known	O
as	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
in	O
2015	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
experience	O
optimized	O
for	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Gaming	I-General_Concept
—	O
a	O
video	O
gaming-oriented	O
vertical	O
and	O
app	O
for	O
videos	O
and	O
live	O
streaming	O
,	O
intended	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
Amazon.com-owned	O
Twitch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
was	O
attacked	O
on	O
April	O
3	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
when	O
a	O
shooting	O
occurred	O
at	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
headquarters	O
in	O
San	O
Bruno	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
which	O
wounded	O
four	O
and	O
resulted	O
in	O
one	O
death	O
(	O
the	O
shooter	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
February	O
2017	O
,	O
one	O
billion	O
hours	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
were	O
being	O
watched	O
every	O
day	O
,	O
and	O
400	O
hours	O
worth	O
of	O
videos	O
were	O
uploaded	O
every	O
minute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
,	O
when	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
was	O
under	O
stay-at-home	O
orders	O
,	O
usage	O
of	O
services	O
like	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
significantly	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
data	O
firm	O
estimated	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
accounting	O
for	O
15%	O
of	O
all	O
internet	O
traffic	O
,	O
twice	O
its	O
pre-pandemic	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
EU	O
officials	O
requesting	O
that	O
such	O
services	O
reduce	O
bandwidth	O
as	O
to	O
make	O
sure	O
medical	O
entities	O
had	O
sufficient	O
bandwidth	O
to	O
share	O
information	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
Netflix	O
stated	O
they	O
would	O
reduce	O
streaming	O
quality	O
for	O
at	O
least	O
thirty	O
days	O
as	O
to	O
cut	O
bandwidth	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
services	O
by	O
25%	O
to	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
EU	O
's	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
later	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
continue	O
with	O
this	O
move	O
worldwide	O
:	O
"	O
We	O
continue	O
to	O
work	O
closely	O
with	O
governments	O
and	O
network	O
operators	O
around	O
the	O
globe	O
to	O
do	O
our	O
part	O
to	O
minimize	O
stress	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
during	O
this	O
unprecedented	O
situation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
also	O
ordered	O
to	O
create	O
systems	O
to	O
increase	O
children	O
's	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
criticisms	O
of	O
its	O
implementation	O
of	O
those	O
systems	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
started	O
treating	O
all	O
videos	O
designated	O
as	O
"	O
made	O
for	O
kids	O
"	O
as	O
liable	O
under	O
COPPA	O
on	O
January	O
6	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joining	O
the	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
app	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
created	O
a	O
supervised	O
mode	O
,	O
designed	O
more	O
for	O
tweens	O
,	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
released	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Shorts	O
,	O
a	O
short-form	O
video	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
entered	O
disputes	O
with	O
other	O
tech	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
,	O
in	O
2018	O
and	O
2019	O
,	O
no	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
app	I-General_Concept
was	O
available	O
for	O
Amazon	B-Application
Fire	I-Application
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Roku	O
removed	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
TV	O
app	O
from	O
its	O
streaming	O
store	O
after	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
were	O
unable	O
to	O
reach	O
an	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
testing	O
earlier	O
in	O
2021	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
removed	O
public	O
display	O
of	O
dislike	O
counts	O
on	O
videos	O
in	O
November	O
2021	O
,	O
claiming	O
the	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
removal	O
was	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
internal	O
research	O
,	O
that	O
users	O
often	O
used	O
the	O
dislike	O
feature	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
cyberbullying	O
and	O
brigading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
co-founder	O
Jawed	O
Karim	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
update	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
stupid	O
idea	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
real	O
reason	O
behind	O
the	O
change	O
was	O
"	O
not	O
a	O
good	O
one	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
one	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
publicly	O
disclosed.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
the	O
announcement	O
,	O
software	O
developer	O
Dmitry	O
Selivanov	O
created	O
Return	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Dislike	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
,	O
third-party	O
browser	B-Protocol
extension	I-Protocol
for	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
Firefox	B-Application
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
see	O
a	O
video	O
's	O
number	O
of	O
dislikes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
letter	O
published	O
on	O
January	O
25	O
,	O
2022	O
by	O
then	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
CEO	O
Susan	O
Wojcicki	O
,	O
acknowledged	O
that	O
removing	O
public	O
dislike	O
counts	O
was	O
a	O
controversial	O
decision	O
,	O
but	O
reiterated	O
that	O
she	O
stands	O
by	O
this	O
decision	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
"	O
it	O
reduced	O
dislike	O
attacks.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
an	O
experiment	O
where	O
the	O
company	O
would	O
show	O
users	O
who	O
watched	O
longer	O
videos	O
on	O
TVs	O
a	O
long	O
chain	O
of	O
short	O
unskippable	O
adverts	O
,	O
intending	O
to	O
consolidate	O
all	O
ads	O
into	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
a	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
public	O
outrage	O
over	O
the	O
unprecedented	O
amount	O
of	O
unskippable	O
ads	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
"	O
ended	O
"	O
the	O
experiment	O
on	O
September	O
19	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
rolling	O
out	O
customizable	O
user	O
handles	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Wojcicki	O
will	O
take	O
on	O
an	O
advisory	O
role	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
parent	O
company	O
Alphabet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
led	O
by	O
a	O
CEO	O
since	O
its	O
founding	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
retained	O
this	O
leadership	O
model	O
even	O
after	O
its	O
acquisition	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
primarily	O
uses	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
video	O
codecs	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Adaptive	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-4	B-Application
Part	I-Application
2	I-Application
streams	O
contained	O
within	O
3GP	O
containers	O
are	O
also	O
provided	O
for	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
had	O
begun	O
rolling	O
out	O
videos	O
in	O
AV1	B-Application
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
considering	O
requiring	O
AV1	B-Application
in	O
streaming	O
hardware	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
decrease	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
increase	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
launch	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
viewing	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
on	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
required	O
the	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
plug-in	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
an	O
experimental	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
that	O
used	O
the	O
built-in	O
multimedia	O
capabilities	O
of	O
web	O
browsers	O
supporting	O
the	O
HTML5	B-Application
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
videos	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
without	O
requiring	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
or	O
any	O
other	O
plug-in	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
27	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
HTML5	B-Application
would	O
be	O
the	O
default	O
playback	O
method	O
on	O
supported	O
browsers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTML5	B-Application
video	O
streams	O
use	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Adaptive	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
over	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
(	O
MPEG-DASH	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
an	O
HTTP-based	O
adaptive	O
bit-rate	O
streaming	O
solution	O
optimizes	O
the	O
bitrate	O
and	O
quality	O
for	O
the	O
available	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
introduced	O
standardized	O
widgets	O
intended	O
to	O
replace	O
annotations	O
in	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
manner	O
,	O
including	O
"	O
end	O
screens	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
customizable	O
array	O
of	O
thumbnails	O
for	O
specified	O
videos	O
displayed	O
near	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
became	O
an	O
ISNI	O
registry	O
,	O
and	O
announced	O
its	O
intention	O
to	O
begin	O
creating	O
ISNI	O
identifiers	O
to	O
uniquely	O
identify	O
the	O
musicians	O
whose	O
videos	O
it	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
upload	O
longer	O
videos	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
10-minute	O
limit	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
after	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
found	O
that	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
videos	O
exceeding	O
this	O
length	O
were	O
unauthorized	O
uploads	O
of	O
television	O
shows	O
and	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
automatic	O
closed	O
captions	O
using	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
technology	I-Application
when	O
a	O
video	O
is	O
uploaded	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
13	O
languages	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
machine-translated	B-Application
during	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
also	O
offers	O
manual	O
closed	O
captioning	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
creator	O
studio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
formerly	O
offered	O
a	O
'	O
Community	O
Captions	O
 '	O
feature	O
,	O
where	O
viewers	O
could	O
write	O
and	O
submit	O
captions	O
for	O
public	O
display	O
upon	O
approval	O
by	O
the	O
video	O
uploader	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
was	O
deprecated	O
in	O
September	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
accepts	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
container	O
formats	O
,	O
including	O
MP4	O
,	O
Matroska	O
,	O
FLV	B-Operating_System
,	O
AVI	O
,	O
WebM	B-Application
,	O
3GP	O
,	O
MPEG-PS	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
File	I-Application
Format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
intermediate	O
video	O
formats	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
primarily	O
used	O
for	O
professional	O
video	O
editing	O
,	O
not	O
for	O
final	O
delivery	O
or	O
storage	O
)	O
are	O
also	O
accepted	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ProRes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
provides	O
recommended	O
encoding	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
added	O
a	O
feature	O
called	O
Premiere	O
which	O
displays	O
a	O
notification	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
mentioning	O
when	O
the	O
video	O
will	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
like	O
for	O
a	O
live	O
stream	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
prerecorded	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
originally	O
offered	O
videos	O
at	O
only	O
one	O
quality	O
level	O
,	O
displayed	O
at	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
320×240	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
using	O
the	O
Sorenson	O
Spark	O
codec	O
(	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
with	O
mono	O
MP3	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
added	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
watch	O
videos	O
in	O
3GP	O
format	O
on	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
high-quality	O
mode	O
was	O
added	O
,	O
which	O
increased	O
the	O
resolution	O
to	O
480×360	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
720p	O
launch	O
,	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
player	O
was	O
changed	O
from	O
a	O
4:3	O
aspect	O
ratio	O
to	O
a	O
widescreen	O
16:9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
new	O
feature	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
a	O
switchover	O
to	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
as	O
its	O
default	O
video	O
compression	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
launched	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
videos	O
in	O
4K	B-Architecture
format	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
4096×3072	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
was	O
added	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
videos	O
playing	O
at	O
3840	O
×	O
2160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
8K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
was	O
added	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
videos	O
playing	O
at	O
7680×4320	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2016	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
was	O
added	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
with	O
hybrid	O
log	O
–	O
gamma	O
(	O
HLG	O
)	O
or	O
perceptual	B-Algorithm
quantizer	I-Algorithm
(	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
with	O
the	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
to	O
deploy	O
support	O
for	O
high	O
frame	O
rate	O
videos	O
up	O
to	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
30	O
before	O
)	O
,	O
becoming	O
available	O
for	O
user	O
uploads	O
in	O
October	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
stated	O
that	O
this	O
would	O
enhance	O
"	O
motion-intensive	O
"	O
videos	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
game	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
are	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
quality	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
users	O
choose	O
between	O
"	O
Auto	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
adjusts	O
resolution	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
connection	O
,	O
"	O
High	O
Picture	O
Quality	O
"	O
which	O
will	O
prioritize	O
playing	O
high-quality	O
video	O
,	O
"	O
Data	O
saver	O
"	O
which	O
will	O
sacrifice	O
video	O
quality	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
low	O
data	O
usage	O
and	O
"	O
Advanced	O
"	O
which	O
lets	O
the	O
user	O
choose	O
a	O
stream	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
natively	O
supporting	O
360-degree	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
April	O
2016	O
,	O
it	O
allowed	O
live	O
streaming	O
360°	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
both	O
normal	O
and	O
360°	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
at	O
up	O
to	O
1440p	O
,	O
and	O
since	O
November	O
2016	O
both	O
at	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Architecture
(	O
2160p	O
)	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Citing	O
the	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
who	O
watched	O
more	O
than	O
90-degrees	O
,	O
it	O
began	O
supporting	O
an	O
alternative	O
stereoscopic	O
video	O
format	O
known	O
as	O
VR180	B-General_Concept
which	O
it	O
said	O
was	O
easier	O
to	O
produce	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
watch	O
any	O
video	O
using	O
virtual	O
reality	O
headsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
increased	O
viewership	O
during	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
temporarily	O
downgraded	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
its	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
developed	O
its	O
own	O
chip	O
,	O
called	O
Argos	O
,	O
to	O
help	O
with	O
encoding	O
higher	O
resolution	O
videos	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
certain	O
cases	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
allows	O
the	O
uploader	O
to	O
upgrade	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
videos	O
uploaded	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
ago	O
in	O
poor	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
carried	O
out	O
early	O
experiments	O
with	O
live	O
streaming	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
concert	O
by	O
U2	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
question-and-answer	O
session	O
with	O
US	O
President	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
in	O
February	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
tests	O
had	O
relied	O
on	O
technology	O
from	O
3rd-party	O
partners	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
September	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
testing	O
its	O
own	O
live	O
streaming	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2011	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
the	O
rollout	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Live	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
8million	O
people	O
watched	O
Felix	O
Baumgartner	O
's	O
jump	O
from	O
the	O
edge	O
of	O
space	O
as	O
a	O
live	O
stream	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2017	O
,	O
live	O
streaming	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
official	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Live	O
streams	O
support	O
HDR	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
at	O
60	O
fps	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
support	O
360°	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Time	O
praised	O
Web	O
2.0	O
for	O
enabling	O
"	O
community	O
and	O
collaboration	O
on	O
a	O
scale	O
never	O
seen	O
before	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
added	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
"	O
harnesses	O
the	O
stupidity	O
of	O
crowds	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
its	O
wisdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
comments	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
make	O
you	O
weep	O
for	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
humanity	O
just	O
for	O
the	O
spelling	O
alone	O
,	O
never	O
mind	O
the	O
obscenity	O
and	O
the	O
naked	O
hatred	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Guardian	O
in	O
2009	O
described	O
users	O
 '	O
comments	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Daily	O
Telegraph	O
commented	O
in	O
September	O
2008	O
,	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
"	O
notorious	O
"	O
for	O
"	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
confrontational	O
and	O
ill-formed	O
comment	O
exchanges	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
reported	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Comment	O
Snob	O
,	O
"	O
a	O
new	O
piece	O
of	O
software	O
that	O
blocks	O
rude	O
and	O
illiterate	O
posts	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Huffington	O
Post	O
noted	O
in	O
April	O
2012	O
that	O
finding	O
comments	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
that	O
appear	O
"	O
offensive	O
,	O
stupid	O
and	O
crass	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
vast	O
majority	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
people	O
is	O
hardly	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
subsequently	O
implemented	O
a	O
comment	O
system	O
oriented	O
on	O
Google+	O
on	O
November	O
6	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
that	O
required	O
all	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
users	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
Google+	O
account	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
co-founder	O
Jawed	O
Karim	O
posted	O
the	O
question	O
"	O
why	O
the	O
fuck	O
do	O
I	O
need	O
a	O
google+	O
account	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
a	O
video	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
on	O
his	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channel	I-General_Concept
to	O
express	O
his	O
negative	O
opinion	O
of	O
the	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announcement	O
received	O
20,097	O
"	O
thumbs	O
down	O
"	O
votes	O
and	O
generated	O
more	O
than	O
32,000	O
comments	O
in	O
two	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
in	O
the	O
Newsday	O
blog	O
Silicon	O
Island	O
,	O
Chase	O
Melvin	O
noted	O
that	O
"	O
Google+	O
is	O
nowhere	O
near	O
as	O
popular	O
a	O
social	O
media	O
network	O
like	O
Facebook	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
's	O
essentially	O
being	O
forced	O
upon	O
millions	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
users	O
who	O
do	O
n't	O
want	O
to	O
lose	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
videos	O
"	O
and	O
added	O
that	O
"	O
Discussion	O
forums	O
across	O
the	O
Internet	O
are	O
already	O
bursting	O
with	O
the	O
outcry	O
against	O
the	O
new	O
comment	O
system	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
on	O
July	O
27	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
removing	O
the	O
requirement	O
to	O
sign	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
Google+	O
account	O
to	O
post	O
comments	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
3	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
a	O
trial	O
scheme	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
videos	O
to	O
decide	O
whether	O
to	O
approve	O
,	O
hide	O
or	O
report	O
the	O
comments	O
posted	O
on	O
videos	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
algorithm	O
that	O
detects	O
potentially	O
offensive	O
comments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2020	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
would	O
launch	O
a	O
new	O
feature	O
that	O
will	O
warn	O
users	O
who	O
post	O
a	O
comment	O
that	O
"	O
may	O
be	O
offensive	O
to	O
others.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
13	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
a	O
public	O
beta	O
of	O
Community	O
,	O
a	O
social	O
media-based	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
post	O
text	O
,	O
images	O
(	O
including	O
GIFs	O
)	O
,	O
live	O
videos	O
and	O
others	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
"	O
Community	O
"	O
tab	O
on	O
their	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experimental	O
features	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
in	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
named	O
TestTube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Feather	O
was	O
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
lightweight	O
alternative	O
website	O
for	O
countries	O
with	O
limited	O
internet	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
offers	O
users	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
view	O
its	O
videos	O
on	O
web	O
pages	O
outside	O
their	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
is	O
accompanied	O
by	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
embed	O
it	O
on	O
any	O
page	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
functionality	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
embed	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
in	O
social	O
networking	O
pages	O
and	O
blogs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eleven	O
character	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
identifier	O
(	O
64	O
possible	O
characters	O
used	O
in	O
each	O
position	O
)	O
,	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
theoretical	O
maximum	O
of	O
6411	O
or	O
around	O
73.8	O
quintillion	O
(	O
73.8	O
billion	O
billion	O
)	O
unique	O
ids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
remove	O
video	O
responses	O
for	O
being	O
an	O
underused	O
feature	O
on	O
August	O
27	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
usually	O
offer	O
a	O
download	O
link	O
for	O
its	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
intends	O
for	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
through	O
its	O
website	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
third-party	O
web	O
sites	O
,	O
applications	O
and	O
browser	B-Protocol
plug-ins	I-Protocol
allow	O
users	O
to	O
download	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2009	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
a	O
test	O
service	O
,	O
allowing	O
some	O
partners	O
to	O
offer	O
video	O
downloads	O
for	O
free	O
or	O
for	O
a	O
fee	O
paid	O
through	O
Google	B-Application
Checkout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2012	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
sent	O
cease	O
and	O
desist	O
letters	O
threatening	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
several	O
websites	O
offering	O
online	O
download	O
and	O
conversion	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
Zamzar	B-Algorithm
removed	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
download	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
from	O
its	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
retain	O
copyright	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
work	O
under	O
the	O
default	O
Standard	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
License	O
,	O
but	O
have	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
grant	O
certain	O
usage	O
rights	O
under	O
any	O
public	O
copyright	O
license	O
they	O
choose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
smartphones	B-Application
are	O
capable	O
of	O
accessing	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
,	O
either	O
within	O
an	O
application	O
or	O
through	O
an	O
optimized	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Mobile	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
using	O
RTSP	B-Protocol
streaming	O
for	O
the	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
videos	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
videos	O
have	O
been	O
available	O
for	O
viewing	O
on	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
Apple	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
required	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
content	O
to	O
be	O
transcoded	O
into	O
Apple	O
's	O
preferred	O
video	O
standard	O
,	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
took	O
several	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
on	O
devices	O
including	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
and	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
was	O
relaunched	O
based	O
on	O
HTML5	B-Application
in	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
avoiding	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
use	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Player	I-Operating_System
and	O
optimized	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
touch	O
screen	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
version	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
platform	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
its	O
first	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
following	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
drop	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
preloaded	O
apps	O
in	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
5	O
and	O
iOS	B-Application
6	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
GlobalWebIndex	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
used	O
by	O
35%	O
of	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
between	O
April	O
and	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
third-most	O
used	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
TiVo	B-Application
service	O
update	O
in	O
July	O
2008	O
allowed	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
search	O
and	O
play	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
for	O
TV	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
website	O
tailored	O
for	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
and	O
other	O
TV-based	O
media	O
devices	O
with	O
web	O
browsers	O
,	O
initially	O
allowing	O
its	O
videos	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
on	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
and	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
video	I-Operating_System
game	I-Operating_System
consoles	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
month	O
of	O
June	O
that	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
XL	O
was	O
introduced	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
simplified	O
interface	O
designed	O
for	O
viewing	O
on	O
a	O
standard	O
television	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
app	O
on	O
Xbox	B-Application
Live	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
15	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
launched	O
an	O
official	O
app	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
watch	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
from	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
app	O
was	O
available	O
for	O
Wii	B-Device
U	I-Device
and	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
August	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videos	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
viewed	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
Internet	O
Browser	O
using	O
HTML5	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
made	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
available	O
on	O
the	O
Roku	O
player	O
on	O
December	O
17	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Sony	B-Operating_System
PlayStation	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
as	O
a	O
downloadable	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
in	O
November	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
CEO	O
Eric	O
Schmidt	O
appeared	O
in	O
Paris	O
to	O
launch	O
the	O
new	O
localization	B-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Countries	O
with	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
localization	B-General_Concept
600px	O
Country	O
Language(s )	O
Launch	O
date	O
United	O
States	O
(	O
and	O
worldwide	O
launch	O
)	O
English	O
,	O
Spanish	O
February	O
14	O
,	O
2005	O
Brazil	O
Portuguese	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
France	O
French	O
,	O
Catalan	O
,	O
Basque	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Ireland	O
English	O
,	O
Irish	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Italy	O
Italian	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Catalan	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Japan	O
Japanese	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Netherlands	O
Dutch	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Poland	O
Polish	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Spain	O
Spanish	O
,	O
Galician	O
,	O
Catalan	O
,	O
Basque	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
English	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
Mexico	O
Spanish	O
October	O
11	O
,	O
2007	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
Chinese	O
,	O
English	O
October	O
17	O
,	O
2007	O
Taiwan	O
Chinese	O
October	O
18	O
,	O
2007	O
Australia	O
EnglishOctober	O
22	O
,	O
2007	O
New	O
Zealand	O
EnglishOctober	O
22	O
,	O
2007	O
Canada	O
English	O
,	O
French	O
November	O
6	O
,	O
2007	O
Germany	O
German	O
November	O
8	O
,	O
2007	O
Russia	O
Russian	O
November	O
13	O
,	O
2007	O
South	O
Korea	O
Korean	O
January	O
23	O
,	O
2008	O
India	O
Hindi	O
,	O
Bengali	O
,	O
Punjabi	O
,	O
English	O
,	O
Gujarati	O
,	O
Kannada	O
,	O
Malayalam	O
,	O
Marathi	O
,	O
Tamil	O
,	O
Telugu	O
,	O
Urdu	O
May	O
7	O
,	O
2008	O
Israel	O
Hebrew	O
,	O
Arabic	O
September	O
16	O
,	O
2008	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
Czech	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2008	O
Sweden	O
Swedish	O
October	O
22	O
,	O
2008	O
Launch	O
video	O
unavailable	O
when	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
opens	O
up	O
in	O
Sweden	O
October	O
23	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Africa	O
English	O
,	O
Afrikaans	O
,	O
Zulu	O
May	O
17	O
,	O
2010	O
Argentina	O
Spanish	O
September	O
8	O
,	O
2010	O
Algeria	O
Arabic	O
,	O
French	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Egypt	O
Arabic	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Jordan	O
Arabic	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Morocco	O
French	O
,	O
Arabic	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
Arabic	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Tunisia	O
Arabic	O
,	O
French	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Yemen	O
Arabic	O
March	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
Kenya	O
English	O
,	O
Swahili	O
September	O
1	O
,	O
2011	O
Philippines	O
Filipino	O
,	O
English	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
2011	O
Singapore	O
English	O
,	O
Malay	O
,	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Tamil	O
October	O
20	O
,	O
2011	O
Belgium	O
French	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
German	O
November	O
16	O
,	O
2011	O
Colombia	O
Spanish	O
November	O
30	O
,	O
2011	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launches	O
localized	O
website	O
for	O
Colombia	O
December	O
1	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uganda	O
English	O
,	O
Swahili	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2011	O
Google	B-Application
Launches	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Uganda	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nigeria	O
English	O
December	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
Launch	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Nigeria	O
Today	O
December	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chile	O
Spanish	O
January	O
20	O
,	O
2012	O
Google	B-Application
launches	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Chile	O
March	O
19	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hungary	O
Hungarian	O
February	O
29	O
,	O
2012	O
Google	B-Application
Launches	O
Hungarian	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
March	O
12	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Malaysia	O
Malay	O
,	O
English	O
March	O
22	O
,	O
2012	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Launches	O
Local	O
Domain	O
For	O
Malaysia	O
March	O
22	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peru	O
Spanish	O
March	O
25	O
,	O
2012	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Peru	O
Launched	O
,	O
Expansion	O
continues	O
March	O
27	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
United	O
Arab	O
Emirates	O
Arabic	O
,	O
English	O
April	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
Greece	O
Greek	O
May	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
Indonesia	O
Indonesian	O
,	O
English	O
May	O
17	O
,	O
2012	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Launches	O
Indonesian	O
Version	O
"	O
,	O
June	O
15	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ghana	O
English	O
June	O
5	O
,	O
2012	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
launches	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
Ghana	O
"	O
,	O
June	O
22	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Senegal	O
French	O
,	O
English	O
July	O
4	O
,	O
2012	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launches	O
local	O
portal	O
in	O
Senegal	O
"	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Turkey	O
Turkish	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
Turkish	O
version	O
goes	O
into	O
service	O
"	O
,	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
interface	O
suggests	O
which	O
local	O
version	O
should	O
be	O
chosen	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
IP	O
address	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interface	O
of	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
website	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
76	O
language	O
versions	O
,	O
including	O
Amharic	O
,	O
Albanian	O
,	O
Armenian	O
,	O
Burmese	O
,	O
Kyrgyz	O
,	O
Mongolian	O
,	O
Persian	O
and	O
Uzbek	O
,	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
local	O
channel	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
blocked	O
in	O
Turkey	O
between	O
2008	O
and	O
2010	O
,	O
following	O
controversy	O
over	O
the	O
posting	O
of	O
videos	O
deemed	O
insulting	O
to	O
Mustafa	O
Kemal	O
Atatürk	O
and	O
some	O
material	O
offensive	O
to	O
Muslims	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
local	O
version	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
launched	O
in	O
Turkey	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
domain	O
youtube.com.tr	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
dispute	O
between	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
British	O
royalty	O
collection	O
agency	O
PRS	O
for	O
Music	O
led	O
to	O
premium	O
music	O
videos	O
being	O
blocked	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
users	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2012	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
estimated	O
that	O
visitors	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
spent	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
15	O
minutes	O
a	O
day	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
four	O
or	O
five	O
hours	O
a	O
day	O
spent	O
by	O
a	O
typical	O
US	O
citizen	O
watching	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
viewers	O
on	O
average	O
watched	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
an	O
hour	O
every	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2012	O
,	O
two	O
billion	O
views	O
were	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
view	O
counts	O
of	O
Universal	O
and	O
Sony	O
music	O
videos	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
prompting	O
a	O
claim	O
by	O
The	O
Daily	O
Dot	O
that	O
the	O
views	O
had	O
been	O
deleted	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
,	O
which	O
ban	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
automated	O
processes	O
to	O
inflate	O
view	O
counts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
disputed	O
by	O
Billboard	O
,	O
which	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
two	O
billion	O
views	O
had	O
been	O
moved	O
to	O
Vevo	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
videos	O
were	O
no	O
longer	O
active	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
patched	O
the	O
formerly	O
notorious	O
behaviour	O
which	O
caused	O
a	O
video	O
's	O
view	O
count	O
to	O
freeze	O
at	O
"	O
301	O
"	O
(	O
later	O
"	O
301+	O
"	O
)	O
until	O
the	O
actual	O
count	O
was	O
verified	O
to	O
prevent	O
view	O
count	O
fraud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
view	O
counts	O
once	O
again	O
updated	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exact	O
counts	O
remain	O
available	O
to	O
channel	O
operators	O
inside	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Studio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
11	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
after	O
testing	O
out	O
this	O
change	O
in	O
March	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
it	O
would	O
start	O
hiding	O
dislike	O
counts	O
on	O
videos	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
invisible	O
to	O
viewers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
stated	O
the	O
decision	O
was	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
experiments	O
which	O
confirmed	O
that	O
smaller	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
creators	O
were	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
targeted	O
in	O
dislike	O
brigading	O
and	O
harassment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creators	O
will	O
still	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
likes	O
and	O
dislikes	O
in	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Studio	O
dashboard	O
tool	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
faced	O
numerous	O
challenges	O
and	O
criticisms	O
in	O
its	O
attempts	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
copyright	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
first	O
viral	O
video	O
,	O
Lazy	O
Sunday	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
taken	O
down	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
copyright	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
uploading	O
a	O
video	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
users	O
are	O
shown	O
a	O
message	O
asking	O
them	O
not	O
to	O
violate	O
copyright	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
advice	O
,	O
many	O
unauthorized	O
clips	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
remain	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
view	O
videos	O
before	O
they	O
are	O
posted	O
online	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
left	O
to	O
copyright	O
holders	O
to	O
issue	O
a	O
DMCA	O
takedown	O
notice	O
pursuant	O
to	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
Online	O
Copyright	O
Infringement	O
Liability	O
Limitation	O
Act	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
successful	O
complaint	O
about	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
results	O
in	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
copyright	O
strike	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2007	O
to	O
2009	O
organizations	O
including	O
Viacom	O
,	O
Mediaset	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
English	O
Premier	O
League	O
have	O
filed	O
lawsuits	O
against	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
done	O
too	O
little	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
uploading	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
owner	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
November	O
2015	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
help	O
cover	O
the	O
legal	O
cost	O
in	O
select	O
cases	O
where	O
they	O
believe	O
fair	O
use	O
defenses	O
apply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2011	O
case	O
of	O
Smith	O
v	O
.	O
Summit	O
Entertainment	O
LLC	O
,	O
professional	O
singer	O
Matt	O
Smith	O
sued	O
Summit	O
Entertainment	O
for	O
the	O
wrongful	O
use	O
of	O
copyright	O
takedown	O
notices	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
court	O
in	O
Hamburg	O
ruled	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
could	O
be	O
held	O
responsible	O
for	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
posted	O
by	O
its	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
1	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
dispute	O
with	O
GEMA	O
was	O
resolved	O
,	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
content	O
ID	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
allow	O
advertisements	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
videos	O
with	O
content	O
protected	O
by	O
GEMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Universal	O
Music	O
Group	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
have	O
a	O
contractual	O
agreement	O
that	O
prevents	O
content	O
blocked	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
by	O
a	O
request	O
from	O
UMG	O
from	O
being	O
restored	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
uploader	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
files	O
a	O
DMCA	O
counter-notice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
,	O
Universal	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
signed	O
an	O
agreement	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
separate	O
agreements	O
other	O
major	O
labels	O
,	O
which	O
gave	O
the	O
company	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
when	O
its	O
music	O
was	O
played	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
trials	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
for	O
automatic	O
detection	O
of	O
uploaded	O
videos	O
that	O
infringe	O
copyright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
CEO	O
Eric	O
Schmidt	O
regarded	O
this	O
system	O
as	O
necessary	O
for	O
resolving	O
lawsuits	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
one	O
from	O
Viacom	O
,	O
which	O
alleged	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
profited	O
from	O
content	O
that	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
distribute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
independent	O
test	O
in	O
2009	O
uploaded	O
multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
song	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
concluded	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
"	O
surprisingly	O
resilient	O
"	O
in	O
finding	O
copyright	O
violations	O
in	O
the	O
audio	O
tracks	O
of	O
videos	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
infallible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
user	O
disagrees	O
with	O
a	O
decision	O
by	O
Content	O
ID	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
fill	O
in	O
a	O
form	O
disputing	O
the	O
decision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
cited	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
Content	O
ID	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
reasons	O
why	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
rules	O
were	O
modified	O
in	O
December	O
2010	O
to	O
allow	O
some	O
users	O
to	O
upload	O
videos	O
of	O
unlimited	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
community	O
guidelines	O
aimed	O
to	O
reduce	O
abuse	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
uploading	O
of	O
videos	O
containing	O
defamation	O
,	O
pornography	O
,	O
and	O
material	O
encouraging	O
criminal	O
conduct	O
is	O
forbidden	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
"	O
Community	O
Guidelines	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
relies	O
on	O
its	O
users	O
to	O
flag	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
videos	O
as	O
inappropriate	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
employee	O
will	O
view	O
a	O
flagged	O
video	O
to	O
determine	O
whether	O
it	O
violates	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
guidelines	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
faced	O
criticism	O
over	O
aspects	O
of	O
its	O
operations	O
,	O
its	O
recommendation	B-Application
algorithms	I-Application
perpetuating	O
videos	O
that	O
promote	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
and	O
falsehoods	O
,	O
hosting	O
videos	O
ostensibly	O
targeting	O
children	O
but	O
containing	O
violent	O
or	O
sexually	O
suggestive	O
content	O
involving	O
popular	O
characters	O
,	O
videos	O
of	O
minors	O
attracting	O
pedophilic	O
activities	O
in	O
their	O
comment	O
sections	O
,	O
and	O
fluctuating	O
policies	O
on	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
content	O
that	O
is	O
eligible	O
to	O
be	O
monetized	O
with	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
contracts	O
companies	O
to	O
hire	O
content	O
moderators	O
,	O
who	O
view	O
content	O
flagged	O
as	O
potentially	O
violating	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
content	O
policies	O
and	O
determines	O
if	O
they	O
should	O
be	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
content	O
moderator	O
said	O
that	O
she	O
was	O
regularly	O
made	O
to	O
exceed	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
stated	O
limit	O
of	O
four	O
hours	O
per	O
day	O
of	O
viewing	O
graphic	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lawsuit	O
alleges	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
contractors	O
gave	O
little	O
to	O
no	O
training	O
or	O
support	O
for	O
its	O
moderators	O
 '	O
mental	O
health	O
,	O
made	O
prospective	O
employees	O
sign	O
NDAs	O
before	O
showing	O
them	O
any	O
examples	O
of	O
content	O
they	O
would	O
see	O
while	O
reviewing	O
,	O
and	O
censored	O
all	O
mention	O
of	O
trauma	O
from	O
its	O
internal	O
forums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
purports	O
that	O
requests	O
for	O
extremely	O
graphic	O
content	O
to	O
be	O
blurred	O
,	O
reduced	O
in	O
size	O
or	O
made	O
monochrome	O
,	O
per	O
recommendations	B-Application
from	O
the	O
National	O
Center	O
for	O
Missing	O
and	O
Exploited	O
Children	O
,	O
were	O
rejected	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
not	O
a	O
high	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
limit	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
misinformation	O
and	O
fake	O
news	O
via	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
has	O
rolled	O
out	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
policy	O
regarding	O
how	O
it	O
plans	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
technically	O
manipulated	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Culture	O
and	O
Media	O
Committee	O
of	O
the	O
House	O
of	O
Commons	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
stated	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
unimpressed	O
"	O
with	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
system	O
for	O
policing	O
its	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
argued	O
that	O
"	O
proactive	O
review	O
of	O
content	O
should	O
be	O
standard	O
practice	O
for	O
sites	O
hosting	O
user-generated	O
content	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
responded	O
by	O
stating	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Congressman	O
Anthony	O
Weiner	O
urged	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
remove	O
from	O
its	O
website	O
videos	O
of	O
imam	O
Anwar	O
al-Awlaki	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
pulled	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
videos	O
in	O
November	O
2010	O
,	O
stating	O
they	O
violated	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
added	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
flag	O
videos	O
for	O
containing	O
terrorism	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
introduced	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
would	O
automatically	O
add	O
information	O
boxes	O
to	O
videos	O
that	O
its	O
algorithms	O
determined	O
may	O
present	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
and	O
other	O
fake	O
news	O
,	O
filling	O
the	O
infobox	O
with	O
content	O
from	O
Encyclopædia	O
Britannica	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
inform	O
users	O
to	O
minimize	O
misinformation	O
propagation	O
without	O
impacting	O
freedom	O
of	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
the	O
Notre-Dame	O
fire	O
on	O
April	O
15	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
several	O
user-uploaded	O
videos	O
of	O
the	O
landmark	O
fire	O
were	O
flagged	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
 '	O
system	O
automatically	O
with	O
an	O
Encyclopædia	O
Britannica	O
article	O
on	O
the	O
false	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
around	O
the	O
September	O
11	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
users	O
complained	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
about	O
this	O
inappropriate	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
officials	O
apologized	O
for	O
this	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
their	O
algorithms	O
had	O
misidentified	O
the	O
fire	O
videos	O
and	O
added	O
the	O
information	O
block	O
automatically	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
taking	O
steps	O
to	O
remedy	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
leading	O
content	O
creators	O
whose	O
channels	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
LGBTQ+	O
materials	O
filed	O
a	O
federal	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
alleging	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
algorithms	O
divert	O
discovery	O
away	O
from	O
their	O
channels	O
,	O
impacting	O
their	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
plaintiffs	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
algorithms	O
discourage	O
content	O
with	O
words	O
like	O
"	O
lesbian	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
gay	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
predominant	O
in	O
their	O
channels	O
 '	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
because	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
near-monopolization	O
of	O
online	O
video	O
services	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
abusing	O
that	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
Media	O
Matters	O
,	O
a	O
media	O
watchdog	O
group	O
,	O
reported	O
that	O
homophobic	O
and	O
transphobic	O
content	O
calling	O
LGBT	O
people	O
"	O
predators	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
groomers	O
"	O
was	O
becoming	O
more	O
common	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
common	O
accusations	O
in	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
that	O
LGBT	O
people	O
are	O
mentally	O
ill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
stated	O
the	O
content	O
appeared	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
hate	O
speech	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
for	O
using	O
an	O
algorithm	O
that	O
gives	O
great	O
prominence	O
to	O
videos	O
that	O
promote	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
,	O
falsehoods	O
and	O
incendiary	O
fringe	O
discourse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
investigation	O
by	O
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
,	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
recommendations	B-Application
often	O
lead	O
users	O
to	O
channels	O
that	O
feature	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
,	O
partisan	O
viewpoints	O
and	O
misleading	O
videos	O
,	O
even	O
when	O
those	O
users	O
have	O
n't	O
shown	O
interest	O
in	O
such	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
users	O
show	O
a	O
political	O
bias	O
in	O
what	O
they	O
choose	O
to	O
view	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
typically	O
recommends	O
videos	O
that	O
echo	O
those	O
biases	O
,	O
often	O
with	O
more-extreme	O
viewpoints.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
users	O
search	O
for	O
political	O
or	O
scientific	O
terms	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
search	O
algorithms	O
often	O
give	O
prominence	O
to	O
hoaxes	O
and	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
drew	O
controversy	O
for	O
giving	O
top	O
billing	O
to	O
videos	O
promoting	O
falsehoods	O
and	O
conspiracy	O
when	O
people	O
made	O
breaking-news	O
queries	O
during	O
the	O
2017	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
shooting	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
changed	O
its	O
algorithm	O
to	O
give	O
greater	O
prominence	O
to	O
mainstream	O
media	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
again	O
promoting	O
fringe	O
content	O
about	O
breaking	O
news	O
,	O
giving	O
great	O
prominence	O
to	O
conspiracy	O
videos	O
about	O
Anthony	O
Bourdain	O
's	O
death	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
firms	O
started	O
to	O
stop	O
advertising	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
this	O
reporting	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
apologized	O
and	O
said	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
give	O
firms	O
greater	O
control	O
over	O
where	O
ads	O
got	O
placed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alex	O
Jones	O
,	O
known	O
for	O
right-wing	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
,	O
had	O
built	O
a	O
massive	O
audience	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
drew	O
criticism	O
in	O
2018	O
when	O
it	O
removed	O
a	O
video	O
from	O
Media	O
Matters	O
compiling	O
offensive	O
statements	O
made	O
by	O
Jones	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
it	O
violated	O
its	O
policies	O
on	O
"	O
harassment	O
and	O
bullying	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
6	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
removed	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
 '	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
page	O
following	O
a	O
content	O
violation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
University	O
of	O
North	O
Carolina	O
professor	O
Zeynep	O
Tufekci	O
has	O
referred	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
The	O
Great	O
Radicalizer	O
"	O
,	O
saying	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
powerful	O
radicalizing	O
instruments	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Jonathan	O
Albright	O
of	O
the	O
Tow	O
Center	O
for	O
Digital	O
Journalism	O
at	O
Columbia	O
University	O
described	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
"	O
conspiracy	O
ecosystem	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
said	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
policy	O
starting	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
intended	O
to	O
stop	O
recommending	O
videos	O
containing	O
"	O
content	O
that	O
could	O
misinform	O
users	O
in	O
harmful	O
ways.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
gave	O
flat	O
earth	O
theories	O
,	O
miracle	O
cures	O
,	O
and	O
9/11	O
trutherism	O
as	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Efforts	O
within	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
engineering	O
to	O
stop	O
recommending	O
borderline	O
extremist	O
videos	O
falling	O
just	O
short	O
of	O
forbidden	O
hate	O
speech	O
,	O
and	O
track	O
their	O
popularity	O
were	O
originally	O
rejected	O
because	O
they	O
could	O
interfere	O
with	O
viewer	O
engagement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
research	O
studies	O
have	O
investigated	O
cases	O
of	O
misinformation	O
in	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
July	O
2019	O
study	O
based	O
on	O
ten	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
searches	O
using	O
the	O
Tor	B-Operating_System
Browser	I-Operating_System
related	O
to	O
climate	O
and	O
climate	O
change	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
videos	O
were	O
videos	O
that	O
communicated	O
views	O
contrary	O
to	O
the	O
scientific	O
consensus	O
on	O
climate	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2019	O
BBC	O
investigation	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
searches	O
in	O
ten	O
different	O
languages	O
found	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
algorithm	O
promoted	O
health	O
misinformation	O
,	O
including	O
fake	O
cancer	O
cures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Brazil	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
linked	O
to	O
pushing	O
pseudoscientific	O
misinformation	O
on	O
health	O
matters	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
elevated	O
far-right	O
fringe	O
discourse	O
and	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
research	O
on	O
the	O
dissemination	O
of	O
Flat	O
Earth	O
beliefs	O
in	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
networks	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channels	I-General_Concept
form	O
an	O
echo	O
chamber	O
that	O
polarizes	O
audiences	O
by	O
appearing	O
to	O
confirm	O
preexisting	O
beliefs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
taken	O
steps	O
to	O
remove	O
specific	O
videos	O
or	O
channels	O
related	O
to	O
supremacist	O
content	O
that	O
had	O
violated	O
its	O
acceptable	O
use	O
policies	O
but	O
otherwise	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
site-wide	O
policies	O
against	O
hate	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
the	O
March	O
2019	O
Christchurch	O
mosque	O
attacks	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
sites	O
like	O
Facebook	O
and	O
Twitter	O
that	O
allowed	O
user-submitted	O
content	O
drew	O
criticism	O
for	O
doing	O
little	O
to	O
moderate	O
and	O
control	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
hate	O
speech	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
factor	O
in	O
the	O
rationale	O
for	O
the	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
platforms	O
were	O
pressured	O
to	O
remove	O
such	O
content	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
chief	O
product	O
officer	O
Neal	O
Mohan	O
said	O
that	O
unlike	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
ISIS	B-Operating_System
videos	O
which	O
take	O
a	O
particular	O
format	O
and	O
thus	O
easy	O
to	O
detect	O
through	O
computer-aided	O
algorithms	O
,	O
general	O
hate	O
speech	O
was	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
recognize	O
and	O
handle	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
could	O
not	O
readily	O
take	O
action	O
to	O
remove	O
without	O
human	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
joined	O
an	O
initiative	O
led	O
by	O
France	O
and	O
New	O
Zealand	O
with	O
other	O
countries	O
and	O
tech	O
companies	O
in	O
May	O
2019	O
to	O
develop	O
tools	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
block	O
online	O
hate	O
speech	O
and	O
to	O
develop	O
regulations	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
implemented	O
at	O
the	O
national	O
level	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
levied	O
against	O
technology	O
firms	O
that	O
failed	O
to	O
take	O
steps	O
to	O
remove	O
such	O
speech	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
declined	O
to	O
participate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
on	O
June	O
5	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
a	O
major	O
change	O
to	O
its	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
,	O
"	O
specifically	O
prohibiting	O
videos	O
alleging	O
that	O
a	O
group	O
is	O
superior	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
justify	O
discrimination	O
,	O
segregation	O
or	O
exclusion	O
based	O
on	O
qualities	O
like	O
age	O
,	O
gender	O
,	O
race	O
,	O
caste	O
,	O
religion	O
,	O
sexual	O
orientation	O
or	O
veteran	O
status.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
identified	O
specific	O
examples	O
of	O
such	O
videos	O
as	O
those	O
that	O
"	O
promote	O
or	O
glorify	O
Nazi	O
ideology	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
inherently	O
discriminatory	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
further	O
stated	O
it	O
would	O
"	O
remove	O
content	O
denying	O
that	O
well-documented	O
violent	O
events	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Holocaust	O
or	O
the	O
shooting	O
at	O
Sandy	O
Hook	O
Elementary	O
,	O
took	O
place.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
banned	O
several	O
channels	O
associated	O
with	O
white	O
supremacy	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
of	O
Stefan	O
Molyneux	O
,	O
David	O
Duke	O
,	O
and	O
Richard	O
B	O
.	O
Spencer	O
,	O
asserting	O
these	O
channels	O
violated	O
their	O
policies	O
on	O
hate	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ban	O
occurred	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
that	O
Reddit	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
ban	O
on	O
several	O
hate	O
speech	O
sub-forums	O
including	O
r/The_Donald	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
dissemination	O
via	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
of	O
misinformation	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
that	O
5G	O
communications	O
technology	O
was	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
coronavirus	O
disease	O
2019	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
multiple	O
5G	O
towers	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
being	O
attacked	O
by	O
arsonists	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
removed	O
all	O
such	O
videos	O
linking	O
5G	O
and	O
the	O
coronavirus	O
in	O
this	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
extended	O
this	O
policy	O
in	O
September	O
2021	O
to	O
cover	O
videos	O
disseminating	O
misinformation	O
related	O
to	O
any	O
vaccine	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
long	O
approved	O
against	O
measles	O
or	O
Hepatitis	O
B	O
,	O
that	O
had	O
received	O
approval	O
from	O
local	O
health	O
authorities	O
or	O
the	O
World	O
Health	O
Organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
accounts	O
linked	O
to	O
RT	O
Deutsch	O
,	O
the	O
German	O
channel	O
of	O
the	O
Russian	O
RT	O
network	O
were	O
removed	O
as	O
well	O
for	O
breaching	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
implemented	O
policies	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
to	O
deny	O
monetization	O
or	O
revenue	O
to	O
advertisers	O
or	O
content	O
creators	O
that	O
promoted	O
climate	O
change	O
denial	O
,	O
which	O
"	O
includes	O
content	O
referring	O
to	O
climate	O
change	O
as	O
a	O
hoax	O
or	O
a	O
scam	O
,	O
claims	O
denying	O
that	O
long-term	O
trends	O
show	O
the	O
global	O
climate	O
is	O
warming	O
,	O
and	O
claims	O
denying	O
that	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
emissions	O
or	O
human	O
activity	O
contribute	O
to	O
climate	O
change.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2022	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
policies	O
to	O
combat	O
misinformation	O
surrounding	O
abortion	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
videos	O
with	O
instructions	O
to	O
perform	O
abortion	O
methods	O
that	O
are	O
considered	O
unsafe	O
and	O
videos	O
that	O
contain	O
misinformation	O
about	O
the	O
safety	O
of	O
abortion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
reported	O
that	O
time	O
watching	O
family	O
vloggers	O
had	O
increased	O
by	O
90%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
came	O
under	O
criticism	O
for	O
showing	O
inappropriate	O
videos	O
targeted	O
at	O
children	O
and	O
often	O
featuring	O
popular	O
characters	O
in	O
violent	O
,	O
sexual	O
or	O
otherwise	O
disturbing	O
situations	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
appeared	O
on	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
and	O
attracted	O
millions	O
of	O
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
11	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
it	O
was	O
strengthening	O
site	O
security	O
to	O
protect	O
children	O
from	O
unsuitable	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
broader	O
concern	O
regarding	O
child	O
safety	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
wave	O
of	O
deletions	O
also	O
targeted	O
channels	O
that	O
showed	O
children	O
taking	O
part	O
in	O
inappropriate	O
or	O
dangerous	O
activities	O
under	O
the	O
guidance	O
of	O
adults	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
for	O
content	O
that	O
appears	O
to	O
be	O
aimed	O
at	O
children	O
and	O
appears	O
to	O
contain	O
only	O
child-friendly	O
content	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
system	O
allows	O
for	O
anonymity	O
of	O
who	O
uploads	O
these	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
questions	O
have	O
been	O
raised	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
had	O
to	O
remove	O
channels	O
with	O
children	O
's	O
content	O
which	O
,	O
after	O
becoming	O
popular	O
,	O
then	O
suddenly	O
include	O
inappropriate	O
content	O
masked	O
as	O
children	O
's	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most-watched	O
children	O
's	O
programming	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
comes	O
from	O
channels	O
that	O
have	O
no	O
identifiable	O
owners	O
,	O
raising	O
concerns	O
of	O
intent	O
and	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
through	O
2019	O
,	O
it	O
had	O
drawn	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
month	O
in	O
ad	O
revenue	O
and	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
kid-friendly	O
channels	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
before	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Content	O
creators	O
that	O
earnestly	O
make	O
child-friendly	O
videos	O
have	O
found	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
larger	O
channels	O
,	O
unable	O
to	O
produce	O
content	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
rate	O
as	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
lacking	O
the	O
same	O
means	O
of	O
being	O
promoted	O
through	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
recommendation	B-Application
algorithms	I-Application
that	O
the	O
larger	O
animated	O
channel	O
networks	O
have	O
shared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
officially	O
banned	O
videos	O
containing	O
"	O
challenges	O
that	O
encourage	O
acts	O
that	O
have	O
an	O
inherent	O
risk	O
of	O
severe	O
physical	O
harm	O
"	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Tide	O
Pod	O
Challenge	O
)	O
and	O
videos	O
featuring	O
pranks	O
that	O
"	O
make	O
victims	O
believe	O
they	O
're	O
in	O
physical	O
danger	O
"	O
or	O
cause	O
emotional	O
distress	O
in	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
revealed	O
in	O
the	O
media	O
that	O
many	O
videos	O
featuring	O
children	O
—	O
often	O
uploaded	O
by	O
the	O
minors	O
themselves	O
,	O
and	O
showing	O
innocent	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
children	O
playing	O
with	O
toys	O
or	O
performing	O
gymnastics	O
—	O
were	O
attracting	O
comments	O
from	O
pedophiles	O
with	O
predators	O
finding	O
the	O
videos	O
through	O
private	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
playlists	O
or	O
typing	O
in	O
certain	O
keywords	O
in	O
Russian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
child-centric	O
videos	O
originally	O
uploaded	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
propagating	O
on	O
the	O
dark	O
web	O
,	O
and	O
uploaded	O
or	O
embedded	O
onto	O
forums	O
known	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
pedophiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
controversy	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
concern	O
about	O
"	O
Elsagate	O
"	O
,	O
several	O
major	O
advertisers	O
whose	O
ads	O
had	O
been	O
running	O
against	O
such	O
videos	O
froze	O
spending	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
reporter	O
flagged	O
the	O
videos	O
in	O
question	O
,	O
half	O
of	O
them	O
were	O
removed	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
rest	O
were	O
removed	O
after	O
The	O
Times	O
contacted	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
PR	O
department	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
vlogger	O
Matt	O
Watson	O
identified	O
a	O
"	O
wormhole	O
"	O
that	O
would	O
cause	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
recommendation	B-Application
algorithm	I-Application
to	O
draw	O
users	O
into	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
video	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
all	O
of	O
that	O
user	O
's	O
recommended	O
content	O
feature	O
only	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
spokesperson	O
explained	O
that	O
"	O
any	O
content	O
—	O
including	O
comments	O
—	O
that	O
endangers	O
minors	O
is	O
abhorrent	O
and	O
we	O
have	O
clear	O
policies	O
prohibiting	O
this	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
these	O
measures	O
,	O
AT&T	O
,	O
Disney	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Oetker	O
,	O
Epic	O
Games	O
,	O
and	O
Nestlé	O
all	O
pulled	O
their	O
advertising	O
from	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
to	O
demonetize	O
and	O
block	O
advertising	O
on	O
the	O
types	O
of	O
videos	O
that	O
have	O
drawn	O
these	O
predatory	O
comments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
also	O
began	O
to	O
flag	O
channels	O
that	O
predominantly	O
feature	O
children	O
,	O
and	O
preemptively	O
disable	O
their	O
comments	O
sections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
stated	O
it	O
was	O
also	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
better	O
system	O
to	O
remove	O
comments	O
on	O
other	O
channels	O
that	O
matched	O
the	O
style	O
of	O
child	O
predators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
related	O
attempt	O
to	O
algorithmically	O
flag	O
videos	O
containing	O
references	O
to	O
the	O
string	O
"	O
CP	B-Application
"	O
(	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
of	O
child	O
pornography	O
)	O
resulted	O
in	O
some	O
prominent	O
false	O
positives	O
involving	O
unrelated	O
topics	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
abbreviation	O
,	O
including	O
videos	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	O
video	O
game	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
(	O
which	O
uses	O
"	O
CP	B-Application
"	O
as	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
of	O
the	O
statistic	O
"	O
Combat	O
Power	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Club	B-Application
Penguin	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
apologized	O
for	O
the	O
errors	O
and	O
reinstated	O
the	O
affected	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
stated	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
take	O
action	O
on	O
any	O
video	O
with	O
these	O
comments	O
but	O
those	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
flagged	O
that	O
are	O
likely	O
to	O
draw	O
child	O
predator	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
Senator	O
Josh	O
Hawley	O
stated	O
plans	O
to	O
introduce	O
federal	O
legislation	O
that	O
would	O
ban	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
video	O
sharing	O
sites	O
from	O
including	O
videos	O
that	O
predominantly	O
feature	O
minors	O
as	O
"	O
recommended	O
"	O
videos	O
,	O
excluding	O
those	O
that	O
were	O
"	O
professionally	O
produced	O
"	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
videos	O
of	O
televised	O
talent	O
shows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
suggested	O
potential	O
plans	O
to	O
remove	O
all	O
videos	O
featuring	O
children	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
site	O
and	O
transferring	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
site	O
where	O
they	O
would	O
have	O
stronger	O
controls	O
over	O
the	O
recommendation	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
major	O
changes	O
on	O
the	O
main	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
site	O
to	O
the	O
recommended	O
feature	O
and	O
autoplay	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
January	O
2022	O
report	O
by	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
analytics	O
firm	O
Bot	O
Sentinel	O
said	O
that	O
several	O
online	O
influencers	O
were	O
using	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
exclusively	O
post	O
negative	O
content	O
about	O
Prince	O
Harry	O
and	O
Meghan	O
,	O
including	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
about	O
the	O
couple	O
,	O
in	O
what	O
it	O
called	O
"	O
a	O
lucrative	O
hate-for-profit	O
enterprise	O
"	O
where	O
"	O
racism	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
ad	O
revenue	O
are	O
the	O
primary	O
motivators.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
banned	O
the	O
account	O
in	O
March	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
August	O
2022	O
report	O
by	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Countering	O
Digital	O
Hate	O
,	O
a	O
British	O
think	O
tank	O
,	O
found	O
that	O
harassment	O
against	O
women	O
was	O
flourishing	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
It	O
noted	O
that	O
channels	O
espousing	O
a	O
similar	O
ideology	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
men	O
's	O
rights	O
influencer	O
Andrew	O
Tate	O
were	O
using	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
grow	O
their	O
audience	O
,	O
despite	O
Tate	O
being	O
banned	O
from	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
2022	O
book	O
Like	O
,	O
Comment	O
,	O
Subscribe	O
:	O
Inside	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
Chaotic	O
Rise	O
to	O
World	O
Domination	O
,	O
Bloomberg	O
reporter	O
Mark	O
Bergen	O
said	O
that	O
many	O
female	O
content	O
creators	O
were	O
dealing	O
with	O
harassment	O
,	O
bullying	O
and	O
stalking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
featured	O
an	O
April	O
Fools	O
prank	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
on	O
April	O
1	O
of	O
every	O
year	O
from	O
2008	O
to	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
year	O
,	O
when	O
clicking	O
on	O
a	O
video	O
on	O
the	O
main	O
page	O
,	O
the	O
whole	O
page	O
turned	O
upside	O
down	O
,	O
which	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
claimed	O
was	O
a	O
"	O
new	O
layout	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
temporarily	O
released	O
a	O
"	O
TEXTp	O
"	O
mode	O
which	O
rendered	O
video	O
imagery	O
into	O
ASCII	O
art	O
letters	O
"	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
reduce	O
bandwidth	O
costs	O
by	O
$1	O
per	O
second.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
clicking	O
on	O
the	O
image	O
of	O
a	O
DVD	O
next	O
to	O
the	O
site	O
logo	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
video	O
about	O
a	O
purported	O
option	O
to	O
order	O
every	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
for	O
home	O
delivery	O
on	O
DVD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
teamed	O
up	O
with	O
satirical	O
newspaper	O
company	O
The	O
Onion	O
to	O
claim	O
in	O
an	O
uploaded	O
video	O
that	O
the	O
video-sharing	O
website	O
was	O
launched	O
as	O
a	O
contest	O
which	O
had	O
finally	O
come	O
to	O
an	O
end	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
shut	O
down	O
for	O
ten	O
years	O
before	O
being	O
re-launched	O
in	O
2023	O
,	O
featuring	O
only	O
the	O
winning	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
starred	O
several	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
celebrities	O
,	O
including	O
Antoine	O
Dodson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
all	O
viral	O
video	O
trends	O
,	O
and	O
revealed	O
previews	O
of	O
upcoming	O
trends	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
Clocking	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Kissing	O
Dad	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
Glub	O
Glub	O
Water	O
Dance	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
year	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
added	O
a	O
music	O
button	O
to	O
the	O
video	O
bar	O
that	O
played	O
samples	O
from	O
"	O
Sandstorm	O
"	O
by	O
Darude	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
introduced	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
watch	O
every	O
video	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
in	O
360-degree	O
mode	O
with	O
Snoop	O
Dogg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Premium	O
(	O
formerly	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Red	O
)	O
is	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
premium	O
subscription	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Premium	O
was	O
originally	O
announced	O
on	O
November	O
12	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
as	O
"	O
Music	O
Key	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
subscription	O
music	O
streaming	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
integrate	O
with	O
and	O
replace	O
the	O
existing	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Music	I-Application
"	O
All	O
Access	O
"	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
28	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
was	O
relaunched	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Red	O
,	O
offering	O
ad-free	O
streaming	O
of	O
all	O
videos	O
and	O
access	O
to	O
exclusive	O
original	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
first	O
season	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Originals	O
had	O
gotten	O
250	O
million	O
views	O
in	O
total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
is	O
an	O
American	O
children	O
's	O
video	O
app	O
developed	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
First	O
released	O
on	O
February	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
,	O
the	O
app	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
released	O
for	O
LG	O
,	O
Samsung	O
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
smart	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
TV	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
27	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
available	O
on	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
a	O
web-based	O
version	O
of	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
on	O
August	O
30	O
,	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
28	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
named	O
Lyor	O
Cohen	O
,	O
the	O
co-founder	O
of	O
300	O
Entertainment	O
and	O
former	O
Warner	O
Music	O
Group	O
executive	O
,	O
the	O
Global	O
Head	O
of	O
Music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2018	O
,	O
Cohen	O
began	O
hinting	O
at	O
the	O
possible	O
launch	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
new	O
subscription	O
music	O
streaming	O
service	O
,	O
a	O
platform	O
that	O
would	O
compete	O
with	O
other	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Spotify	B-Application
and	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Music	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
22	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
music	O
streaming	O
platform	O
named	O
"	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
"	O
was	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Movies	O
is	O
a	O
service	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
that	O
shows	O
movies	O
via	O
its	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
28	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
press	O
announcement	O
held	O
at	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Space	I-General_Concept
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
TV	O
,	O
an	O
over-the-top	O
MVPD-style	O
subscription	O
service	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
United	O
States	O
customers	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
US$65	O
per	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
launching	O
in	O
five	O
major	O
markets	O
(	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Philadelphia	O
and	O
San	O
Francisco	O
)	O
on	O
April	O
5	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
offers	O
live	O
streams	O
of	O
programming	O
from	O
the	O
five	O
major	O
broadcast	O
networks	O
(	O
ABC	O
,	O
CBS	O
,	O
The	O
CW	O
,	O
Fox	O
and	O
NBC	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
approximately	O
40	O
cable	O
channels	O
owned	O
by	O
the	O
corporate	O
parents	O
of	O
those	O
networks	O
,	O
The	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Company	O
,	O
CBS	O
Corporation	O
,	O
21st	O
Century	O
Fox	O
,	O
NBCUniversal	O
and	O
Turner	O
Broadcasting	O
System	O
(	O
including	O
among	O
others	O
Bravo	O
,	O
USA	O
Network	O
,	O
Syfy	O
,	O
Disney	O
Channel	O
,	O
CNN	B-Architecture
,	O
Cartoon	O
Network	O
,	O
E	O
!,	O
Fox	O
Sports	O
1	O
,	O
Freeform	O
,	O
FX	O
and	O
ESPN	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subscribers	O
can	O
also	O
receive	O
Showtime	O
and	O
Fox	O
Soccer	O
Plus	O
as	O
optional	O
add-ons	O
for	O
an	O
extra	O
fee	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
access	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Premium	O
original	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Go	B-Application
was	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
created	O
for	O
making	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
easier	O
to	O
access	O
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
in	O
emerging	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
main	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
and	O
allowed	O
videos	O
to	O
be	O
downloaded	O
and	O
shared	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
preview	O
videos	O
,	O
share	O
downloaded	O
videos	O
through	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
offered	O
more	O
options	O
for	O
mobile	O
data	O
control	O
and	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
shutting	O
down	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Go	B-Application
in	O
August	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
the	O
project	O
in	O
September	O
2016	O
at	O
an	O
event	O
in	O
India	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
launching	O
a	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
platform	O
of	O
15-second	O
videos	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
called	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Shorts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
platform	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
standalone	O
app	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
main	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
app	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
it	O
gives	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
built-in	O
creative	O
tools	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
adding	O
licensed	O
music	O
to	O
their	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
started	O
testing	O
a	O
new	O
feature	O
initially	O
called	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Reels	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
later	O
renamed	O
the	O
feature	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Stories	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
only	O
available	O
to	O
creators	O
who	O
have	O
more	O
than	O
10,000	O
subscribers	O
and	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
posted/seen	O
in	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Private	O
individuals	O
and	O
large	O
production	O
corporations	O
have	O
used	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
grow	O
their	O
audiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concurrently	O
,	O
old	O
media	O
celebrities	O
moved	O
into	O
the	O
website	O
at	O
the	O
invitation	O
of	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
management	O
that	O
witnessed	O
early	O
content	O
creators	O
accruing	O
substantial	O
followings	O
and	O
perceived	O
audience	O
sizes	O
potentially	O
larger	O
than	O
that	O
attainable	O
by	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
revenue-sharing	O
"	O
Partner	O
Program	O
"	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
earn	O
a	O
substantial	O
living	O
as	O
a	O
video	O
producer	O
—	O
its	O
top	O
five	O
hundred	O
partners	O
each	O
earning	O
more	O
than	O
$	O
100,000	O
annually	O
and	O
its	O
ten	O
highest-earning	O
channels	O
grossing	O
from	O
$2.5	O
million	O
to	O
$12million	O
—	O
in	O
2012	O
CMU	O
business	O
editor	O
characterized	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
a	O
free-to-use	O
...	O
promotional	O
platform	O
for	O
the	O
music	O
labels.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
Forbes	O
Katheryn	O
Thayer	O
asserted	O
that	O
digital-era	O
artists	O
 '	O
work	O
must	O
not	O
only	O
be	O
of	O
high	B-General_Concept
quality	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
must	O
elicit	O
reactions	O
on	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
platform	O
and	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videos	O
of	O
the	O
2.5	O
%	O
of	O
artists	O
categorized	O
as	O
"	O
mega	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
mainstream	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
mid-sized	O
"	O
received	O
90.3	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
relevant	O
views	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
Vevo	O
in	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
early	O
2013	O
,	O
Billboard	O
had	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
factoring	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
streaming	O
data	O
into	O
calculation	O
of	O
the	O
Billboard	O
Hot	O
100	O
and	O
related	O
genre	O
charts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Observing	O
that	O
face-to-face	O
communication	O
of	O
the	O
type	O
that	O
online	O
videos	O
convey	O
has	O
been	O
"	O
fine-tuned	O
by	O
millions	O
of	O
years	O
of	O
evolution	O
,	O
"	O
TED	O
curator	O
Chris	O
Anderson	O
referred	O
to	O
several	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
contributors	O
and	O
asserted	O
that	O
"	O
what	O
Gutenberg	O
did	O
for	O
writing	O
,	O
online	O
video	O
can	O
now	O
do	O
for	O
face-to-face	O
communication.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
education	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Khan	O
Academy	O
grew	O
from	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
tutoring	O
sessions	O
for	O
founder	O
Salman	O
Khan	O
's	O
cousin	O
into	O
what	O
Forbes	O
Michael	O
Noer	O
called	O
"	O
the	O
largest	O
school	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
"	O
with	O
technology	O
poised	O
to	O
disrupt	O
how	O
people	O
learn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
awarded	O
a	O
2008	O
George	O
Foster	O
Peabody	O
Award	O
,	O
the	O
website	O
being	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
Speakers	O
 '	O
Corner	O
that	O
"	O
both	O
embodies	O
and	O
promotes	O
democracy.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
reported	O
that	O
a	O
disproportionate	O
share	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
most	O
subscribed	O
channels	O
feature	O
minorities	O
,	O
contrasting	O
with	O
mainstream	O
television	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
stars	O
are	O
largely	O
white	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
also	O
concluded	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
becoming	O
an	O
important	O
platform	O
by	O
which	O
people	O
acquire	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
enabled	O
people	O
to	O
more	O
directly	O
engage	O
with	O
government	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
CNN/YouTube	O
presidential	O
debates	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
ordinary	O
people	O
submitted	O
questions	O
to	O
U.S.	O
presidential	O
candidates	O
via	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
a	O
techPresident	O
co-founder	O
saying	O
that	O
Internet	O
video	O
was	O
changing	O
the	O
political	O
landscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Describing	O
the	O
Arab	O
Spring	O
(	O
2010	O
–	O
2012	O
)	O
,	O
sociologist	O
Philip	O
N	O
.	O
Howard	O
quoted	O
an	O
activist	O
's	O
succinct	O
description	O
that	O
organizing	O
the	O
political	O
unrest	O
involved	O
using	O
"	O
Facebook	O
to	O
schedule	O
the	O
protests	O
,	O
Twitter	O
to	O
coordinate	O
,	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
to	O
tell	O
the	O
world.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
third	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Senate	O
introduced	O
a	O
resolution	O
condemning	O
Joseph	O
Kony	O
16	O
days	O
after	O
the	O
"	O
Kony	O
2012	O
"	O
video	O
was	O
posted	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
resolution	O
co-sponsor	O
Senator	O
Lindsey	O
Graham	O
remarking	O
that	O
the	O
video	O
"	O
will	O
do	O
more	O
to	O
lead	O
to	O
(	O
Kony	O
's	O
)	O
demise	O
than	O
all	O
other	O
action	O
combined.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
allowed	O
government	O
to	O
more	O
easily	O
engage	O
with	O
citizens	O
,	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
's	O
official	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channel	I-General_Concept
being	O
the	O
seventh	O
top	O
news	O
organization	O
producer	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
2012	O
and	O
in	O
2013	O
a	O
healthcare	O
exchange	O
commissioned	O
Obama	O
impersonator	O
Iman	O
Crosson	O
's	O
YouTube	B-Application
music	I-Application
video	O
spoof	O
to	O
encourage	O
young	O
Americans	O
to	O
enroll	O
in	O
the	O
Affordable	O
Care	O
Act	O
(	O
Obamacare	O
)	O
-compliant	O
health	O
insurance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
U.S.	O
President	O
Obama	O
held	O
a	O
meeting	O
at	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
with	O
leading	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
content	O
creators	O
to	O
not	O
only	O
promote	O
awareness	O
of	O
Obamacare	O
but	O
more	O
generally	O
to	O
develop	O
ways	O
for	O
government	O
to	O
better	O
connect	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Generation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
inherent	O
ability	O
to	O
allow	O
presidents	O
to	O
directly	O
connect	O
with	O
average	O
citizens	O
was	O
noted	O
,	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
content	O
creators	O
 '	O
new	O
media	O
savvy	O
was	O
perceived	O
necessary	O
to	O
better	O
cope	O
with	O
the	O
website	O
's	O
distracting	O
content	O
and	O
fickle	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
have	O
themselves	O
had	O
a	O
direct	O
effect	O
on	O
world	O
events	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Innocence	O
of	O
Muslims	O
(	O
2012	O
)	O
which	O
spurred	O
protests	O
and	O
related	O
anti-American	O
violence	O
internationally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TED	O
curator	O
Chris	O
Anderson	O
described	O
a	O
phenomenon	O
by	O
which	O
geographically	O
distributed	O
individuals	O
in	O
a	O
certain	O
field	O
share	O
their	O
independently	O
developed	O
skills	O
in	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
,	O
thus	O
challenging	O
others	O
to	O
improve	O
their	O
own	O
skills	O
,	O
and	O
spurring	O
invention	O
and	O
evolution	O
in	O
that	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2017	O
article	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
Magazine	O
posited	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
had	O
become	O
"	O
the	O
new	O
talk	O
radio	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
far	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
a	O
year	O
before	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
January	O
2019	O
announcement	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
begin	O
a	O
"	O
gradual	O
change	O
"	O
of	O
"	O
reducing	O
recommendations	B-Application
of	O
borderline	O
content	O
and	O
content	O
that	O
could	O
misinform	O
users	O
in	O
harmful	O
ways	O
"	O
,	O
Zeynep	O
Tufekci	O
had	O
written	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
(	O
g	B-Application
)	O
iven	O
its	O
billion	O
or	O
so	O
users	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
powerful	O
radicalizing	O
instruments	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
changes	O
to	O
its	O
recommendation	B-Application
engine	I-Application
,	O
the	O
most	O
recommended	O
channel	O
evolved	O
from	O
conspiracy	O
theorist	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
(	O
2016	O
)	O
to	O
Fox	O
News	O
(	O
2019	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
2020	O
study	O
,	O
"	O
An	O
emerging	O
journalistic	O
consensus	O
theorizes	O
the	O
central	O
role	O
played	O
by	O
the	O
video	O
'	O
recommendation	B-Application
engine	I-Application
,	O
'	O
but	O
we	O
believe	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
premature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2022	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
"	O
despite	O
widespread	O
concerns	O
that	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
algorithms	O
send	O
people	O
down	O
'	O
rabbit	O
holes	O
 '	O
with	O
recommendations	B-Application
to	O
extremist	O
videos	O
,	O
little	O
systematic	O
evidence	O
exists	O
to	O
support	O
this	O
conjecture	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
exposure	O
to	O
alternative	O
and	O
extremist	O
channel	O
videos	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
is	O
heavily	O
concentrated	O
among	O
a	O
small	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
with	O
high	O
prior	O
levels	O
of	O
gender	O
and	O
racial	O
resentment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
contrary	O
to	O
the	O
'	O
rabbit	O
holes	O
 '	O
narrative	O
,	O
non-subscribers	O
are	O
rarely	O
recommended	O
videos	O
from	O
alternative	O
and	O
extremist	O
channels	O
and	O
seldom	O
follow	O
such	O
recommendations	B-Application
when	O
offered.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Legion	O
of	O
Extraordinary	O
Dancers	O
and	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Symphony	O
Orchestra	O
selected	O
their	O
membership	O
based	O
on	O
individual	O
video	O
performances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
cybercollaboration	O
charity	O
video	O
"	O
We	O
Are	O
the	O
World	O
25	O
for	O
Haiti	O
(	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
edition	O
)	O
"	O
was	O
formed	O
by	O
mixing	O
performances	O
of	O
57	O
globally	O
distributed	O
singers	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
musical	O
work	O
,	O
with	O
The	O
Tokyo	O
Times	O
noting	O
the	O
"	O
We	O
Pray	O
for	O
You	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
cyber-collaboration	O
video	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
trend	O
to	O
use	O
crowdsourcing	O
for	O
charitable	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
anti-bullying	O
It	O
Gets	O
Better	O
Project	O
expanded	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
directed	O
to	O
discouraged	O
or	O
suicidal	O
LGBT	O
teens	O
,	O
that	O
within	O
two	O
months	O
drew	O
video	O
responses	O
from	O
hundreds	O
including	O
U.S.	O
President	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
,	O
Vice	O
President	O
Biden	O
,	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
staff	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
cabinet	O
secretaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
after	O
London	O
Metropolitan	O
Police	O
claimed	O
that	O
drill	O
music	O
videos	O
glamorizing	O
violence	O
gave	O
rise	O
to	O
gang	O
violence	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
deleted	O
30	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
did	O
not	O
provide	O
detailed	O
figures	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
running	O
costs	O
,	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
revenues	O
in	O
2007	O
were	O
noted	O
as	O
"	O
not	O
material	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
regulatory	O
filing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
revenue	O
from	O
its	O
ads	O
program	O
was	O
estimated	O
at	O
$3.7	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
videos	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
are	O
free	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
supported	O
by	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2013	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
introduced	O
a	O
trial	O
scheme	O
of	O
53	O
subscription	O
channels	O
with	O
prices	O
ranging	O
from	O
$0.99	O
to	O
$6.99	O
a	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
move	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
other	O
providers	O
of	O
online	O
subscription	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Prime	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Hulu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
first	O
published	O
exact	O
revenue	O
numbers	O
for	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
February	O
2020	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Alphabet	O
's	O
2019	O
financial	O
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
had	O
made	O
in	O
ad	O
revenue	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
in	O
2017	O
and	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
revenues	O
made	O
up	O
nearly	O
10%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
Alphabet	O
revenue	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
revenues	O
accounted	O
for	O
approximately	O
20million	O
subscribers	O
combined	O
between	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Premium	O
and	O
YouTube	B-Application
Music	I-Application
subscriptions	O
,	O
and	O
2million	O
subscribers	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
had	O
$19.8	O
billion	O
in	O
revenue	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
entered	O
into	O
a	O
marketing	O
and	O
advertising	O
partnership	O
with	O
NBC	O
in	O
June	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2008	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
reached	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
MGM	O
,	O
Lions	O
Gate	O
Entertainment	O
,	O
and	O
CBS	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
companies	O
to	O
post	O
full-length	O
films	O
and	O
television	O
episodes	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
,	O
accompanied	O
by	O
advertisements	O
in	O
a	O
section	O
for	O
U.S.	O
viewers	O
called	O
"	O
Shows	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2009	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
"	O
Shows	O
"	O
available	O
to	O
UK	O
viewers	O
,	O
offering	O
around	O
4,000	O
full-length	O
shows	O
from	O
more	O
than	O
60	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
introduced	O
an	O
online	O
film	O
rentals	O
service	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
only	O
available	O
to	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
UK	O
as	O
of	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
pulled	O
its	O
advertising	O
campaigns	O
from	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
after	O
reports	O
that	O
its	O
ads	O
had	O
appeared	O
on	O
videos	O
containing	O
extremist	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Guardian	O
newspaper	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
major	O
British	O
and	O
U.S.	O
brands	O
,	O
similarly	O
suspended	O
their	O
advertising	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
response	O
to	O
their	O
advertising	O
appearing	O
near	O
offensive	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
"	O
begun	O
an	O
extensive	O
review	O
of	O
our	O
advertising	O
policies	O
and	O
have	O
made	O
a	O
public	O
commitment	O
to	O
put	O
in	O
place	O
changes	O
that	O
give	O
brands	O
more	O
control	O
over	O
where	O
their	O
ads	O
appear	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channel	I-General_Concept
h3h3Productions	O
presented	O
evidence	O
claiming	O
that	O
a	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
article	O
had	O
fabricated	O
screenshots	O
showing	O
major	O
brand	O
advertising	O
on	O
an	O
offensive	O
video	O
containing	O
Johnny	O
Rebel	O
music	O
overlaid	O
on	O
a	O
Chief	O
Keef	O
music	O
video	O
,	O
citing	O
that	O
the	O
video	O
itself	O
had	O
not	O
earned	O
any	O
ad	O
revenue	O
for	O
the	O
uploader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
6	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
to	O
"	O
ensure	O
revenue	O
only	O
flows	O
to	O
creators	O
who	O
are	O
playing	O
by	O
the	O
rules	O
"	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
change	O
its	O
practices	O
to	O
require	O
that	O
a	O
channel	O
undergo	O
a	O
policy	O
compliance	O
review	O
,	O
and	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
10,000	O
-lifetime	O
views	O
,	O
before	O
they	O
may	O
join	O
the	O
Partner	O
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2007	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
its	O
Partner	O
Program	O
(	O
YPP	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
AdSense	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
uploader	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
to	O
share	O
the	O
revenue	O
produced	O
by	O
advertising	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
typically	O
takes	O
45	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
from	O
videos	O
in	O
the	O
Partner	O
Program	O
,	O
with	O
55	O
percent	O
going	O
to	O
the	O
uploader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
over	O
a	O
million	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Partner	O
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
TubeMogul	O
,	O
in	O
2013	O
a	O
pre-roll	O
advertisement	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
(	O
one	O
that	O
is	O
shown	O
before	O
the	O
video	O
starts	O
)	O
cost	O
advertisers	O
on	O
average	O
$7.60	O
per	O
1000	O
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
policies	O
restrict	O
certain	O
forms	O
of	O
content	O
from	O
being	O
included	O
in	O
videos	O
being	O
monetized	O
with	O
advertising	O
,	O
including	O
videos	O
containing	O
violence	O
,	O
strong	O
language	O
,	O
sexual	O
content	O
,	O
"	O
controversial	O
or	O
sensitive	O
subjects	O
and	O
events	O
,	O
including	O
subjects	O
related	O
to	O
war	O
,	O
political	O
conflicts	O
,	O
natural	O
disasters	O
and	O
tragedies	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
graphic	O
imagery	O
is	O
not	O
shown	O
"	O
(	O
unless	O
the	O
content	O
is	O
"	O
usually	O
newsworthy	O
or	O
comedic	O
and	O
the	O
creator	O
's	O
intent	O
is	O
to	O
inform	O
or	O
entertain	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
videos	O
whose	O
user	O
comments	O
contain	O
"	O
inappropriate	O
"	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
introduced	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
channels	O
with	O
at	O
least	O
a	O
thousand	O
subscribers	O
to	O
require	O
a	O
paid	O
subscription	O
in	O
order	O
for	O
viewers	O
to	O
watch	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
set	O
an	O
eligibility	O
requirement	O
of	O
10,000	O
lifetime	O
views	O
for	O
a	O
paid	O
subscription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
move	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
videos	O
being	O
monetized	O
did	O
not	O
lead	O
to	O
controversy	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
criticized	O
for	O
penalizing	O
smaller	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channels	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Play	O
Buttons	O
,	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Creator	O
Rewards	O
,	O
are	O
a	O
recognition	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
of	O
its	O
most	O
popular	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
policies	O
on	O
"	O
advertiser-friendly	O
content	O
"	O
restrict	O
what	O
may	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
videos	O
being	O
monetized	O
;	O
this	O
includes	O
strong	O
violence	O
,	O
language	O
,	O
sexual	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
controversial	O
or	O
sensitive	O
subjects	O
and	O
events	O
,	O
including	O
subjects	O
related	O
to	O
war	O
,	O
political	O
conflicts	O
,	O
natural	O
disasters	O
and	O
tragedies	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
graphic	O
imagery	O
is	O
not	O
shown	O
"	O
,	O
unless	O
the	O
content	O
is	O
"	O
usually	O
newsworthy	O
or	O
comedic	O
and	O
the	O
creator	O
's	O
intent	O
is	O
to	O
inform	O
or	O
entertain	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
after	O
introducing	O
an	O
enhanced	O
notification	O
system	O
to	O
inform	O
users	O
of	O
these	O
violations	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
policies	O
were	O
criticized	O
by	O
prominent	O
users	O
,	O
including	O
Phillip	O
DeFranco	O
and	O
Vlogbrothers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
spokesperson	O
stated	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
policy	O
itself	O
was	O
not	O
new	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
had	O
"	O
improved	O
the	O
notification	O
and	O
appeal	O
process	O
to	O
ensure	O
better	O
communication	O
to	O
our	O
creators	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
November	O
2020	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
June	O
2021	O
worldwide	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
reserves	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
monetize	O
any	O
video	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
their	O
uploader	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Partner	O
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
will	O
occur	O
on	O
channels	O
whose	O
content	O
is	O
deemed	O
"	O
advertiser-friendly	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
revenue	O
will	O
go	B-Application
directly	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
without	O
any	O
share	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
uploader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
goes	O
to	O
the	O
publishers	O
and	O
video	O
producers	O
who	O
hold	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
their	O
videos	O
;	O
the	O
company	O
retains	O
45%	O
of	O
the	O
ad	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
gives	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
copyright	O
holders	O
to	O
locate	O
and	O
remove	O
their	O
videos	O
or	O
to	O
have	O
them	O
continue	O
running	O
for	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
censored	O
,	O
filtered	O
,	O
or	O
banned	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
reasons	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Preventing	O
criticism	O
of	O
a	O
ruler	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
North	O
Korea	O
)	O
,	O
government	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
China	O
)	O
or	O
its	O
actions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Morocco	O
)	O
,	O
government	O
officials	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Turkey	O
and	O
Libya	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
religion	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Morality-based	O
laws	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
specific	O
videos	O
is	O
sometimes	O
prevented	O
due	O
to	O
copyright	O
and	O
intellectual	O
property	O
protection	O
laws	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
Germany	O
)	O
,	O
violations	O
of	O
hate	O
speech	O
,	O
and	O
preventing	O
access	O
to	O
videos	O
judged	O
inappropriate	O
for	O
youth	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
also	O
done	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
YouTube	B-Application
Kids	I-Application
app	O
and	O
with	O
"	O
restricted	O
mode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Businesses	O
,	O
schools	O
,	O
government	O
agencies	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
private	O
institutions	O
often	O
block	O
social	O
media	O
sites	O
,	O
including	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
bandwidth	O
limitations	O
and	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
potential	O
for	O
distraction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
public	O
access	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
is	O
blocked	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
China	O
,	O
North	O
Korea	O
,	O
Iran	O
,	O
Turkmenistan	O
,	O
Uzbekistan	O
,	O
Tajikistan	O
,	O
Eritrea	O
,	O
Sudan	O
and	O
South	O
Sudan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
countries	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
is	O
blocked	O
for	O
more	O
limited	O
periods	O
of	O
time	O
such	O
as	O
during	O
periods	O
of	O
unrest	O
,	O
the	O
run-up	O
to	O
an	O
election	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
upcoming	O
political	O
anniversaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cases	O
where	O
the	O
entire	O
site	O
is	O
banned	O
due	O
to	O
one	O
particular	O
video	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
will	O
often	O
agree	O
to	O
remove	O
or	O
limit	O
access	O
to	O
that	O
video	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
restore	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
incidents	O
where	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
blocked	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
became	O
accessible	O
again	O
on	O
May	O
30	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
after	O
Maroc	O
Telecom	O
unofficially	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
denied	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
website	O
was	O
a	O
mere	O
"	O
technical	O
glitch	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
two	O
and	O
a	O
half-year	O
block	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
video-sharing	O
website	O
remained	O
the	O
eighth-most-accessed	O
site	O
in	O
Turkey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
near	O
global	O
blackout	O
of	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
site	O
for	O
around	O
two	O
hours	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
Pakistani	O
block	O
was	O
inadvertently	O
transferred	O
to	O
other	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Pakistanis	O
circumvented	O
the	O
three-day	O
block	O
by	O
using	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2010	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
Everybody	O
Draw	O
Mohammed	O
Day	O
,	O
Pakistan	O
again	O
blocked	O
access	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
citing	O
"	O
growing	O
sacrilegious	O
content	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
individual	O
videos	O
deemed	O
offensive	O
to	O
Muslims	O
posted	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
will	O
continue	O
to	O
be	O
blocked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pakistan	O
again	O
placed	O
a	O
ban	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
site	O
refused	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
film	O
Innocence	O
of	O
Muslims	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ban	O
was	O
lifted	O
in	O
January	O
2016	O
after	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
launched	O
a	O
Pakistan-specific	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2011	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
Libyan	O
Civil	O
War	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
once	O
again	O
allowed	O
in	O
Libya	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
stated	O
:	O
"	O
This	O
video	O
—	O
which	O
is	O
widely	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
—	O
is	O
clearly	O
within	O
our	O
guidelines	O
and	O
so	O
will	O
stay	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
Russia	O
threatened	O
to	O
ban	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
after	O
the	O
platform	O
deleted	O
two	O
German	O
RT	O
channels	O
in	O
September	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
Russian	O
invasion	O
of	O
Ukraine	O
in	O
February	O
2022	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
on	O
March	O
1	O
the	O
immediate	O
removal	O
of	O
RT	O
(	O
and	O
other	O
Russian-government	O
funded	O
outlets	O
)	O
from	O
its	O
platform	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
