<s>
Extensible	B-Protocol
Messaging	I-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
Presence	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
,	O
originally	O
named	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
communication	O
protocol	O
designed	O
for	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
(	O
IM	O
)	O
,	O
presence	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
contact	B-Protocol
list	I-Protocol
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
XML	B-Protocol
(	O
Extensible	B-Protocol
Markup	I-Protocol
Language	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
it	O
enables	O
the	O
near-real-time	B-General_Concept
exchange	O
of	O
structured	O
data	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
network	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
be	O
extensible	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
protocol	O
offers	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
applications	O
beyond	O
traditional	O
IM	O
in	O
the	O
broader	O
realm	O
of	O
message-oriented	B-Application
middleware	I-Application
,	O
including	O
signalling	O
for	O
VoIP	B-Application
,	O
video	O
,	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
,	O
gaming	O
and	O
other	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
commercial	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
protocols	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
defined	O
in	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
in	O
the	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
architecture	O
of	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
network	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
email	O
;	O
anyone	O
can	O
run	O
their	O
own	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
server	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
central	O
master	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
federated	O
open	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
approach	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
interoperate	O
with	O
others	O
on	O
any	O
server	O
using	O
a	O
'	O
JID	O
 '	O
user	O
account	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
an	O
email	O
address	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
implementations	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
using	O
any	O
software	O
license	O
and	O
many	O
server	O
,	O
client	O
,	O
and	O
library	O
implementations	O
are	O
distributed	O
as	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
freeware	B-License
and	O
commercial	B-Application
software	I-Application
implementations	O
also	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
open-source	O
community	O
,	O
the	O
protocols	O
were	O
formalized	O
as	O
an	O
approved	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
standard	O
in	O
2004	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
continuously	O
developed	O
with	O
new	O
extensions	O
and	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
client	O
software	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
both	O
desktop	O
and	O
mobile	O
platforms	O
and	O
devices	O
-	O
by	O
2003	O
the	O
protocol	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
over	O
ten	O
million	O
people	O
worldwide	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Standards	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
network	O
architecture	O
is	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
the	O
Simple	B-Protocol
Mail	I-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
SMTP	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
a	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
model	I-Operating_System
;	O
clients	O
do	O
not	O
talk	O
directly	O
to	O
one	O
another	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
decentralized	O
-	O
anyone	O
can	O
run	O
a	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
design	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
central	O
authoritative	O
server	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
with	O
messaging	B-Protocol
services	O
such	O
as	O
AIM	B-Protocol
,	O
WLM	B-Protocol
,	O
WhatsApp	B-Application
or	O
Telegram	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
confusion	O
often	O
arises	O
on	O
this	O
point	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
public	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
server	O
being	O
run	O
at	O
jabber.org,	O
to	O
which	O
many	O
users	O
subscribe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
anyone	O
may	O
run	O
their	O
own	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
server	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
user	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
has	O
a	O
unique	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
address	O
,	O
called	O
JID	O
(	O
for	O
historical	O
reasons	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
addresses	O
are	O
often	O
called	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
IDs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JID	O
is	O
structured	O
like	O
an	O
email	O
address	O
with	O
a	O
username	O
and	O
a	O
domain	O
name	O
(	O
or	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
)	O
for	O
the	O
server	O
where	O
that	O
user	O
resides	O
,	O
separated	O
by	O
an	O
at	O
sign	O
( @	O
)	O
-	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
“	O
alice@example.com	O
“	O
:	O
here	O
alice	O
is	O
the	O
username	O
and	O
example.com	O
the	O
server	O
with	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
registered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
means	O
to	O
route	O
messages	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
logical	O
endpoint	O
identifier	O
-	O
the	O
JID	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
by	O
an	O
explicit	O
IP	B-Protocol
Address	I-Protocol
present	O
opportunities	O
to	O
use	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
as	O
an	O
Overlay	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
implementation	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
different	O
underlay	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
and	O
"	O
native	O
"	O
transport	O
protocol	O
for	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
Transmission	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
TCP	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
open-ended	O
XML	B-Protocol
streams	O
over	O
long-lived	O
TCP	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
TCP	O
transport	O
,	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
community	O
has	O
also	O
developed	O
an	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
transport	O
for	O
web	O
clients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
users	O
behind	O
restricted	O
firewalls	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
original	O
specification	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
could	O
use	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
in	O
two	O
ways	O
:	O
polling	O
and	O
binding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
polling	O
method	O
,	O
now	O
deprecated	O
,	O
essentially	O
implies	O
messages	O
stored	O
on	O
a	O
server-side	O
database	O
are	O
being	O
fetched	O
(	O
and	O
posted	O
)	O
regularly	O
by	O
an	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
client	O
by	O
way	O
of	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
'	O
GET	O
 '	O
and	O
'	O
POST	O
 '	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
binding	O
method	O
,	O
implemented	O
using	O
Bidirectional-streams	B-Protocol
Over	I-Protocol
Synchronous	I-Protocol
HTTP	I-Protocol
(	O
BOSH	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
allows	O
servers	O
to	O
push	O
messages	O
to	O
clients	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
client	O
uses	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
most	O
firewalls	B-Application
allow	O
clients	O
to	O
fetch	O
and	O
post	O
messages	O
without	O
any	O
hindrances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
in	O
scenarios	O
where	O
the	O
TCP	O
port	O
used	O
by	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
blocked	O
,	O
a	O
server	O
can	O
listen	O
on	O
the	O
normal	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
port	O
and	O
the	O
traffic	O
should	O
pass	O
without	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
websites	O
let	O
people	O
sign	O
into	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
via	O
a	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
open	O
public	O
servers	O
that	O
listen	O
on	O
standard	O
http	B-Protocol
(	O
port	O
80	O
)	O
and	O
https	B-Protocol
(	O
port	O
443	O
)	O
ports	O
,	O
and	O
hence	O
allow	O
connections	O
from	O
behind	O
most	O
firewalls	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
IANA-registered	O
port	O
for	O
BOSH	B-Protocol
is	O
actually	O
5280	O
,	O
not	O
80	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Standards	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
or	O
XSF	B-Protocol
(	O
formerly	O
the	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
Software	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
active	O
in	O
developing	O
open	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
extensions	O
,	O
so	O
called	O
XEP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
maintain	O
interoperability	O
,	O
common	O
extensions	O
are	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
XSF	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
applications	O
beyond	O
IM	O
include	O
:	O
chat	O
rooms	O
,	O
network	O
management	O
,	O
content	O
syndication	O
,	O
collaboration	O
tools	O
,	O
file	O
sharing	O
,	O
gaming	O
,	O
remote	O
systems	O
control	O
and	O
monitoring	O
,	O
geolocation	O
,	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
VoIP	B-Application
,	O
and	O
identity	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
its	O
capability	O
to	O
support	O
discovery	O
across	O
local	O
network	O
domains	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
well-suited	O
for	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
where	O
virtual	O
machines	O
,	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
firewalls	B-Application
would	O
otherwise	O
present	O
obstacles	O
to	O
alternative	O
service	B-Protocol
discovery	I-Protocol
and	O
presence-based	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
storage	O
systems	O
rely	O
on	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
communication	O
over	O
multiple	O
levels	O
,	O
including	O
not	O
only	O
messaging	B-Protocol
between	O
systems	O
to	O
relay	O
state	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
migration	O
or	O
distribution	O
of	O
larger	O
objects	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
storage	O
or	O
virtual	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
authentication	O
and	O
in-transit	O
data	O
protection	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
applied	O
at	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
levels	O
and	O
may	O
prove	O
ideal	O
as	O
an	O
extensible	B-Architecture
middleware	B-General_Concept
or	O
Message-oriented	B-Application
middleware	I-Application
(	O
MOM	O
)	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
moment	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
does	O
not	O
support	O
Quality	O
of	O
Service	O
(	O
QoS	O
)	O
;	O
assured	O
delivery	O
of	O
messages	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
XML	B-Protocol
is	O
text	O
based	O
,	O
normal	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
has	O
a	O
higher	O
network	O
overhead	O
compared	O
to	O
purely	O
binary	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
issue	O
was	O
being	O
addressed	O
by	O
the	O
experimental	O
XEP-0322	O
:	O
Efficient	O
XML	B-Protocol
Interchange	O
(	O
EXI	O
)	O
Format	O
,	O
where	O
XML	B-Protocol
is	O
serialized	O
in	O
a	O
very	O
efficient	O
binary	O
manner	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
schema-informed	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Binary	O
data	O
must	O
be	O
first	O
base64	B-Protocol
encoded	O
before	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
transmitted	O
in-band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
any	O
significant	O
amount	O
of	O
binary	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
file	B-Protocol
transfers	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
best	O
transmitted	O
out-of-band	B-Protocol
,	O
using	O
in-band	O
messages	O
to	O
coordinate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
best	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
Jingle	B-Protocol
XMPP	B-Protocol
Extension	O
Protocol	O
,	O
XEP-0166	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
extension	O
called	O
Jingle	B-Protocol
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
can	O
provide	O
an	O
open	O
means	O
to	O
support	O
machine-to-machine	O
or	O
peer-to-peer	O
communications	O
across	O
a	O
diverse	O
set	O
of	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
is	O
mainly	O
used	O
for	O
IP	B-Application
telephony	I-Application
(	O
VoIP	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
supports	O
conferences	O
with	O
multiple	O
users	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
specification	O
Multi-User	O
Chat	O
(	O
MUC	O
)	O
(	O
XEP-0045	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
of	O
a	O
normal	O
user	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
comparable	O
to	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Relay	I-Protocol
Chat	I-Protocol
(	O
IRC	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Off-the-Record	B-Protocol
Messaging	I-Protocol
(	O
OTR	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
enabling	O
encryption	O
of	O
messages	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
better	O
extension	O
,	O
multi-end-to-multi-end	O
encryption	O
(	O
OMEMO	B-Application
,	O
XEP-0384	O
)	O
end-to-end	O
encryption	O
between	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messages	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
encrypted	O
with	O
OpenPGP	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
with	O
the	O
software	O
Gajim	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
several	O
service	B-Protocol
discovery	I-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
exist	O
today	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
zeroconf	B-Application
or	O
the	O
Service	B-Protocol
Location	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
provides	O
a	O
solid	O
base	O
for	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
services	O
residing	O
locally	O
or	O
across	O
a	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
these	O
services	O
(	O
via	O
presence	B-Protocol
information	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
as	O
specified	O
by	O
XEP-0030	O
DISCO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
design	O
goals	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
open-source	O
community	O
was	O
enabling	O
users	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
multiple	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
systems	O
(	O
especially	O
non-XMPP	O
systems	O
)	O
through	O
a	O
single	O
client	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
done	O
through	O
entities	O
called	O
transports	O
or	O
gateways	O
to	O
other	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
protocols	O
like	O
ICQ	B-Protocol
,	O
AIM	B-Protocol
or	O
Yahoo	B-Application
Messenger	I-Application
,	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
SMS	O
,	O
IRC	B-Protocol
or	O
email	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
multi-protocol	B-Application
clients	I-Application
,	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
provides	O
this	O
access	O
at	O
the	O
server	O
level	O
by	O
communicating	O
via	O
special	O
gateway	O
services	O
running	O
alongside	O
an	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
user	O
can	O
"	O
register	O
"	O
with	O
one	O
of	O
these	O
gateways	O
by	O
providing	O
the	O
information	O
needed	O
to	O
log	O
on	O
to	O
that	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
then	O
communicate	O
with	O
users	O
of	O
that	O
network	O
as	O
though	O
they	O
were	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
such	O
gateways	O
function	O
as	O
client	O
proxies	O
(	O
the	O
gateway	O
authenticates	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
behalf	O
on	O
the	O
non-XMPP	O
service	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
any	O
client	O
that	O
fully	O
supports	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
can	O
access	O
any	O
network	O
with	O
a	O
gateway	O
without	O
extra	O
code	O
in	O
the	O
client	O
,	O
and	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
the	O
client	O
to	O
have	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
type	O
of	O
gateway	O
is	O
a	O
server-to-server	B-Protocol
gateway	O
,	O
which	O
enables	O
a	O
non-XMPP	O
server	O
deployment	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
native	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
servers	O
using	O
the	O
built	O
in	O
interdomain	O
federation	O
features	O
of	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
server-to-server	B-Protocol
gateways	O
are	O
offered	O
by	O
several	O
enterprise	O
IM	O
software	O
products	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
implemented	O
by	O
many	O
clients	O
,	O
servers	O
,	O
and	O
code	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
server	O
software	O
exist	O
,	O
some	O
well	O
known	O
ones	O
include	O
ejabberd	B-Protocol
and	O
Prosody	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
client	O
software	O
exist	O
on	O
various	O
modern	O
and	O
legacy	O
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
both	O
graphical	O
and	O
command	O
line	O
based	O
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
website	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
software	O
include	O
Conversations	B-Protocol
(	O
Android	O
)	O
,	O
Converse.js	O
(	O
web	O
browser	O
,	O
Linux	O
,	O
Windows	O
,	O
macOS	O
)	O
,	O
Gajim	B-Language
(	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	O
)	O
,	O
Monal	O
(	O
macOS	O
,	O
iOS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Swift.IM	O
(	O
macOS	O
,	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
clients	O
include	O
:	O
Bombus	B-Protocol
,	O
ChatSecure	B-Protocol
,	O
Coccinella	B-Protocol
,	O
Miranda	B-Protocol
NG	I-Protocol
,	O
Pidgin	B-Protocol
,	O
Psi	B-Language
,	O
Tkabber	B-Protocol
,	O
Trillian	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Xabber	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
thousands	O
of	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
servers	O
worldwide	O
,	O
many	O
public	O
ones	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
private	O
individuals	O
or	O
organizations	O
running	O
their	O
own	O
servers	O
without	O
commercial	O
intent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
websites	O
show	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
public	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
servers	O
where	O
users	O
may	O
register	O
at	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
on	O
the	O
XMPP.net	O
website	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
large	O
public	O
IM	O
services	O
natively	O
use	O
or	O
used	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
,	O
including	O
LiveJournal	B-Application
's	O
"	O
LJ	O
Talk	O
"	O
,	O
Nimbuzz	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
HipChat	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
hosting	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
DreamHost	B-Protocol
,	O
enable	O
hosting	O
customers	O
to	O
choose	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
services	O
alongside	O
more	O
traditional	O
web	O
and	O
email	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialized	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
hosting	O
services	O
also	O
exist	O
in	O
form	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
so	O
that	O
domain	O
owners	O
need	O
not	O
directly	O
run	O
their	O
own	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
servers	O
,	O
including	O
Cisco	O
Webex	O
Connect	O
,	O
Chrome.pl,	O
Flosoft.biz,	O
i-pobox.net,	O
and	O
hosted.im	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
deployments	O
of	O
non-IM	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
smart	O
grid	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
demand	O
response	O
applications	O
,	O
message-oriented	B-Application
middleware	I-Application
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
SMS	O
to	O
provide	O
text	O
messaging	B-Protocol
on	O
many	O
smartphone	B-Application
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
messaging	B-Protocol
providers	O
use	O
,	O
or	O
have	O
been	O
using	O
,	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
based	O
protocols	O
in	O
their	O
backend	O
systems	O
without	O
necessarily	O
exposing	O
this	O
fact	O
to	O
their	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
which	O
in	O
August	O
2005	O
introduced	O
Google	B-Application
Talk	I-Application
,	O
a	O
combination	O
VoIP	B-Application
and	O
IM	O
system	O
that	O
uses	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
for	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
and	O
as	O
a	O
base	O
for	O
a	O
voice	O
and	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
signaling	O
protocol	O
called	O
Jingle	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
launch	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
server-to-server	B-Protocol
communications	O
;	O
Google	B-Application
enabled	O
that	O
feature	O
on	O
January	O
17	O
,	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
later	O
added	O
video	O
functionality	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
Talk	I-Application
,	O
also	O
using	O
the	O
Jingle	B-Protocol
protocol	O
for	O
signaling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2013	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
compatibility	O
would	O
be	O
dropped	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Talk	I-Application
for	O
server-to-server	B-Protocol
federation	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
would	O
retain	O
client-to-server	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
talk	I-Application
has	O
since	O
been	O
dropped	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
line	O
of	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2008	O
,	O
AOL	O
introduced	O
experimental	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
support	O
for	O
its	O
AOL	B-Protocol
Instant	I-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
(	O
AIM	B-Protocol
)	O
service	O
,	O
allowing	O
AIM	B-Protocol
users	O
to	O
communicate	O
using	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2011	O
,	O
AOL	O
offers	O
limited	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
social-networking	O
site	O
Facebook	B-Application
opened	O
up	O
its	O
chat	B-Protocol
feature	I-Protocol
to	O
third-party	O
applications	O
via	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
functionality	O
was	O
unavailable	O
through	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
support	O
was	O
dropped	O
in	O
April	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
in	O
December	O
2011	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
an	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
interface	O
to	O
its	O
Microsoft	O
Messenger	B-Protocol
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Skype	B-Application
,	O
its	O
de	O
facto	O
successor	O
,	O
also	O
provided	O
limited	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apache	B-Application
Wave	I-Application
is	O
another	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
for	O
private	O
chat	O
in	O
gaming	O
related	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Origin	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
PlayStation	B-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
now	O
discontinued	O
Xfire	B-Protocol
and	O
Raptr	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
notable	O
exceptions	O
are	O
Steam	B-Application
and	O
Xbox	B-Application
LIVE	I-Application
;	O
both	O
use	O
their	O
own	O
proprietary	B-Application
messaging	B-Protocol
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeremie	O
Miller	O
began	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
technology	O
in	O
1998	O
and	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
jabberd	O
server	O
on	O
January	O
4	O
,	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
community	O
focused	O
on	O
open-source	O
software	O
,	O
mainly	O
the	O
jabberd	O
server	O
,	O
but	O
its	O
major	O
outcome	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	O
Engineering	O
Task	O
Force	O
(	O
IETF	O
)	O
formed	O
an	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
working	O
group	O
in	O
2002	O
to	O
formalize	O
the	O
core	O
protocols	O
as	O
an	O
IETF	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
and	O
presence	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
protocol	O
,	O
as	O
developed	O
in	O
1999	O
and	O
2000	O
,	O
formed	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
as	O
published	O
in	O
RFC	O
3920	O
and	O
RFC	O
3921	O
in	O
October	O
2004	O
(	O
the	O
primary	O
changes	O
during	O
formalization	O
by	O
the	O
IETF	O
's	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Working	O
Group	O
were	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
TLS	B-Protocol
for	O
channel	O
encryption	O
and	O
SASL	O
for	O
authentication	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Working	O
group	O
also	O
produced	O
specifications	O
RFC	O
3922	O
and	O
RFC	O
3923	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
RFC	O
3920	O
and	O
RFC	O
3921	O
were	O
superseded	O
by	O
RFC	O
6120	O
and	O
RFC	O
6121	O
respectively	O
,	O
with	O
RFC	O
6122	O
specifying	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
address	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
these	O
core	O
protocols	O
standardized	O
at	O
the	O
IETF	O
,	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Standards	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
(	O
formerly	O
the	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
Software	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
active	O
in	O
developing	O
open	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
IM	O
service	O
based	O
on	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
was	O
Jabber.org,	O
which	O
has	O
operated	O
continuously	O
and	O
offered	O
free	O
accounts	O
since	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1999	O
until	O
February	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
used	O
jabberd	O
as	O
its	O
server	O
software	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
time	O
it	O
migrated	O
to	O
ejabberd	B-Protocol
(	O
both	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
application	O
servers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
migrated	O
to	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
M-Link	O
server	O
software	O
produced	O
by	O
Isode	O
Ltd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2008	O
,	O
Cisco	O
Systems	O
acquired	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
the	O
commercial	O
product	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
XCP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Standards	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
(	O
XSF	B-Protocol
)	O
develops	O
and	O
publishes	O
extensions	O
to	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
through	O
a	O
standards	O
process	O
centered	O
on	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Extension	O
Protocols	O
(	O
XEPs	O
,	O
previously	O
known	O
as	O
Jabber	B-Protocol
Enhancement	O
Proposals	O
-	O
JEPs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
features	O
such	O
as	O
federation	O
across	O
domains	O
,	O
publish/subscribe	O
,	O
authentication	O
and	O
its	O
security	O
even	O
for	O
mobile	O
endpoints	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
extensions	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
experimental	O
implementation	O
:	O
Efficient	O
XML	B-Protocol
Interchange	O
(	O
EXI	O
)	O
Format	O
;	O
Sensor	O
Data	O
;	O
Provisioning	O
;	O
Control	O
;	O
Concentrators	O
;	O
Discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
efforts	O
are	O
documented	O
on	O
a	O
page	O
in	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
wiki	O
dedicated	O
to	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
IoT	B-Operating_System
mailing	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IETF	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
working	O
group	O
has	O
produced	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Request	O
for	O
Comments	O
(	O
RFC	O
)	O
documents	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
RFC	O
6120	O
,	O
Extensible	B-Protocol
Messaging	I-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
Presence	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
)	O
:	O
Core	O
,	O
which	O
describes	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
messaging	B-Protocol
using	O
two	O
open-ended	O
XML	B-Protocol
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
streams	O
consist	O
of	O
presence/	O
,	O
message/	O
and	O
iq/	O
(	O
info/query	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
connection	O
is	O
authenticated	O
with	O
Simple	O
Authentication	O
and	O
Security	O
Layer	O
(	O
SASL	O
)	O
and	O
encrypted	O
with	O
Transport	B-Protocol
Layer	I-Protocol
Security	I-Protocol
(	O
TLS	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFC	O
6121	O
,	O
Extensible	B-Protocol
Messaging	I-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
Presence	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
)	O
:	O
Instant	B-Application
Messaging	I-Application
and	O
Presence	O
describes	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
(	O
IM	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
application	O
of	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
RFC	O
7622	O
,	O
Extensible	B-Protocol
Messaging	I-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
Presence	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
)	O
:	O
Address	O
Format	O
describes	O
the	O
rules	O
for	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
addresses	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
JabberIDs	O
or	O
JIDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XMPP	B-Protocol
has	O
often	O
been	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
SIMPLE	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
Session	B-Application
Initiation	I-Application
Protocol	I-Application
(	O
SIP	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
protocol	O
for	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
and	O
presence	O
notification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
extension	O
for	O
multi-user	O
chat	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Relay	I-Protocol
Chat	I-Protocol
(	O
IRC	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
although	O
IRC	B-Protocol
is	O
far	O
simpler	O
,	O
has	O
far	O
fewer	O
features	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
far	O
more	O
widely	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
extensions	O
for	O
publish-subscribe	O
provide	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
as	O
the	O
Advanced	B-Operating_System
Message	I-Operating_System
Queuing	I-Operating_System
Protocol	I-Operating_System
(	O
AMQP	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
