<s>
The	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
workstation	B-Device
,	O
officially	O
named	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
8010	I-Operating_System
Information	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
to	O
incorporate	O
technologies	O
that	O
have	O
since	O
become	O
standard	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
including	O
a	O
bitmapped	B-Algorithm
display	O
,	O
a	O
window-based	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
icons	O
,	O
folders	O
,	O
mouse	B-Device
(	O
two-button	O
)	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
networking	B-Architecture
,	O
file	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
print	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
e-mail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
by	O
Xerox	O
Corporation	O
on	O
April	O
27	O
,	O
1981	O
,	O
the	O
name	O
Star	O
technically	O
refers	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
sold	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
office	B-Application
automation	I-Application
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
8010	O
workstations	B-Device
were	O
also	O
sold	O
with	O
software	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
programming	O
languages	O
Lisp	B-Language
and	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
for	O
the	O
smaller	O
research	O
and	O
software	O
development	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
systems	O
concept	O
owes	O
much	O
to	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
,	O
an	O
experimental	O
workstation	B-Device
designed	O
by	O
the	O
Xerox	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
Research	O
Center	O
(	O
PARC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Alto	B-Device
became	O
operational	O
in	O
1972	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Alto	B-Device
had	O
been	O
strongly	O
influenced	O
by	O
what	O
its	O
designers	O
had	O
seen	O
previously	O
with	O
the	O
NLS	O
computer	O
system	O
at	O
the	O
Stanford	O
Research	O
Institute	O
and	O
PLATO	B-Operating_System
at	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
,	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
Altos	B-Device
had	O
been	O
built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
by	O
1979	O
nearly	O
1,000	O
Ethernet-linked	O
Altos	B-Device
had	O
been	O
put	O
into	O
operation	O
at	O
Xerox	O
and	O
another	O
500	O
at	O
collaborating	O
universities	O
and	O
government	O
offices	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
never	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
in	O
1977	O
,	O
Xerox	O
started	O
a	O
development	O
project	O
which	O
worked	O
to	O
incorporate	O
the	O
Alto	B-Device
innovations	O
into	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
;	O
their	O
concept	O
was	O
an	O
integrated	O
document	B-General_Concept
preparation	I-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
centered	O
around	O
the	O
(	O
then	O
expensive	O
)	O
laser	O
printing	O
technology	O
and	O
oriented	O
towards	O
large	O
corporations	O
and	O
their	O
trading	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
resulting	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
system	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
the	O
cost	O
was	O
about	O
$	O
75,000	O
( $	O
in	O
today	O
's	O
dollars	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
basic	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
$	O
16,000	O
( $	O
today	O
)	O
for	O
each	O
added	O
workstation	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
base	O
system	O
would	O
have	O
an	O
8010	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
workstation	B-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
second	O
8010	O
dedicated	O
as	O
a	O
server	O
(	O
with	O
RS232	O
I/O	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
floor-standing	O
laser	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
server	O
software	O
included	O
a	O
File	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
a	O
Print	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
and	O
distributed	O
services	O
(	O
Mail	O
Server	O
,	O
Clearinghouse	O
Name	O
Server	O
/	O
Directory	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Authentication	O
Server	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
could	O
connect	O
Xerox	B-General_Concept
Memorywriter	I-General_Concept
typewriters	O
to	O
this	O
system	O
over	O
ethernet	O
and	O
send	O
email	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
Memorywriter	O
as	O
a	O
teletype	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
section	O
of	O
SDD	O
,	O
SDD	O
North	O
,	O
was	O
located	O
in	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
,	O
California	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
some	O
people	O
borrowed	O
from	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SDD	O
's	O
mission	O
was	O
to	O
design	O
the	O
"	O
Office	O
of	O
the	O
future	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
system	O
that	O
would	O
incorporate	O
the	O
best	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
Alto	B-Device
,	O
was	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
automate	O
many	O
office	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
group	O
in	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
worked	O
on	O
the	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
interface	O
to	O
the	O
hardware	O
and	O
programming	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teams	O
in	O
El	O
Segundo	O
and	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
collaborated	O
on	O
developing	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
user	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
staff	O
relied	O
heavily	O
on	O
the	O
technologies	O
they	O
were	O
working	O
on	O
,	O
file	O
sharing	O
,	O
print	B-Application
servers	I-Application
and	O
e-mail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
even	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
then	O
named	O
ARPANET	O
,	O
which	O
helped	O
them	O
communicate	O
between	O
El	O
Segundo	O
and	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Star	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Mesa	B-Language
,	O
a	O
direct	O
precursor	O
to	O
Modula-2	B-Language
and	O
Modula-3	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mesa	B-Language
was	O
not	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
but	O
included	O
processes	O
(	O
threads	O
)	O
and	O
monitors	O
(	O
mutexes	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mesa	B-Language
required	O
creating	O
two	O
files	O
for	O
every	O
module	O
:	O
a	O
definition	O
module	O
specified	O
data	O
structures	O
and	O
procedures	O
for	O
each	O
object	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
implementation	O
modules	O
contained	O
the	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traits	O
were	O
a	O
programming	O
convention	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
object-oriented	B-Language
capabilities	O
and	O
multiple	O
inheritance	O
in	O
the	O
Star/Viewpoint	O
customer	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Star	O
team	O
used	O
a	O
sophisticated	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
,	O
named	O
internally	O
Tajo	O
and	O
externally	O
Xerox	B-Application
Development	I-Application
Environment	I-Application
(	O
XDE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tajo	O
had	O
many	O
similarities	O
with	O
the	O
Smalltalk-80	B-Application
environment	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
had	O
many	O
added	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
DF	O
,	O
which	O
required	O
programmers	O
to	O
check	O
out	O
modules	O
before	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
changed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
had	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
network	O
communications	O
protocols	O
and	O
data-encoding	O
schemes	O
when	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
PARC	O
's	O
research	O
environment	O
proved	O
inadequate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
all	O
development	O
was	O
done	O
on	O
Alto	B-Device
workstations	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Japanese	O
language	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
produced	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
Fuji	O
Xerox	O
,	O
code	O
named	O
J-Star	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
international	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
what	B-Application
you	I-Application
see	I-Application
is	I-Application
what	I-Application
you	I-Application
get	I-Application
(	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
)	O
was	O
considered	O
paramount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
would	O
be	O
displayed	O
as	O
black	O
on	O
a	O
white	O
background	O
,	O
just	O
like	O
paper	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
printer	O
would	O
replicate	O
the	O
screen	O
using	O
Interpress	B-Language
,	O
a	O
page	O
description	O
language	O
developed	O
at	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
could	O
select	O
objects	O
by	O
clicking	O
on	O
them	O
with	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
press	O
dedicated	O
special	O
keys	O
on	O
the	O
keyboard	O
to	O
invoke	O
standard	O
object	O
functions	O
(	O
open	O
,	O
delete	O
,	O
copy	O
,	O
move	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
uniform	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
ability	O
eventually	O
became	O
available	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
and	O
was	O
featured	O
in	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
as	O
Publish	B-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Subscribe	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
available	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
(	O
OLE	O
)	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
was	O
also	O
later	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
software	O
platform	O
in	O
the	O
mid-to-late	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
(	O
originally	O
ClarisWorks	B-Device
)	O
package	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	O
Mac	O
(	O
1991	O
)	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
the	O
Star	O
software	O
was	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
series	O
of	O
virtual-memory	O
processors	O
,	O
described	O
in	O
a	O
PARC	O
technical	O
report	O
called	O
,	O
"	O
Wildflower	O
:	O
An	O
Architecture	O
for	O
a	O
Personal	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
"	O
,	O
by	O
Butler	O
Lampson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D*	O
(	O
pronounced	O
D-Star	O
)	O
series	O
of	O
machines	O
had	O
names	O
that	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
letter	O
D	O
.	O
They	O
were	O
all	O
microprogrammed	B-Device
processors	O
;	O
for	O
the	O
Star	O
software	O
,	O
microcode	B-Device
was	O
loaded	O
that	O
implemented	O
an	O
instruction	O
set	O
designed	O
for	O
Mesa	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
load	O
microcode	B-Device
for	O
the	O
Interlisp	B-Language
or	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
environments	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
3	O
environments	O
could	O
not	O
run	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dolphin	O
(	O
aka	O
D0	O
)	O
,	O
built	O
with	O
transistor-transistor	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
(	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
)	O
technology	O
,	O
included	O
74S181	O
ALUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
Star	O
workstation	B-Device
,	O
but	O
its	O
cost	O
was	O
deemed	O
too	O
much	O
to	O
meet	O
the	O
project	O
goals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
these	O
machines	O
,	O
the	O
Dorado	O
(	O
aka	O
D1	O
)	O
,	O
used	O
an	O
emitter	B-General_Concept
coupled	I-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
(	O
ECL	O
)	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
network	B-Protocol
router	I-Protocol
called	O
Dicentra	O
was	O
also	O
based	O
on	O
this	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
actually	O
released	O
Star	O
workstation	B-Device
hardware	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
Dandelion	O
(	O
often	O
shortened	O
to	O
"	O
Dlion	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
AMD	B-General_Concept
Am2900	I-General_Concept
bitslice	B-General_Concept
microprocessor	I-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
enhanced	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Dandelion	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
microcode	B-Device
space	O
,	O
was	O
dubbed	O
the	O
"	O
Dandetiger	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
base	O
Dandelion	O
system	O
had	O
384KB	O
memory	B-General_Concept
(	O
expandable	O
to	O
1.5MB	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
10MB	O
,	O
29MB	O
or	O
40MB	O
8	B-Device
"	I-Device
hard	O
drive	O
,	O
an	O
8	B-Device
"	I-Device
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
mouse	B-Device
and	O
an	O
Ethernet	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
display	O
(	O
black	O
and	O
white	O
,	O
1024×808	O
pixels	O
with	O
38.7Hz	O
refresh	O
)	O
was	O
large	O
by	O
the	O
time	O
's	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
was	O
not	O
originally	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
computer	O
,	O
but	O
to	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
integrated	O
Xerox	O
"	O
personal	O
office	O
system	O
"	O
that	O
also	O
connected	O
to	O
other	O
workstations	B-Device
and	O
network	O
services	O
via	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
a	O
single	O
unit	O
sold	O
for	O
,	O
a	O
typical	O
office	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
buy	O
at	O
least	O
2	O
or	O
3	O
machines	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
a	O
name	O
server/print	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spending	O
for	O
a	O
complete	O
installation	O
was	O
not	O
an	O
easy	O
sell	O
,	O
when	O
a	O
secretary	O
's	O
annual	O
salary	O
was	O
about	O
and	O
a	O
VIC-20	B-Device
cost	O
around	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
incarnations	O
of	O
the	O
Star	O
would	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
buy	O
one	O
unit	O
with	O
a	O
laser	O
printer	O
,	O
but	O
even	O
so	O
,	O
only	O
about	O
25,000	O
units	O
were	O
sold	O
,	O
leading	O
many	O
to	O
consider	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
a	O
commercial	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workstation	B-Device
was	O
originally	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
Star	O
software	O
for	O
performing	O
office	O
tasks	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
also	O
sold	O
with	O
different	O
software	O
for	O
other	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
other	O
configurations	O
included	O
a	O
workstation	B-Device
for	O
Interlisp	B-Language
or	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
Star	O
was	O
ahead	O
of	O
its	O
time	O
,	O
that	O
few	O
outside	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
circle	O
of	O
developers	O
really	O
understood	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
considering	O
that	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
their	O
8088-based	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
running	O
the	O
comparatively	O
primitive	O
PC	B-Operating_System
DOS	I-Operating_System
the	O
same	O
year	O
that	O
the	O
Star	O
was	O
brought	O
to	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
comparison	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
may	O
be	O
irrelevant	O
:	O
well	O
before	O
it	O
was	O
introduced	O
,	O
buyers	O
in	O
the	O
Word	O
Processing	O
industry	O
were	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
8086-based	O
IBM	B-Protocol
Displaywriter	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
full-page	O
portrait	O
black-on-white	O
Xerox	O
860	O
page	O
display	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
120	O
page-per-minute	O
Xerox	O
9700	O
laser	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
design	O
principles	O
of	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
and	O
modeless	O
working	O
had	O
been	O
extensively	O
discussed	O
in	O
the	O
August	O
1981	O
issue	O
of	O
Byte	O
magazine	O
,	O
so	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
's	O
standing	O
and	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
Star	O
can	O
scarcely	O
have	O
been	O
lost	O
on	O
its	O
target	O
(	O
office	O
systems	O
)	O
market	O
,	O
who	O
would	O
never	O
have	O
expected	O
IBM	O
to	O
position	O
a	O
mass-market	O
PC	O
to	O
threaten	O
far	O
more	O
profitable	O
dedicated	O
WP	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
the	O
influential	O
niche	O
market	O
of	O
pioneering	O
players	O
in	O
electronic	O
publishing	O
such	O
as	O
Longman	O
were	O
already	O
aligning	O
their	O
production	O
processes	O
towards	O
generic	O
markup	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
SGML	B-Language
(	O
forerunner	O
of	O
HTML	O
and	O
XML	O
)	O
whereby	O
authors	O
using	O
inexpensive	O
offline	O
systems	O
could	O
describe	O
document	O
structure	O
,	O
making	O
their	O
manuscripts	O
ready	O
for	O
transfer	O
to	O
computer	O
to	O
film	O
systems	O
that	O
offered	O
far	O
higher	O
resolution	O
than	O
the	O
then	O
maximum	O
of	O
360	O
dpi	O
laser	O
printing	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
technically	O
savvy	O
sales	O
representatives	O
that	O
might	O
have	O
sold	O
office	B-Application
automation	I-Application
equipment	O
were	O
paid	O
large	O
commissions	O
on	O
leases	O
of	O
laser	O
printer	O
equipment	O
costing	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
half-million	O
dollars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Few	O
corporate	O
executives	O
ever	O
saw	O
or	O
used	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
sales	O
teams	O
,	O
if	O
they	O
requested	O
a	O
computer	O
to	O
assist	O
with	O
their	O
planning	O
,	O
would	O
instead	O
receive	O
older	O
,	O
CP/M	B-Application
-based	O
Xerox	B-Device
820	I-Device
or	O
820-II	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Probably	O
most	O
significantly	O
,	O
strategic	O
planners	O
at	O
the	O
Xerox	O
Systems	O
Group	O
(	O
XSG	O
)	O
felt	O
that	O
they	O
could	O
not	O
compete	O
against	O
other	O
workstation	B-Device
makers	O
such	O
as	O
Apollo	O
Computer	O
or	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
then	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
's	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
Star	O
and	O
introduced	O
2	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
market	O
failure	O
,	O
for	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
reasons	O
as	O
the	O
Star	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
release	O
of	O
Star	O
was	O
on	O
a	O
different	O
,	O
more	O
efficient	O
hardware	O
platform	O
,	O
Daybreak	B-Device
,	O
using	O
a	O
new	O
,	O
faster	O
processor	O
,	O
and	O
accompanied	O
by	O
significant	O
rewriting	O
of	O
the	O
Star	O
software	O
,	O
renamed	O
ViewPoint	O
,	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
system	O
,	O
dubbed	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
6085	I-Device
PCS	B-Device
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
hardware	O
provided	O
1MB	O
to	O
4MB	O
of	O
memory	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
10MB	O
to	O
80MB	O
hard	O
disk	O
,	O
a	O
15	O
"	O
or	O
19	O
"	O
display	O
,	O
a	O
5.25	B-Device
"	I-Device
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
Ethernet	O
connection	O
and	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
a	O
little	O
over	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xerox	B-Device
6085	I-Device
could	O
be	O
sold	O
along	O
with	O
an	O
attached	O
laser	O
printer	O
as	O
a	O
standalone	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
even	O
with	O
a	O
significantly	O
lower	O
price	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
still	O
a	O
Rolls-Royce	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
lower	O
cost	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
Xerox	O
jettisoned	O
the	O
integrated	O
hardware/software	O
workstation	B-Device
offered	O
by	O
Viewpoint	O
and	O
offered	O
a	O
software-only	O
product	O
called	O
GlobalView	O
,	O
providing	O
the	O
Star	O
interface	O
and	O
technology	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
release	O
required	O
installing	O
a	O
Mesa	B-Language
CPU	O
add-on	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
release	O
of	O
GlobalView	O
2.1	O
ran	O
as	O
an	O
emulator	O
on	O
Sun	O
Solaris	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
3.1	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
or	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
,	O
IBM	B-Application
OS/2	I-Application
and	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
having	O
copied	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
with	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
struggled	O
and	O
had	O
the	O
same	O
poor	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
second	O
,	O
cost-reduced	O
effort	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
barely	O
succeeded	O
(	O
by	O
ditching	O
the	O
virtual	O
memory	B-General_Concept
,	O
implementing	O
it	O
in	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
commodity	O
microprocessors	O
)	O
-	O
and	O
was	O
not	O
their	O
most	O
profitable	O
product	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
L	O
Peter	O
Deutsch	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
pioneers	O
of	O
the	O
Postscript	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
finally	O
found	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
achieve	O
Xerox-Star-like	O
efficiency	O
using	O
just-in-time	O
compilation	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
for	O
bitmap	B-Algorithm
operations	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
last	O
bit	O
of	O
Xerox-Star	O
custom	O
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
BitBLT	B-Algorithm
,	O
obsolete	O
by	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
innovations	O
behind	O
the	O
Star	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
editing	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
and	O
network	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
directory	B-Application
,	O
print	O
,	O
file	O
,	O
and	O
internetwork	O
routing	O
have	O
become	O
commonplace	O
in	O
computers	O
of	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
engineering	O
team	O
saw	O
Star	O
at	O
its	O
introduction	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Computer	O
Conference	O
(	O
NCC	O
'	O
81	O
)	O
and	O
returned	O
to	O
Cupertino	O
where	O
they	O
converted	O
their	O
desktop	O
manager	O
to	O
an	O
icon-based	O
interface	O
modeled	O
on	O
the	O
Star	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
developers	O
of	O
Xerox	O
's	O
Gypsy	B-Protocol
WYSIWYG	B-Application
editor	I-Application
,	O
Larry	O
Tesler	O
left	O
Xerox	O
to	O
join	O
Apple	O
in	O
1980	O
where	O
he	O
also	O
developed	O
the	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
framework	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Charles	O
Simonyi	O
left	O
Xerox	O
to	O
join	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
1981	O
where	O
he	O
developed	O
first	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
(	O
3.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
Simonyi	O
recommended	O
Scott	O
A	O
.	O
McGregor	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
recruited	O
by	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
to	O
lead	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
,	O
in	O
part	O
for	O
McGregor	O
's	O
experience	O
in	O
windowing	O
systems	O
at	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
list	O
of	O
products	O
that	O
were	O
inspired	O
or	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
of	O
the	O
Star	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
lesser	O
extent	O
the	O
Alto	B-Device
,	O
include	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Graphics	B-Application
Environment	I-Application
Manager	I-Application
(	O
GEM	B-Application
)	O
from	O
Digital	O
Research	O
(	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
company	O
)	O
,	O
VisiCorp	O
's	O
Visi	B-Application
On	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
,	O
BTRON	B-Application
from	O
TRON	O
Project	O
,	O
Commodore	O
's	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Elixir	O
Desktop	O
,	O
Metaphor	O
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
Interleaf	O
,	O
IBM	B-Application
OS/2	I-Application
,	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
(	O
co-developed	O
by	O
Xerox	O
)	O
,	O
SunView	B-Library
,	O
KDE	B-Application
,	O
Ventura	B-Application
Publisher	I-Application
and	O
NEXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
Systems	O
PostScript	B-Language
was	O
based	O
on	O
Interpress	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	O
was	O
further	O
refined	O
by	O
3Com	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
become	O
a	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
networking	B-Architecture
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
people	O
feel	O
that	O
Apple	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
plagiarized	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
and	O
other	O
innovations	O
from	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
believe	O
that	O
Xerox	O
did	O
n't	O
properly	O
protect	O
its	O
intellectual	O
property	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
after	O
Apple	O
sued	O
Microsoft	O
for	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
of	O
its	O
Macintosh	B-Device
user	O
interface	O
in	O
Windows	O
,	O
Xerox	O
filed	O
a	O
similar	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
15	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
work-in-progress	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
emulator	O
created	O
by	O
LCM+L	O
known	O
as	O
Darkstar	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	O
.	O
</s>
