<s>
The	O
year	B-Error_Name
2000	I-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
,	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
scare	I-Error_Name
,	O
millennium	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
,	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
,	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
,	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
error	I-Error_Name
,	O
or	O
simply	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
refers	O
to	O
potential	O
computer	O
errors	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
formatting	O
and	O
storage	O
of	O
calendar	O
data	O
for	O
dates	O
in	O
and	O
after	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
programs	B-Application
represented	O
four-digit	O
years	O
with	O
only	O
the	O
final	O
two	O
digits	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
indistinguishable	O
from	O
1900	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
years	O
leading	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
turn	O
of	O
the	O
century	O
(	O
millennium	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
public	O
gradually	O
became	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
scare	I-Error_Name
"	O
,	O
and	O
individual	O
companies	O
predicted	O
the	O
global	O
damage	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
bug	O
would	O
require	O
anything	O
between	O
$400	O
million	O
and	O
$600	O
billion	O
to	O
rectify	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
lack	O
of	O
clarity	O
regarding	O
the	O
potential	O
dangers	O
of	O
the	O
bug	O
led	O
some	O
to	O
stock	O
up	O
on	O
food	O
,	O
water	O
,	O
and	O
firearms	O
,	O
purchase	O
backup	O
generators	O
,	O
and	O
withdraw	O
large	O
sums	O
of	O
money	O
in	O
anticipation	O
of	O
a	O
computer-induced	O
apocalypse	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supporters	O
of	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
remediation	O
effort	O
argued	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
primarily	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
pre-emptive	O
action	O
of	O
many	O
computer	O
programmers	O
and	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
experts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then-U.S.	O
president	O
Bill	O
Clinton	O
,	O
who	O
organized	O
efforts	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
damage	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
labeled	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
as	O
"	O
the	O
first	O
challenge	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
successfully	O
met	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
retrospectives	O
on	O
the	O
event	O
typically	O
commend	O
the	O
programmers	O
who	O
worked	O
to	O
avert	O
the	O
anticipated	O
disaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
was	O
true	O
in	O
sectors	O
such	O
as	O
schools	O
and	O
small	O
businesses	O
where	O
compliance	O
with	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
policies	O
was	O
patchy	O
at	O
best	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Y2K	B-Error_Name
is	O
a	O
numeronym	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
common	O
abbreviation	O
for	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
software	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
named	O
the	O
"	O
millennium	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
"	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
popular	O
(	O
rather	O
than	O
literal	O
)	O
rollover	O
of	O
the	O
millennium	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
problems	O
could	O
have	O
occurred	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
any	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
first	O
recorded	O
mention	O
on	O
a	O
Usenet	B-Application
newsgroup	O
is	O
from	O
18	O
January	O
1985	O
by	O
Spencer	O
Bolles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
acronym	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
has	O
been	O
attributed	O
to	O
Massachusetts	O
programmer	O
David	O
Eddy	O
in	O
an	O
e-mail	O
sent	O
on	O
12	O
June	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
later	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
People	O
were	O
calling	O
it	O
CDC	O
(	O
Century	B-Error_Name
Date	I-Error_Name
Change	I-Error_Name
)	O
,	O
FADL	O
(	O
Faulty	O
Date	O
Logic	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Y2K	B-Error_Name
just	O
came	O
off	O
my	O
fingertips.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
computers	O
only	O
gained	O
wide	O
usage	O
in	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
programs	B-Application
could	O
simply	O
prefix	O
"	O
19	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
year	O
of	O
a	O
date	O
,	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
only	O
store	O
the	O
last	O
two	O
digits	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
instead	O
of	O
four	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
meant	O
that	O
programs	B-Application
facing	O
two-digit	O
years	O
could	O
not	O
distinguish	O
between	O
dates	O
in	O
1900	O
and	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
is	O
the	O
electronic	O
equivalent	O
of	O
the	O
El	O
Niño	O
and	O
there	O
will	O
be	O
nasty	O
surprises	O
around	O
the	O
globe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
similar	O
vein	O
,	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Press	O
book	O
Running	O
Office	O
2000	O
Professional	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
May	O
1999	O
,	O
accurately	O
predicted	O
that	O
most	O
personal	O
computer	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
would	O
be	O
unaffected	O
by	O
the	O
year	B-Error_Name
2000	I-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
data	O
processing	O
was	O
done	O
using	O
unit	O
record	O
equipment	O
and	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
,	O
most	O
commonly	O
the	O
80-column	O
variety	O
employed	O
by	O
IBM	O
,	O
which	O
dominated	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
cost	O
one	O
dollar	O
per	O
bit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
commercial	O
computers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
1401	I-Device
,	O
shipped	O
with	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
2kilobytes	O
of	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	B-Application
often	O
mimicked	O
card	O
processing	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
programming	O
languages	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
COBOL	B-Application
and	O
RPG	B-Language
,	O
processed	O
numbers	O
in	O
their	O
character	O
representations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
converted	O
to	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tape	I-Architecture
and	O
then	O
disc	O
files	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
usually	O
changed	O
very	O
little	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
was	O
still	O
input	O
using	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
until	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neither	O
managers	O
nor	O
programmers	O
of	O
that	O
time	O
expected	O
their	O
programs	B-Application
to	O
remain	O
in	O
use	O
for	O
many	O
decades	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
possibility	O
that	O
these	O
programs	B-Application
would	O
both	O
remain	O
in	O
use	O
and	O
cause	O
problems	O
when	O
interacting	O
with	O
databases	O
-	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
program	O
with	O
different	O
characteristics	O
-	O
went	O
largely	O
uncommented	O
upon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
the	O
recommendation	O
that	O
the	O
COBOL	B-Application
picture	B-Language
clause	I-Language
should	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
specify	O
four	O
digit	O
years	O
for	O
dates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1987	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Stock	O
Exchange	O
had	O
reportedly	O
spent	O
over	O
$20million	O
on	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
,	O
including	O
hiring	O
100	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
magazine	O
articles	O
on	O
the	O
subject	O
from	O
1970	O
onward	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
programmers	O
and	O
managers	O
only	O
started	O
recognizing	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
as	O
a	O
looming	O
problem	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
but	O
even	O
then	O
,	O
inertia	O
and	O
complacency	O
caused	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
mostly	O
unresolved	O
until	O
the	O
last	O
few	O
years	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Saving	O
space	O
on	O
stored	O
dates	O
persisted	O
into	O
the	O
Unix	B-Operating_System
era	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
most	O
systems	O
representing	O
dates	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
32-bit	O
word	O
,	O
typically	O
representing	O
dates	O
as	O
elapsed	B-Operating_System
seconds	I-Operating_System
from	I-Operating_System
some	I-Operating_System
fixed	I-Operating_System
date	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
causes	O
the	O
similar	O
Y2K38	B-Application
problem	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
upscale	O
grocer	O
's	O
1997	O
credit-card	O
caused	O
crash	O
of	O
their	O
10	O
cash	O
registers	O
,	O
repeatedly	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
year	O
2000	O
expiration	O
dates	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
Y2K-related	O
lawsuit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
spreadsheet	O
program	O
had	O
a	O
very	O
elementary	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
:	O
Excel	B-Application
(	O
in	O
both	O
Windows	O
and	O
Mac	O
versions	O
,	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
set	O
to	O
start	O
at	O
1900	O
)	O
incorrectly	O
set	O
the	O
year	O
1900	O
as	O
a	O
leap	O
year	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
Lotus	O
1-2-3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
bug	O
was	O
fixed	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
,	O
but	O
since	O
the	O
epoch	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
Excel	B-Application
timestamp	O
was	O
set	O
to	O
the	O
meaningless	O
date	O
of	O
0	O
January	O
1900	O
in	O
previous	O
versions	O
,	O
the	O
year	O
1900	O
is	O
still	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
leap	O
year	O
to	O
maintain	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
the	O
standard	O
library	O
function	O
to	O
extract	O
the	O
year	O
from	O
a	O
timestamp	O
returns	O
the	O
year	O
minus	O
1900	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
programs	B-Application
using	O
functions	O
from	O
C	B-Language
,	O
such	O
as	O
Perl	B-Language
and	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
two	O
programming	O
languages	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
web	O
development	O
,	O
incorrectly	O
treated	O
this	O
value	O
as	O
the	O
last	O
two	O
digits	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
web	O
this	O
was	O
usually	O
a	O
harmless	O
presentation	O
bug	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
did	O
cause	O
many	O
dynamically	O
generated	O
web	O
pages	O
to	O
display	O
1	O
January	O
2000	O
as	O
"	O
1/1/19100	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
1/1/100	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
variants	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
display	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaScript	B-Language
was	O
changed	O
due	O
to	O
concerns	O
over	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
,	O
and	O
the	O
return	O
value	O
for	O
years	O
changed	O
and	O
thus	O
differed	O
between	O
versions	O
from	O
sometimes	O
being	O
a	O
four	O
digit	O
representation	O
and	O
sometimes	O
a	O
two-digit	O
representation	O
forcing	O
programmers	O
to	O
rewrite	O
already	O
working	O
code	O
to	O
make	O
sure	O
web	O
pages	O
worked	O
for	O
all	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
applications	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
commonly	O
used	O
UNIX	O
Source	B-Device
Code	I-Device
Control	I-Device
System	I-Device
failed	O
to	O
handle	O
years	O
that	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
digit	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Windows	O
3.x	O
file	O
manager	O
,	O
dates	O
displayed	O
as	O
1/1/19:0	O
for	O
1/1/2000	O
(	O
because	O
the	O
colon	O
is	O
the	O
character	O
after	O
"	O
9	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
character	I-Protocol
set	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Math	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
Episode	I-Application
I	I-Application
:	I-Application
In	I-Application
Search	I-Application
of	I-Application
Spot	I-Application
which	O
only	O
treats	O
years	O
as	O
two-digit	O
values	O
instead	O
of	O
four	O
,	O
will	O
give	O
a	O
given	O
year	O
as	O
"	O
1900	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
1901	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
last	O
two	O
digits	O
of	O
the	O
present	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
before	O
1	O
January	O
2000	O
arrived	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
also	O
some	O
worries	O
about	O
9	O
September	O
1999	O
(	O
albeit	O
less	O
than	O
those	O
generated	O
by	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
thus	O
possible	O
that	O
database	O
programs	B-Application
might	O
act	O
on	O
the	O
records	O
containing	O
unknown	O
dates	O
on	O
that	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
entry	O
operators	O
commonly	O
entered	O
9999	O
into	O
required	O
fields	O
for	O
an	O
unknown	O
future	O
date	O
,	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
termination	O
date	O
for	O
cable	O
television	O
or	O
telephone	O
service	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
process	O
computer	O
forms	O
using	O
CICS	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
fears	O
arose	O
that	O
some	O
programs	B-Application
might	O
unexpectedly	O
terminate	O
on	O
that	O
date	O
,	O
the	O
bug	O
was	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
confuse	O
computer	O
operators	O
than	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
programs	B-Application
may	O
have	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
oversimplified	O
rule	O
that	O
"	O
a	O
year	O
divisible	O
by	O
four	O
is	O
a	O
leap	O
year	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
works	O
fine	O
for	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
(	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
leap	O
year	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
not	O
become	O
a	O
problem	O
until	O
2100	O
,	O
when	O
older	O
legacy	O
programs	B-Application
will	O
likely	O
have	O
long	O
since	O
been	O
replaced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
programs	B-Application
contained	O
incorrect	O
leap	O
year	O
logic	O
,	O
assuming	O
for	O
instance	O
that	O
no	O
year	O
divisible	O
by	O
100	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
leap	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
dubbed	O
by	O
some	O
in	O
the	O
media	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Y2K+10	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Y2.01K	O
"	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
first	O
software	O
reported	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
affected	O
by	O
this	O
glitch	O
;	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
WM6	O
changes	O
the	O
date	O
of	O
any	O
incoming	O
SMS	O
message	O
sent	O
after	O
1	O
January	O
2010	O
from	O
the	O
year	O
2010	O
to	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
systems	O
affected	O
include	O
EFTPOS	O
terminals	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
(	O
except	O
the	O
Slim	O
model	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Protocol
's	I-Protocol
Exchange	I-Protocol
server	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
famous	O
and	O
significant	O
systems	O
affected	O
by	O
the	O
Y22	O
bug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
systems	O
use	O
Unix	B-Operating_System
time	I-Operating_System
and	O
store	O
it	O
in	O
a	O
signed	O
32-bit	O
integer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
data	O
type	O
is	O
only	O
capable	O
of	O
representing	O
integers	O
between	O
−( 2	O
)	O
and	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
−1	O
,	O
treated	O
as	O
number	O
of	O
seconds	O
since	O
the	O
epoch	B-Operating_System
at	O
1January1970	O
at	O
00:00:00	O
UTC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
these	O
systems	O
are	O
not	O
updated	O
and	O
fixed	O
,	O
then	O
dates	O
all	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
Unix	B-Operating_System
time	I-Operating_System
will	O
wrongfully	O
display	O
the	O
year	O
as	O
1901	O
beginning	O
at	O
03:14:08	O
UTC	O
on	O
19January2038	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
very	O
different	O
approaches	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
year	B-Error_Name
2000	I-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
in	O
legacy	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two-digit	O
years	O
were	O
expanded	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
century	O
(	O
becoming	O
four-digit	O
years	O
)	O
in	O
programs	B-Application
,	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
databases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two-digit	O
years	O
were	O
retained	O
,	O
and	O
programs	B-Application
determined	O
the	O
century	O
value	O
only	O
when	O
needed	O
for	O
particular	O
functions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
date	O
comparisons	O
and	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
,	O
which	O
required	O
installing	O
small	O
patches	O
of	O
code	O
into	O
programs	B-Application
,	O
was	O
simpler	O
to	O
test	O
and	O
implement	O
than	O
date	O
expansion	O
,	O
thus	O
much	O
less	O
costly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
retention	O
of	O
data	B-Application
structure	I-Application
alignment	I-Application
,	O
using	O
an	O
integer	O
value	O
for	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
a	O
scheme	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
representing	O
16384	O
different	O
years	O
;	O
the	O
exact	O
scheme	O
varies	O
by	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
epoch	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
kits	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
listed	O
in	O
com	O
's	O
Top	O
10	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
fixes	O
for	O
your	O
PC	O
:	O
(	O
"	O
most	O
...	O
free	O
"	O
)	O
which	O
was	O
topped	O
by	O
the	O
$50	O
Millennium	B-Error_Name
Bug	I-Error_Name
Kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
midnight	O
on	O
1	O
January	O
1999	O
,	O
at	O
three	O
airports	O
in	O
Sweden	O
,	O
computers	O
that	O
police	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
temporary	O
passports	B-Protocol
stopped	O
working	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
1999	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
upgrade	O
intended	O
to	O
make	O
computers	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
compliant	I-Error_Name
prevented	O
social	O
services	O
in	O
Bedfordshire	O
from	O
finding	O
if	O
anyone	O
in	O
their	O
care	O
was	O
over	O
100	O
years	O
old	O
,	O
since	O
computers	O
failed	O
to	O
recognize	O
the	O
dates	O
of	O
birth	O
being	O
searched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
31	O
December	O
,	O
at	O
7:00pm	O
EST	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
direct	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
patch	O
intended	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
,	O
computers	O
at	O
a	O
ground	O
control	O
station	O
in	O
Fort	O
Belvoir	O
,	O
Virginia	O
crashed	O
and	O
ceased	O
processing	O
information	O
from	O
five	O
spy	O
satellites	O
,	O
including	O
three	O
KH-11	O
satellites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
programs	B-Application
were	O
not	O
active	O
at	O
that	O
moment	O
and	O
problems	O
would	O
only	O
show	O
up	O
when	O
they	O
were	O
invoked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
problems	O
recorded	O
were	O
directly	O
linked	O
to	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
programming	O
in	O
a	O
causality	B-Application
;	O
minor	O
technological	O
glitches	O
occur	O
on	O
a	O
regular	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
France	O
,	O
the	O
national	O
weather	O
forecasting	O
service	O
,	O
Météo-France	O
,	O
said	O
a	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
made	O
the	O
date	O
on	O
a	O
webpage	O
show	O
a	O
map	O
with	O
Saturday	O
's	O
weather	O
forecast	O
as	O
"	O
01/01/19100	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
reported	O
that	O
a	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
rendered	O
one	O
of	O
their	O
Syracuse	O
satellite	O
systems	O
incapable	O
of	O
recognizing	O
onboard	O
malfunctions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Italy	O
,	O
courthouse	O
computers	O
in	O
Venice	B-Application
and	O
Naples	O
showed	O
an	O
upcoming	O
release	O
date	O
for	O
some	O
prisoners	O
as	O
10	O
January	O
1900	O
,	O
while	O
other	O
inmates	O
wrongly	O
showed	O
up	O
as	O
having	O
100	O
additional	O
years	O
on	O
their	O
sentences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Sweden	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
hospital	O
in	O
Uppsala	O
,	O
a	O
hospital	O
in	O
Lund	O
,	O
and	O
two	O
regional	O
hospitals	O
in	O
Karlstad	O
and	O
Linkoping	O
reported	O
that	O
machines	O
used	O
for	O
reading	O
electrocardiogram	B-Application
information	O
failed	O
to	O
operate	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
hospitals	O
stated	O
it	O
had	O
no	O
effect	O
on	O
patient	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Sheffield	O
,	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
a	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
that	O
was	O
not	O
discovered	O
and	O
fixed	O
until	O
24	O
May	O
caused	O
computers	O
to	O
miscalculate	O
the	O
ages	O
of	O
pregnant	O
mothers	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
154	O
patients	O
receiving	O
incorrect	O
risk	O
assessments	O
for	O
having	O
a	O
child	O
with	O
Down	O
syndrome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Brazil	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Port	O
of	O
Santos	O
,	O
computers	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
upgraded	O
in	O
July	O
1999	O
to	O
be	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
compliant	I-Error_Name
could	O
not	O
read	O
three-year	O
customs	O
registrations	O
generated	O
in	O
their	O
previous	O
system	O
once	O
the	O
year	O
rolled	O
over	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
Naval	O
Observatory	O
,	O
which	O
runs	O
the	O
master	O
clock	O
that	O
keeps	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
official	O
time	O
,	O
gave	O
the	O
date	O
on	O
its	O
website	O
as	O
1	O
Jan	O
19100	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Tennessee	O
,	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
stated	O
that	O
a	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
caused	O
an	O
unspecified	O
malfunction	O
in	O
a	O
system	O
for	O
determining	O
the	O
weight	O
and	O
composition	O
of	O
nuclear	O
substances	O
at	O
a	O
nuclear	O
weapons	O
plant	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
stated	O
they	O
were	O
still	O
able	O
to	O
keep	O
track	O
of	O
all	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
credit	O
card	O
companies	O
Visa	O
and	O
MasterCard	O
reported	O
that	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
direct	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
,	O
for	O
weeks	O
after	O
the	O
year	O
rollover	O
a	O
small	O
percentage	O
of	O
customers	O
were	O
being	O
charged	O
multiple	O
times	O
for	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Problems	O
were	O
reported	O
on	O
29	O
February	O
2000	O
,	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
's	O
first	O
Leap	O
Year	O
Day	O
,	O
and	O
1	O
March	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Japan	O
,	O
around	O
five	O
percent	O
of	O
post	O
office	O
cash	O
dispensers	O
failed	O
to	O
work	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
was	O
unclear	O
if	O
this	O
was	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Reagan	O
National	O
Airport	O
,	O
on	O
29	O
February	O
there	O
were	O
significant	O
delays	O
when	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
for	O
curbside	O
baggage	O
handling	O
initially	O
failed	O
to	O
recognize	O
the	O
date	O
,	O
forcing	O
passengers	O
to	O
use	O
standard	O
check-in	O
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Swedish	O
bank	O
Nordbanken	O
reported	O
that	O
its	O
online	O
and	O
physical	O
banking	O
systems	O
went	O
down	O
5	O
times	O
between	O
27	O
December	O
2000	O
and	O
3	O
January	O
2001	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
glitch	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2000	O
,	O
various	O
issues	O
have	O
occurred	O
due	O
to	O
errors	O
involving	O
overflows	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
Y2K-like	O
bug	O
"	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
overflow	O
caused	O
a	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
government	O
wireless	O
system	O
to	O
go	O
down	O
for	O
10	O
days	O
because	O
of	O
a	O
GPS	O
system	O
's	O
date-rollover	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
Bulgarian	O
national	O
identification	O
number	O
allocates	O
only	O
two	O
digits	O
for	O
the	O
birth	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
year	O
1900	O
problem	O
and	O
subsequently	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
were	O
addressed	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
unused	O
values	O
above	O
12	O
in	O
the	O
month	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dutch	O
Government	O
promoted	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Information	O
Sharing	O
and	O
Analysis	O
Centers	O
(	O
ISACs	O
)	O
to	O
share	O
readiness	O
between	O
industries	O
,	O
without	O
threat	O
of	O
antitrust	O
violations	O
or	O
liability	O
based	O
on	O
information	O
shared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Y2K	B-Error_Name
fears	O
drew	O
attention	O
to	O
an	O
older	O
issue	O
,	O
while	O
prompting	O
a	O
solution	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Romania	O
also	O
changed	O
its	O
national	O
identification	O
number	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
birth	O
year	O
being	O
represented	O
by	O
only	O
two	O
digits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ugandan	O
government	O
responded	O
to	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
threat	O
by	O
setting	O
up	O
a	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Task	O
Force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1999	O
an	O
independent	O
international	O
assessment	O
by	O
the	O
World	O
Bank	O
International	O
Y2k	B-Error_Name
Cooperation	O
Centre	O
found	O
that	O
Uganda	O
's	O
website	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
category	O
as	O
"	O
highly	O
informative	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
Countries	O
which	O
disclose	O
more	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
information	O
will	O
be	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
maintain	O
public	O
confidence	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
countries	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
international	O
markets.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
government	O
responded	O
to	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
threat	O
by	O
passing	O
the	O
Year	O
2000	O
Information	O
and	O
Readiness	O
Disclosure	O
Act	O
,	O
by	O
working	O
with	O
private	O
sector	O
counterparts	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
readiness	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
creating	O
internal	O
continuity	O
of	O
operations	O
plans	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
problems	O
and	O
set	O
limits	O
to	O
certain	O
potential	O
liabilities	O
of	O
companies	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
disclosures	O
about	O
their	O
year	O
2000	O
programs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
feature	O
of	O
US	O
government	O
outreach	O
was	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
websites	O
,	O
including	O
Y2K.GOV	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
have	O
become	O
inaccessible	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
since	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
federal	O
agency	O
had	O
its	O
own	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
task	O
force	O
which	O
worked	O
with	O
its	O
private	O
sector	O
counterparts	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
FCC	O
had	O
the	O
FCC	O
Year	O
2000	O
Task	O
Force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
on	O
30	O
July	O
1999	O
,	O
the	O
White	O
House	O
held	O
the	O
White	O
House	O
Internet	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Roundtable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Cooperation	O
Center	O
(	O
IY2KCC	O
)	O
was	O
established	O
at	O
the	O
behest	O
of	O
national	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
coordinators	O
from	O
over	O
120	O
countries	O
when	O
they	O
met	O
at	O
the	O
First	O
Global	O
Meeting	O
of	O
National	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Coordinators	O
at	O
the	O
United	O
Nations	O
in	O
December	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IY2KCC	O
established	O
an	O
office	O
in	O
Washington	O
,	O
D.C.	O
in	O
March	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IY2KCC	O
's	O
mission	O
was	O
to	O
"	O
promote	O
increased	O
strategic	O
cooperation	O
and	O
action	O
among	O
governments	O
,	O
peoples	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
private	O
sector	O
to	O
minimize	O
adverse	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
effects	O
on	O
the	O
global	O
society	O
and	O
economy.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
United	O
States	O
established	O
the	O
Year	O
2000	O
Information	O
and	O
Readiness	O
Disclosure	O
Act	O
,	O
which	O
limited	O
the	O
liability	O
of	O
businesses	O
who	O
had	O
properly	O
disclosed	O
their	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
readiness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Insurance	O
companies	O
sold	O
insurance	O
policies	O
covering	O
failure	O
of	O
businesses	O
due	O
to	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problems	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attorneys	O
organized	O
and	O
mobilized	O
for	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
class	O
action	O
lawsuits	O
(	O
which	O
were	O
not	O
pursued	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Survivalist-related	O
businesses	O
(	O
gun	O
dealers	O
,	O
surplus	O
and	O
sporting	O
goods	O
)	O
anticipated	O
increased	O
business	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
months	O
of	O
1999	O
in	O
an	O
event	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
scare	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
one	O
comprehensive	O
internet	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
effort	O
,	O
multiple	O
internet	O
trade	O
associations	O
and	O
organisations	O
banded	O
together	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
Internet	O
Year	O
2000	O
Campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
effort	O
partnered	O
with	O
the	O
White	O
House	O
's	O
Internet	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Roundtable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
issue	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
topic	O
of	O
discussion	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
showed	O
up	O
in	O
most	O
popular	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
"	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
disaster	O
"	O
books	O
were	O
published	O
such	O
as	O
Deadline	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
by	O
Mark	O
Joseph	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Movies	O
such	O
as	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
:	O
Year	O
to	O
Kill	O
capitalized	O
on	O
the	O
currency	O
of	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
,	O
as	O
did	O
numerous	O
TV	O
shows	O
,	O
comic	O
strips	O
,	O
and	O
computer	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
fringe	O
groups	O
and	O
individuals	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
within	O
some	O
fundamentalist	O
religious	O
organizations	O
,	O
survivalists	O
,	O
cults	O
,	O
anti-social	O
movements	O
,	O
self-sufficiency	O
enthusiasts	O
,	O
communes	O
and	O
those	O
attracted	O
to	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
,	O
embraced	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
as	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
engender	O
fear	O
and	O
provide	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
evidence	O
for	O
their	O
respective	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
End-of-the-world	O
scenarios	O
and	O
apocalyptic	B-Application
themes	O
were	O
common	O
in	O
their	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interest	O
in	O
the	O
survivalist	O
movement	O
peaked	O
in	O
1999	O
in	O
its	O
second	O
wave	O
for	O
that	O
decade	O
,	O
triggered	O
by	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
fears	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
North	O
and	O
others	O
raised	O
the	O
alarm	O
because	O
they	O
thought	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
code	O
fixes	O
were	O
not	O
being	O
made	O
quickly	O
enough	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
authors	O
responded	O
to	O
this	O
wave	O
of	O
concern	O
,	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
survival-focused	O
texts	O
to	O
emerge	O
were	O
Boston	O
on	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
(	O
1998	O
)	O
by	O
Kenneth	O
W	O
.	O
Royce	O
,	O
and	O
Mike	O
Oehler	O
's	O
The	O
Hippy	O
Survival	O
Guide	O
to	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Y2K	B-Error_Name
was	O
also	O
exploited	O
by	O
some	O
fundamentalist	O
and	O
charismatic	O
Christian	O
leaders	O
throughout	O
the	O
Western	O
world	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
and	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
promotion	O
of	O
the	O
perceived	O
risks	O
of	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
was	O
combined	O
with	O
end	O
times	O
thinking	O
and	O
apocalyptic	B-Application
prophecies	B-Application
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
influence	O
followers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jerry	O
Falwell	O
suggested	O
that	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
would	O
be	O
the	O
confirmation	O
of	O
Christian	O
prophecy	B-Application
—	O
God	O
's	O
instrument	O
to	O
shake	O
this	O
nation	O
,	O
to	O
humble	O
this	O
nation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
crisis	O
might	O
incite	O
a	O
worldwide	O
revival	O
that	O
would	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
rapture	O
of	O
the	O
church	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chicago	O
Tribune	O
reported	O
that	O
some	O
large	O
fundamentalist	O
churches	O
,	O
motivated	O
by	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
,	O
were	O
the	O
sites	O
for	O
flea	O
market-like	O
sales	O
of	O
paraphernalia	O
designed	O
to	O
help	O
people	O
survive	O
a	O
social	O
order	O
crisis	O
ranging	O
from	O
gold	O
coins	O
to	O
wood-burning	O
stoves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Betsy	O
Hart	O
,	O
writing	O
for	O
the	O
Deseret	O
News	O
,	O
reported	O
that	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
extreme	O
evangelicals	O
used	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
to	O
promote	O
a	O
political	O
agenda	O
in	O
which	O
downfall	O
of	O
the	O
government	O
was	O
a	O
desired	O
outcome	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
usher	O
in	O
Christ	O
's	O
reign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
types	O
of	O
fears	O
and	O
conspiracies	O
were	O
described	O
dramatically	O
by	O
New	O
Zealand-based	O
Christian	O
prophetic	O
author	O
and	O
preacher	O
Barry	O
Smith	O
in	O
his	O
publication	O
,	O
"	O
I	O
Spy	O
with	O
my	O
Little	O
Eye	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
dedicated	O
a	O
whole	O
chapter	O
to	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
expected	O
,	O
at	O
times	O
through	O
so-called	O
prophecies	B-Application
,	O
that	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
would	O
be	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
a	O
worldwide	O
Christian	O
revival	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
clear	O
in	O
the	O
aftermath	O
that	O
leaders	O
of	O
these	O
fringe	O
groups	O
had	O
used	O
fears	O
of	O
apocalyptic	B-Application
outcomes	O
to	O
manipulate	O
followers	O
into	O
dramatic	O
scenes	O
of	O
mass	O
repentance	O
or	O
renewed	O
commitment	O
to	O
their	O
groups	O
,	O
additional	O
giving	O
of	O
funds	O
and	O
more	O
overt	O
commitment	O
to	O
their	O
respective	O
organizations	O
or	O
churches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Baltimore	O
Sun	O
noted	O
this	O
in	O
their	O
article	O
,	O
"	O
Apocalypse	B-Application
Now	O
—	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
spurs	O
fears	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
reported	O
the	O
increased	O
call	O
for	O
repentance	O
in	O
the	O
populace	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
avoid	O
God	O
's	O
wrath	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
prominent	O
North	O
American	O
Christian	O
ministries	O
and	O
leaders	O
generated	O
huge	O
personal	O
and	O
corporate	O
profits	O
through	O
sales	O
of	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
preparation	O
kits	O
,	O
generators	O
,	O
survival	O
guides	O
,	O
published	O
prophecies	B-Application
and	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
other	O
associated	O
merchandise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Christian	O
journalist	O
,	O
Rob	O
Boston	O
,	O
has	O
documented	O
this	O
in	O
his	O
article	O
"	O
False	O
Prophets	O
,	O
Real	O
Profits	O
—	O
Religious	O
Right	O
Leaders	O
 '	O
Wild	O
Predictions	O
of	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
Disaster	O
Did	O
n't	O
Come	O
True	O
,	O
But	O
They	O
Made	O
Money	O
Anyway	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
done	O
in	O
preparation	O
for	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
likely	O
surpassed	O
US$300billion	O
( $	O
billion	O
as	O
of	O
January	O
2018	O
,	O
once	O
inflation	O
is	O
taken	O
into	O
account	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDC	O
calculated	O
that	O
the	O
US	O
spent	O
an	O
estimated	O
$134billion	O
( $	O
billion	O
)	O
preparing	O
for	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
,	O
and	O
another	O
$13billion	O
( $	O
billion	O
)	O
fixing	O
problems	O
in	O
2000	O
and	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Worldwide	O
,	O
$308billion	O
( $	O
billion	O
)	O
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
spent	O
on	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
remediation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1999	O
,	O
many	O
corporations	O
required	O
their	O
suppliers	O
to	O
certify	O
that	O
their	O
software	O
was	O
all	O
Y2K-compliant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expected	O
problems	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
seen	O
by	O
small	O
businesses	O
and	O
small	O
organizations	O
were	O
prevented	O
by	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
fixes	O
embedded	O
in	O
routine	O
updates	O
to	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
utility	O
software	O
that	O
were	O
applied	O
several	O
years	O
before	O
31	O
December	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
that	O
on	O
11	O
September	O
2001	O
,	O
infrastructure	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
(	O
including	O
subways	O
,	O
phone	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
financial	O
transactions	O
)	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
continue	O
operation	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
redundant	O
networks	O
established	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
bug	I-Error_Name
impact	O
and	O
the	O
contingency	O
plans	O
devised	O
by	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sceptics	O
of	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
massive	O
effort	O
pointed	O
to	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
Y2K-related	O
problems	O
occurring	O
before	O
1	O
January	O
2000	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
2000	O
financial	O
year	O
commenced	O
in	O
1999	O
in	O
many	O
jurisdictions	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
forward-looking	O
calculations	O
involved	O
dates	O
in	O
2000	O
and	O
later	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Countries	O
such	O
as	O
South	O
Korea	O
and	O
Russia	O
invested	O
little	O
to	O
nothing	O
in	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
remediation	O
,	O
yet	O
had	O
the	O
same	O
negligible	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
problems	I-Error_Name
as	O
countries	O
that	O
spent	O
enormous	O
sums	O
of	O
money	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
also	O
cite	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
Y2K-related	O
problems	O
in	O
schools	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
undertook	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
remediation	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1	O
September	O
1999	O
,	O
only	O
28%	O
of	O
US	O
schools	O
had	O
achieved	O
compliance	O
for	O
mission	O
critical	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
government	O
report	O
predicted	O
that	O
"	O
Y2K	B-Error_Name
failures	O
could	O
very	O
well	O
plague	O
the	O
computers	O
used	O
by	O
schools	O
to	O
manage	O
payrolls	O
,	O
student	O
records	O
,	O
online	O
curricula	O
,	O
and	O
building	O
safety	O
systems	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
few	O
Y2K-related	O
problems	O
in	O
an	O
estimated	O
1.5million	O
small	O
businesses	O
that	O
undertook	O
no	O
remediation	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
