<s>
A	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
electronic	O
device	O
(	O
later	O
a	O
computer	O
software	B-Application
application	I-Application
)	O
for	O
text	O
,	O
composing	O
,	O
editing	O
,	O
formatting	O
,	O
and	O
printing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
office	O
machine	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
combining	O
the	O
keyboard	O
text-entry	O
and	O
printing	O
functions	O
of	O
an	O
electric	O
typewriter	O
with	O
a	O
recording	O
unit	O
,	O
either	O
tape	O
or	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
(	O
as	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Wang	O
machine	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
dedicated	O
computer	O
processor	O
for	O
the	O
editing	O
of	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
features	O
and	O
designs	O
varied	O
among	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
models	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
features	O
were	O
added	O
as	O
technology	O
advanced	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
typically	O
featured	O
a	O
monochrome	B-Device
display	I-Device
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
save	O
documents	O
on	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
or	O
diskettes	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
models	O
introduced	O
innovations	O
such	O
as	O
spell-checking	B-Application
programs	O
,	O
and	O
improved	O
formatting	O
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
more	O
versatile	O
combination	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
printers	O
became	O
commonplace	O
,	O
and	O
computer	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
for	O
word	O
processing	O
became	O
popular	O
,	O
most	O
business	O
machine	O
companies	O
stopped	O
manufacturing	O
dedicated	B-General_Concept
word	I-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2009	O
there	O
were	O
only	O
two	O
U.S.	O
companies	O
,	O
Classic	O
and	O
AlphaSmart	B-Application
,	O
which	O
still	O
made	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2009	O
,	O
Sentinel	O
has	O
offered	O
a	O
machine	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
accurately	O
a	O
highly	O
specialised	O
microcomputer	O
used	O
for	O
accounting	O
and	O
publishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	O
processing	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
applications	O
for	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
in	O
office	O
productivity	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
application	O
on	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
until	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
rose	O
to	O
prominence	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
early	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
evolved	O
to	O
use	O
tag-based	O
markup	O
for	O
document	B-General_Concept
formatting	I-General_Concept
,	O
most	O
modern	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
providing	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
what-you-see-is-what-you-get	B-Application
(	O
"	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
"	O
)	O
editing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
features	O
of	O
a	O
modern	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
include	O
multiple	O
font	O
sets	O
,	O
spell	B-Application
checking	I-Application
,	O
grammar	O
checking	O
,	O
a	O
built-in	O
thesaurus	O
,	O
automatic	B-Protocol
text	I-Protocol
correction	I-Protocol
,	O
web	O
integration	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
conversion	O
,	O
pre-formatted	O
publication	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
newsletters	O
and	O
to-do	O
lists	O
,	O
and	O
much	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
word	O
processing	O
software	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
user	O
tracking	O
system	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
estimates	O
that	O
roughly	O
half	O
a	O
billion	O
people	O
use	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
suite	I-Application
,	O
which	O
includes	O
Word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
other	O
word	O
processing	O
applications	O
exist	O
,	O
including	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
(	O
which	O
dominated	O
the	O
market	O
from	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
to	O
early-1990s	O
on	O
computers	O
running	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
still	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
is	O
favored	O
for	O
legal	O
applications	O
)	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
Pages	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
applications	O
such	O
as	O
OpenOffice.org	B-Application
Writer	I-Application
,	O
LibreOffice	B-Protocol
Writer	I-Protocol
,	O
AbiWord	B-Language
,	O
KWord	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
LyX	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-based	B-Application
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Office	O
Online	O
or	O
Google	O
Docs	O
are	O
a	O
relatively	O
new	O
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
evolved	O
dramatically	O
once	O
they	O
became	O
software	O
programs	O
rather	O
than	O
dedicated	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
usefully	O
be	O
distinguished	O
from	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
,	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
software	O
they	O
evolved	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
text	B-Application
editor	I-Application
is	O
a	O
program	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
typing	O
,	O
copying	O
,	O
pasting	O
,	O
and	O
printing	O
text	O
(	O
a	O
single	O
character	O
,	O
or	O
strings	O
of	O
characters	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
do	O
not	O
format	O
lines	O
or	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
There	O
are	O
extensions	O
of	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
which	O
can	O
perform	O
formatting	O
of	O
lines	O
and	O
pages	O
:	O
batch	O
document	O
processing	O
systems	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
TJ-2	B-Protocol
and	O
RUNOFF	B-Protocol
and	O
still	O
available	O
in	O
such	O
systems	O
as	O
LaTeX	B-Application
and	O
Ghostscript	B-Language
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
programs	O
that	O
implement	O
the	O
paged-media	O
extensions	O
to	O
HTML	B-Language
and	O
CSS	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
are	O
now	O
used	O
mainly	O
by	O
programmers	B-Application
,	O
website	O
designers	O
,	O
computer	O
system	O
administrators	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
LaTeX	B-Application
,	O
by	O
mathematicians	O
and	O
scientists	O
(	O
for	O
complex	O
formulas	O
and	O
for	O
citations	O
in	O
rare	O
languages	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
use	O
in	O
managing	O
complex	O
software	O
projects	O
,	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
can	O
sometimes	O
provide	O
better	O
facilities	O
for	O
managing	O
large	O
writing	O
projects	O
than	O
a	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	O
processing	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
text	B-Application
editor	I-Application
the	O
ability	O
to	O
control	O
type	O
style	O
and	O
size	O
,	O
to	O
manage	O
lines	O
(	O
word	O
wrap	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
format	O
documents	O
into	O
pages	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
number	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spell	B-Application
checking	I-Application
,	O
grammar	O
checking	O
and	O
mail	B-Application
merge	I-Application
were	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
add-ons	O
for	O
early	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
are	O
also	O
capable	O
of	O
hyphenation	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
management	O
and	O
correct	O
positioning	O
of	O
footnotes	O
and	O
endnotes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
advanced	O
features	O
found	O
in	O
recent	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
desktop	O
publishing	O
programs	O
were	O
specifically	O
designed	O
with	O
elaborate	O
pre-formatted	O
layouts	O
for	O
publication	O
,	O
offering	O
only	O
limited	O
options	O
for	O
changing	O
the	O
layout	O
,	O
while	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
import	O
text	O
that	O
was	O
written	O
using	O
a	O
text	B-Application
editor	I-Application
or	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
type	O
the	O
text	O
in	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
have	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
uses	O
and	O
applications	O
within	O
the	O
business	O
world	O
,	O
home	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
journalism	O
,	O
publishing	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
literary	O
arts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
business	O
world	O
,	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
are	O
extremely	O
useful	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
modern	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
with	O
layout	O
editing	O
and	O
similar	O
capabilities	O
find	O
widespread	O
use	O
in	O
most	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
homes	O
have	O
a	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
on	O
their	O
computers	O
,	O
word	O
processing	O
in	O
the	O
home	O
tends	O
to	O
be	O
educational	O
,	O
planning	O
or	O
business	O
related	O
,	O
dealing	O
with	O
school	O
assignments	O
or	O
work	O
being	O
completed	O
at	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Occasionally	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
for	O
recreational	O
purposes	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
use	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
résumés	O
and	O
greeting	O
cards	O
,	O
but	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
home	O
publishing	O
processes	O
have	O
been	O
taken	O
over	O
by	O
web	B-Application
apps	I-Application
or	O
desktop	O
publishing	O
programs	O
specifically	O
oriented	O
toward	O
home	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
email	O
and	O
social	O
networks	O
has	O
also	O
reduced	O
the	O
home	O
role	O
of	O
the	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
as	O
uses	O
that	O
formerly	O
required	O
printed	O
output	O
can	O
now	O
be	O
done	O
entirely	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
are	O
descended	O
from	O
the	O
Friden	B-Application
Flexowriter	I-Application
,	O
which	O
had	O
two	O
punched	O
tape	O
stations	O
and	O
permitted	O
switching	O
from	O
one	O
to	O
the	O
other	O
(	O
thus	O
enabling	O
what	O
was	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
chain	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
form	O
letter	O
"	O
,	O
one	O
tape	O
containing	O
names	O
and	O
addresses	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
the	O
body	O
of	O
the	O
letter	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expensive	B-Application
Typewriter	I-Application
,	O
written	O
and	O
improved	O
between	O
1961	O
and	O
1962	O
by	O
Steve	O
Piner	O
and	O
L	O
.	O
Peter	O
Deutsch	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
text	B-Application
editing	I-Application
program	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
a	O
DEC	B-Device
PDP-1	I-Device
computer	O
at	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1969	O
,	O
two	O
software	O
based	O
text	B-Application
editing	I-Application
products	O
(	O
Astrotype	O
and	O
Astrocomp	O
)	O
were	O
developed	O
and	O
marketed	O
by	O
Information	O
Control	O
Systems	O
(	O
Ann	O
Arbor	O
Michigan	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
products	O
used	O
the	O
Digital	B-Device
Equipment	I-Device
Corporation	I-Device
PDP-8	I-Device
mini	O
computer	O
,	O
DECtape	O
(	O
4	O
”	O
reel	O
)	O
randomly	O
accessible	O
tape	O
drives	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	O
Selectric	O
typewriter	O
(	O
the	O
IBM	O
2741	O
Terminal	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
1969	O
products	O
preceded	O
CRT	O
display-based	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	B-Application
editing	I-Application
was	O
done	O
using	O
a	O
line	O
numbering	O
system	O
viewed	O
on	O
a	O
paper	O
copy	O
inserted	O
in	O
the	O
Selectric	O
typewriter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evelyn	O
Berezin	O
invented	O
a	O
Selectric-based	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
in	O
1969	O
,	O
and	O
founded	O
the	O
Redactron	O
Corporation	O
to	O
market	O
the	O
$	O
8,000	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
Times	O
headlined	O
a	O
1974	O
Xerox	O
product	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
speedier	O
electronic	O
typewriter	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
no	O
screen	O
,	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
strictly	O
a	O
typewriter	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
stores	O
copy	O
on	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
or	O
magnetic	O
cards	O
for	O
retyping	O
,	O
corrections	O
,	O
and	O
subsequent	O
printout	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Output	O
could	O
be	O
printed	O
on	O
a	O
typical	O
line	O
printer	O
in	O
all-capitals	O
—	O
or	O
in	O
upper	O
and	O
lower	O
case	O
using	O
a	O
special	O
(	O
"	O
TN	O
"	O
)	O
printer	O
chain	O
—	O
or	O
could	O
be	O
punched	O
as	O
a	O
paper	O
tape	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
printed	O
,	O
in	O
better	O
than	O
line	O
printer	O
quality	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
Flexowriter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electromechanical	O
paper-tape-based	O
equipment	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Friden	B-Application
Flexowriter	I-Application
had	O
long	O
been	O
available	O
;	O
the	O
Flexowriter	B-Application
allowed	O
for	O
operations	O
such	O
as	O
repetitive	O
typing	O
of	O
form	O
letters	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
pause	O
for	O
the	O
operator	O
to	O
manually	O
type	O
in	O
the	O
variable	O
information	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
when	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
auxiliary	O
reader	O
,	O
could	O
perform	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
"	O
mail	B-Application
merge	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Mag	O
Tape	O
Selectric	O
Typewriter	O
(	O
MT/ST	O
)	O
and	O
later	O
Mag	O
Card	O
Selectric	O
(	O
MCST	O
)	O
were	O
early	O
devices	O
of	O
this	O
kind	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
editing	O
,	O
simple	O
revision	O
,	O
and	O
repetitive	O
typing	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
one-line	O
display	B-Device
for	O
editing	O
single	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
novel	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
on	O
a	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
IBM	O
MT/ST	O
,	O
was	O
Len	O
Deighton	O
's	O
Bomber	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
1970	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
considered	O
only	O
the	O
organizational	O
changes	O
resulting	O
from	O
secretaries	O
operating	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
typewriters	O
;	O
the	O
possibility	O
that	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
might	O
result	O
in	O
managers	O
creating	O
documents	O
without	O
the	O
intervention	O
of	O
secretaries	O
was	O
not	O
considerednot	O
surprising	O
in	O
an	O
era	O
when	O
few	O
managers	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
secretaries	O
,	O
possessed	O
keyboarding	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
Stephen	O
Bernard	O
Dorsey	O
,	O
Founder	O
and	O
President	O
of	O
Canadian	O
company	O
Automatic	O
Electronic	O
Systems	O
(	O
AES	O
)	O
,	O
introduced	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
programmable	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
video	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1975	O
,	O
Dorsey	O
started	O
Micom	O
Data	O
Systems	O
and	O
introduced	O
the	O
Micom	O
2000	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Micom	O
2000	O
improved	O
on	O
the	O
AES	O
design	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
Intel	O
8080	O
single-chip	O
microprocessor	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
the	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
smaller	O
,	O
less	O
costly	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
supported	O
multiple	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
DeltaData	O
and	O
Wang	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
also	O
appeared	O
,	O
again	O
with	O
a	O
video	O
screen	O
and	O
a	O
magnetic	O
storage	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1978	O
,	O
Micom	O
partnered	O
with	O
Dutch	O
multinational	O
Philips	O
and	O
Dorsey	O
grew	O
Micom	O
's	O
sales	O
position	O
to	O
number	O
three	O
among	O
major	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
manufacturers	O
,	O
behind	O
only	O
IBM	O
and	O
Wang	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1974	O
,	O
Koplow	O
's	O
interface	O
program	O
was	O
developed	O
into	O
the	O
Wang	O
1200	O
Word	B-General_Concept
Processor	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
IBM	O
Selectric-based	O
text-storage	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wang	O
was	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
CRT-based	O
machine	O
nor	O
were	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
innovations	O
unique	O
to	O
Wang	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
Linolex	O
,	O
Lexitron	O
and	O
Vydec	O
introduced	O
pioneering	O
word-processing	B-General_Concept
systems	O
with	O
CRT	B-Device
display	I-Device
editing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
refinanced	O
by	O
the	O
Canada	O
Development	O
Corporation	O
,	O
it	O
returned	O
to	O
operation	O
as	O
AES	O
Data	O
,	O
and	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
successfully	O
market	O
its	O
brand	O
of	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
worldwide	O
until	O
its	O
demise	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
first	O
office	O
product	O
,	O
the	O
AES-90	O
,	O
combined	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
a	O
CRT-screen	O
,	O
a	O
floppy-disk	O
and	O
a	O
microprocessor	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
the	O
very	O
same	O
winning	O
combination	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
IBM	O
for	O
its	O
PC	O
seven	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phrase	O
"	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
"	O
rapidly	O
came	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
CRT-based	O
machines	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
AES	O
90	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
CRT-based	O
machines	O
used	O
cassette	O
tapes	O
for	O
removable-memory	O
storage	O
until	O
floppy	B-Device
diskettes	I-Device
became	O
available	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
-	O
first	O
the	O
8-inch	B-Device
floppy	I-Device
,	O
then	O
the	O
5¼-inch	O
(	O
drives	O
by	O
Shugart	O
Associates	O
and	O
diskettes	B-Device
by	O
Dysan	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Printing	O
of	O
documents	O
was	O
initially	O
accomplished	O
using	O
IBM	O
Selectric	O
typewriters	O
modified	O
for	O
ASCII-character	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
quicker	O
"	O
draft	O
"	O
printing	O
,	O
dot-matrix	O
line	O
printers	O
were	O
optional	O
alternatives	O
with	O
some	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electric	B-Application
Pencil	I-Application
,	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
1976	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
software	O
for	O
microcomputers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software-based	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
running	O
on	O
general-purpose	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
gradually	O
displaced	O
dedicated	B-General_Concept
word	I-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
term	O
came	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
software	O
rather	O
than	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MultiMate	B-Protocol
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
was	O
written	O
for	O
an	O
insurance	O
company	O
that	O
had	O
hundreds	O
of	O
typists	O
using	O
Wang	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
spread	O
from	O
there	O
to	O
other	O
Wang	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
adapt	O
to	O
the	O
smaller	O
,	O
more	O
generic	O
PC	O
keyboard	O
,	O
MultiMate	B-Protocol
used	O
stick-on	O
labels	O
and	O
a	O
large	O
plastic	O
clip-on	O
template	O
to	O
remind	O
users	O
of	O
its	O
dozens	O
of	O
Wang-like	O
functions	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
shift	O
,	O
alt	O
and	O
ctrl	B-Device
keys	I-Device
with	O
the	O
10	O
IBM	O
function	O
keys	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
alphabet	O
keys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
early	O
word-processing	B-General_Concept
software	O
required	O
users	O
to	O
memorize	O
semi-mnemonic	O
key	O
combinations	O
rather	O
than	O
pressing	O
keys	O
labelled	O
"	O
copy	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
bold	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
In	O
fact	O
,	O
many	O
early	O
PCs	B-Device
lacked	O
cursor	O
keys	O
;	O
WordStar	B-Application
famously	O
used	O
the	O
E-S-D-X-centered	O
"	O
diamond	O
"	O
for	O
cursor	O
navigation	O
,	O
and	O
modern	O
vi-like	O
editors	O
encourage	O
use	O
of	O
hjkl	O
for	O
navigation	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
price	O
differences	O
between	O
dedicated	B-General_Concept
word	I-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
and	O
general-purpose	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
value	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
latter	O
by	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
,	O
were	O
so	O
compelling	O
that	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
word	O
processing	O
software	O
soon	O
became	O
serious	O
competition	O
for	O
the	O
dedicated	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	O
processing	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
use	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
unlike	O
the	O
spreadsheet	O
(	O
dominated	O
by	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
)	O
and	O
database	O
(	O
dBase	B-Application
)	O
markets	O
,	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
,	O
XyWrite	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
pfs:Write	B-Application
,	O
and	O
dozens	O
of	O
other	O
word	O
processing	O
software	O
brands	O
competed	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
;	O
PC	O
Magazine	O
reviewed	O
57	O
different	O
programs	O
in	O
one	O
January	O
1986	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
higher-resolution	O
monitors	O
allowed	O
them	O
to	O
provide	O
limited	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
—	O
What	B-Application
You	I-Application
See	I-Application
Is	I-Application
What	I-Application
You	I-Application
Get	I-Application
,	O
to	O
the	O
extent	O
that	O
typographical	O
features	O
like	O
bold	O
and	O
italics	O
,	O
indentation	O
,	O
justification	O
and	O
margins	O
were	O
approximated	O
on	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mid-to-late	O
1980s	O
saw	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
laser	O
printers	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
typographic	O
"	O
approach	O
to	O
word	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
true	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
bitmap	O
displays	O
with	O
multiple	O
fonts	O
(	O
pioneered	O
by	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
computer	O
and	O
Bravo	B-Application
word	O
processing	O
program	O
)	O
,	O
PostScript	B-Language
,	O
and	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
another	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
innovation	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Gypsy	B-Protocol
word	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
which	O
was	O
commercialised	O
in	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
product	O
range	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standalone	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
adapted	O
by	O
getting	O
smaller	O
and	O
replacing	O
their	O
CRTs	O
with	O
small	O
character-oriented	O
LCD	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
models	O
also	O
had	O
computer-like	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
output	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
into	O
the	O
1990s	O
the	O
predominant	O
word	O
processing	O
program	O
was	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
more	O
than	O
50%	O
of	O
the	O
worldwide	O
market	O
as	O
late	O
as	O
1995	O
,	O
but	O
by	O
2000	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
had	O
up	O
to	O
95%	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacWrite	B-Operating_System
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
word	O
processing	O
programs	O
for	O
the	O
bit-mapped	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	O
screen	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
were	O
probably	O
the	O
first	O
true	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
to	O
become	O
known	O
to	O
many	O
people	O
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dedicated	B-General_Concept
word	I-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
eventually	O
became	O
museum	O
pieces	O
.	O
</s>
