<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
lexical	B-Application
database	O
of	O
semantic	O
relations	O
between	O
words	O
that	O
links	O
words	O
into	O
semantic	O
relations	O
including	O
synonyms	B-Application
,	O
hyponyms	O
,	O
and	O
meronyms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
synonyms	B-Application
are	O
grouped	O
into	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
with	O
short	O
definitions	O
and	O
usage	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
thus	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
combination	O
and	O
extension	O
of	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
and	O
thesaurus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
is	O
accessible	O
to	O
human	O
users	O
via	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
its	O
primary	O
use	O
is	O
in	O
automatic	O
text	B-Language
analysis	I-Language
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
created	O
in	O
the	O
English	O
language	O
and	O
the	O
English	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
database	O
and	O
software	O
tools	O
have	O
been	O
released	O
under	O
a	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
style	I-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
and	O
are	O
freely	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
from	O
that	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
now	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
in	O
more	O
than	O
200	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
created	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
in	O
English	O
only	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
Cognitive	O
Science	O
Laboratory	O
of	O
Princeton	O
University	O
under	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
psychology	O
professor	O
George	O
Armitage	O
Miller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
George	O
Miller	O
and	O
Christiane	O
Fellbaum	O
received	O
the	O
2006	O
Antonio	O
Zampolli	O
Prize	O
for	O
their	O
work	O
with	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Global	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
Association	O
is	O
a	O
non-commercial	O
organization	O
that	O
provides	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
discussing	O
,	O
sharing	O
and	O
connecting	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
for	O
all	O
languages	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
database	O
contains	O
155,327	O
words	O
organized	O
in	O
175,979	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
207,016	O
word-sense	O
pairs	O
;	O
in	O
compressed	B-General_Concept
form	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
about	O
12	O
megabytes	O
in	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
the	O
lexical	B-Application
categories	O
nouns	O
,	O
verbs	O
,	O
adjectives	O
and	O
adverbs	O
but	O
ignores	O
prepositions	O
,	O
determiners	O
and	O
other	O
function	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Words	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
lexical	B-Application
category	O
that	O
are	O
roughly	O
synonymous	O
are	O
grouped	O
into	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
include	O
simplex	O
words	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
collocations	B-General_Concept
like	O
"	O
eat	O
out	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
car	O
pool.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
different	O
senses	O
of	O
a	O
polysemous	O
word	O
form	O
are	O
assigned	O
to	O
different	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
synset	B-General_Concept
's	O
meaning	O
is	O
further	O
clarified	O
with	O
a	O
short	O
defining	O
gloss	O
and	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
usage	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
adjective	O
synset	B-General_Concept
is	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
are	O
connected	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
semantic	O
relations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
relations	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
all	O
shared	O
by	O
all	O
lexical	B-Application
categories	O
,	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
semantic	O
relations	O
hold	O
among	O
all	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
linked	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
synset	B-General_Concept
members	O
(	O
words	O
)	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
connected	O
with	O
lexical	B-Application
relations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
one	O
sense	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
dog	O
is	O
found	O
following	O
hypernym	O
hierarchy	O
;	O
the	O
words	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
represent	O
synset	B-General_Concept
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
set	O
of	O
synonyms	B-Application
has	O
a	O
unique	O
index	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
are	O
linked	O
to	O
a	O
unique	O
beginner	O
synset	B-General_Concept
,	O
"	O
entity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
two	O
"	O
central	O
"	O
antonyms	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
hot	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
cold	O
"	O
form	O
binary	O
poles	O
,	O
while	O
'	O
satellite	O
 '	O
synonyms	B-Application
such	O
as	O
"	O
steaming	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
chilly	O
"	O
connect	O
to	O
their	O
respective	O
poles	O
via	O
a	O
"	O
similarity	O
"	O
relations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
goal	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
project	O
was	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
lexical	B-Application
database	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
consistent	O
with	O
theories	O
of	O
human	O
semantic	O
memory	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
such	O
psycholinguistic	O
experiments	O
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
theories	O
have	O
been	O
subject	O
to	O
criticism	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
's	O
organization	O
is	O
consistent	O
with	O
experimental	O
evidence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
anomic	O
aphasia	O
selectively	O
affects	O
speakers	O
 '	O
ability	O
to	O
produce	O
words	O
from	O
a	O
specific	O
semantic	O
category	O
,	O
a	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
hierarchy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Antonymous	O
adjectives	O
(	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
's	O
central	O
adjectives	O
in	O
the	O
dumbbell	O
structure	O
)	O
are	O
found	O
to	O
co-occur	O
far	O
more	O
frequently	O
than	O
chance	O
,	O
a	O
fact	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
found	O
to	O
hold	O
for	O
many	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
an	O
ontology	B-Language
,	O
a	O
persistent	O
claim	O
that	O
its	O
creators	O
do	O
not	O
make	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hypernym/hyponym	O
relationships	O
among	O
the	O
noun	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
interpreted	O
as	O
specialization	O
relations	O
among	O
conceptual	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
interpreted	O
and	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
lexical	B-Application
ontology	B-Language
in	O
the	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
sense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
such	O
an	O
ontology	B-Language
should	O
be	O
corrected	O
before	O
being	O
used	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
contains	O
hundreds	O
of	O
basic	O
semantic	O
inconsistencies	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
there	O
are	O
,	O
(	O
i	O
)	O
common	O
specializations	O
for	O
exclusive	O
categories	O
and	O
(	O
ii	O
)	O
redundancies	O
in	O
the	O
specialization	O
hierarchy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
transforming	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
into	O
a	O
lexical	B-Application
ontology	B-Language
usable	O
for	O
knowledge	O
representation	O
should	O
normally	O
also	O
involve	O
(	O
i	O
)	O
distinguishing	O
the	O
specialization	O
relations	O
into	O
subtypeOf	O
and	O
instanceOf	O
relations	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
ii	O
)	O
associating	O
intuitive	O
unique	O
identifiers	O
to	O
each	O
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
such	O
corrections	O
and	O
transformations	O
have	O
been	O
performed	O
and	O
documented	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
WordNet1.7	O
into	O
the	O
cooperatively	O
updatable	O
knowledge	O
base	O
of	O
WebKB-2	O
,	O
most	O
projects	O
claiming	O
to	O
reuse	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
for	O
knowledge-based	O
applications	O
(	O
typically	O
,	O
knowledge-oriented	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
)	O
simply	O
reuse	O
it	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
converted	O
to	O
a	O
formal	O
specification	O
,	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
hybrid	O
bottom-up	O
top-down	O
methodology	O
to	O
automatically	O
extract	O
association	O
relations	O
from	O
it	O
and	O
interpret	O
these	O
associations	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
conceptual	O
relations	O
,	O
formally	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
DOLCE	O
foundational	O
ontology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
works	O
that	O
claim	O
to	O
have	O
integrated	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
into	O
ontologies	B-Language
,	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
has	O
not	O
simply	O
been	O
corrected	O
when	O
it	O
seemed	O
necessary	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
heavily	O
reinterpreted	O
and	O
updated	O
whenever	O
suitable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
case	O
when	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
top-level	O
ontology	B-Language
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
was	O
restructured	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
OntoClean-based	O
approach	O
,	O
or	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
primary	O
source	O
for	O
constructing	O
the	O
lower	O
classes	O
of	O
the	O
SENSUS	O
ontology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
widely	O
discussed	O
limitation	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
(	O
and	O
related	O
resources	O
like	O
ImageNet	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
that	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
semantic	O
relations	O
are	O
more	O
suited	O
to	O
concrete	O
concepts	O
than	O
to	O
abstract	O
concepts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
in	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
are	O
specific	O
to	O
certain	O
languages	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
accurate	O
reported	O
mapping	O
between	O
languages	O
is	O
94%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synonyms	B-Application
,	O
hyponyms	O
,	O
meronyms	O
,	O
and	O
antonyms	O
occur	O
in	O
all	O
languages	O
with	O
a	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
so	O
far	O
,	O
but	O
other	O
semantic	O
relationships	O
are	O
language-specific	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
also	O
makes	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
a	O
resource	O
for	O
highlighting	O
and	O
studying	O
the	O
differences	O
between	O
languages	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
a	O
limitation	O
for	O
all	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
include	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
etymology	O
or	O
the	O
pronunciation	O
of	O
words	O
and	O
it	O
contains	O
only	O
limited	O
information	O
about	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
aims	O
to	O
cover	O
most	O
everyday	O
words	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
much	O
domain-specific	O
terminology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
computational	O
lexicon	B-Application
of	O
English	O
for	O
word-sense	B-General_Concept
disambiguation	I-General_Concept
(	O
WSD	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
task	O
aimed	O
at	O
assigning	O
the	O
context-appropriate	O
meanings	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
synset	B-General_Concept
members	O
)	O
to	O
words	O
in	O
a	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
argued	O
that	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
encodes	O
sense	O
distinctions	O
that	O
are	O
too	O
fine-grained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
issue	O
prevents	O
WSD	O
systems	O
from	O
achieving	O
a	O
level	O
of	O
performance	O
comparable	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
humans	O
,	O
who	O
do	O
not	O
always	O
agree	O
when	O
confronted	O
with	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
selecting	O
a	O
sense	O
from	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
that	O
matches	O
a	O
word	O
in	O
a	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
granularity	O
issue	O
has	O
been	O
tackled	O
by	O
proposing	O
clustering	B-Algorithm
methods	O
that	O
automatically	O
group	O
together	O
similar	O
senses	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
includes	O
words	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
perceived	O
as	O
pejorative	O
or	O
offensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interpretation	O
of	O
a	O
word	O
can	O
change	O
over	O
time	O
and	O
between	O
social	O
groups	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
always	O
possible	O
for	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
to	O
define	O
a	O
word	O
as	O
"	O
pejorative	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
offensive	O
"	O
in	O
isolation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
people	O
using	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
must	O
apply	O
their	O
own	O
methods	O
to	O
identify	O
offensive	O
or	O
pejorative	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
limitation	O
is	O
true	O
of	O
other	O
lexical	B-Application
resources	O
like	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
and	O
thesauruses	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
contain	O
pejorative	O
and	O
offensive	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
indicate	O
words	O
that	O
are	O
pejoratives	O
,	O
but	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
all	O
the	O
contexts	O
in	O
which	O
words	O
might	O
be	O
acceptable	O
or	O
offensive	O
to	O
different	O
social	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
people	O
using	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
must	O
apply	O
their	O
own	O
methods	O
to	O
identify	O
all	O
offensive	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
were	O
subsequently	O
created	O
for	O
other	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2012	O
survey	O
lists	O
the	B-General_Concept
wordnets	I-General_Concept
and	O
their	O
availability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
propagate	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Global	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
community	O
had	O
been	O
slowly	O
re-licensing	O
their	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
to	O
an	O
open	O
domain	O
where	O
researchers	O
and	O
developers	O
can	O
easily	O
access	O
and	O
use	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
as	O
language	O
resources	O
to	O
provide	O
ontological	B-Language
and	O
lexical	B-Application
knowledge	O
in	O
natural-language	B-Language
processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	O
Multilingual	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
provides	O
access	O
to	O
open	O
licensed	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
languages	O
,	O
all	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
Princeton	B-General_Concept
Wordnet	I-General_Concept
of	O
English	O
(	O
PWN	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
in	O
multiple	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
purposes	O
in	O
information	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
word-sense	B-General_Concept
disambiguation	I-General_Concept
,	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
,	O
automatic	B-Algorithm
text	I-Algorithm
classification	I-Algorithm
,	O
automatic	B-Application
text	I-Application
summarization	I-Application
,	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
and	O
even	O
automatic	O
crossword	O
puzzle	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
use	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
similarity	O
between	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
algorithms	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
,	O
including	O
measuring	O
the	O
distance	O
among	O
words	O
and	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
in	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
's	O
graph	O
structure	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
by	O
counting	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
edges	O
among	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
intuition	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
closer	O
two	O
words	O
or	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
are	O
,	O
the	O
closer	O
their	O
meaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
WordNet-based	O
word	O
similarity	O
algorithms	O
are	O
implemented	O
in	O
a	O
Perl	B-Language
package	O
called	O
WordNet::Similarity	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
a	O
Python	B-Language
package	O
called	O
NLTK	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
WordNet-based	O
similarity	O
techniques	O
include	O
ADW	O
,	O
whose	O
implementation	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
inter-link	O
other	O
vocabularies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Princeton	O
maintains	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
related	O
projects	O
that	O
includes	O
links	O
to	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
widely	O
used	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
available	O
for	O
accessing	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
using	O
various	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
connected	O
to	O
several	O
databases	O
of	O
the	O
Semantic	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
commonly	O
reused	O
via	O
mappings	O
between	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
synsets	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
categories	O
from	O
ontologies	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
often	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
top-level	O
categories	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
are	O
mapped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Global	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
Association	O
(	O
GWA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
public	O
and	O
non-commercial	O
organization	O
that	O
provides	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
discussing	O
,	O
sharing	O
and	O
connecting	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
for	O
all	O
languages	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GWA	O
also	O
promotes	O
the	O
standardization	O
of	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
across	O
languages	O
,	O
to	O
ensure	O
its	O
uniformity	O
in	O
enumerating	O
the	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
in	O
human	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GWA	O
keeps	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
developed	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arabic	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
:	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
for	O
Arabic	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arabic	B-General_Concept
Ontology	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
linguistic	O
ontology	B-Language
that	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
structure	O
as	O
wordnet	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
mapped	O
to	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BalkaNet	O
project	O
has	O
produced	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
for	O
six	O
European	O
languages	O
(	O
Bulgarian	O
,	O
Czech	O
,	O
Greek	O
,	O
Romanian	O
,	O
Turkish	O
and	O
Serbian	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
project	O
,	O
a	O
freely	O
available	O
XML-based	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
editor	O
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
editor	O
–	O
VisDic	O
–	O
is	O
not	O
in	O
active	O
development	O
anymore	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
still	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
various	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
DEBVisDic	O
,	O
is	O
client-server	O
application	O
and	O
is	O
currently	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
editing	O
of	O
several	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
(	O
Dutch	O
in	O
Cornetto	O
project	O
,	O
Polish	O
,	O
Hungarian	O
,	O
several	O
African	O
languages	O
,	O
Chinese	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BulNet	B-Application
is	O
a	O
Bulgarian	O
version	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Computational	O
Linguistics	O
of	O
the	O
Institute	O
for	O
Bulgarian	O
Language	O
,	O
Bulgarian	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CWN	O
(	O
Chinese	O
Wordnet	B-General_Concept
or	O
中文詞彙網路	O
)	O
supported	O
by	O
National	O
Taiwan	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EuroWordNet	B-General_Concept
project	O
has	O
produced	O
WordNets	B-General_Concept
for	O
several	O
European	O
languages	O
and	O
linked	O
them	O
together	O
;	O
these	O
are	O
not	O
freely	O
available	O
however	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Global	O
Wordnet	B-General_Concept
project	O
attempts	O
to	O
coordinate	O
the	O
production	O
and	O
linking	O
of	O
"	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
"	O
for	O
all	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oxford	O
University	O
Press	O
,	O
the	O
publisher	O
of	O
the	B-Application
Oxford	I-Application
English	I-Application
Dictionary	I-Application
,	O
has	O
voiced	O
plans	O
to	O
produce	O
their	O
own	O
online	O
competitor	O
to	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
FinnWordNet	O
is	O
a	O
Finnish	O
version	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
where	O
all	O
entries	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
English	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
were	O
translated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GermaNet	B-Application
is	O
a	O
German	O
version	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Tübingen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IndoWordNet	O
is	O
a	O
linked	O
lexical	B-Application
knowledge	O
base	O
of	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
of	O
18	O
scheduled	O
languages	O
of	O
India	O
viz.	O
,	O
Assamese	O
,	O
Bangla	O
,	O
Bodo	O
,	O
Gujarati	O
,	O
Hindi	O
,	O
Kannada	O
,	O
Kashmiri	O
,	O
Konkani	O
,	O
Malayalam	O
,	O
Meitei	O
(	O
Manipuri	O
)	O
,	O
Marathi	O
,	O
Nepali	O
,	O
Odia	O
,	O
Punjabi	O
,	O
Sanskrit	O
,	O
Tamil	O
,	O
Telugu	O
and	O
Urdu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
for	O
Malay	O
and	O
Indonesia	O
language	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Nanyang	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Malayalam	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Cochin	O
University	O
Of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multilingual	O
Central	O
Repository	O
(	O
MCR	O
)	O
integrates	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
EuroWordNet	B-General_Concept
framework	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
from	O
Spanish	O
,	O
Catalan	O
,	O
Basque	O
,	O
Galician	O
and	O
Portuguese	O
liked	O
to	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MultiWordNet	B-General_Concept
project	O
,	O
a	O
multilingual	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
aimed	O
at	O
producing	O
an	O
Italian	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
strongly	O
aligned	O
with	O
the	O
Princeton	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDutchWordNet	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
Dutch	O
lexical	B-Application
semantic	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenWN-PT	O
is	O
a	O
Brazilian	O
Portuguese	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
freely	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
under	O
CC-BY-SA	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
plWordNet	O
is	O
a	O
Polish-language	O
version	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
Wrocław	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PolNet	O
is	O
a	O
Polish-language	O
version	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
Adam	O
Mickiewicz	O
University	O
in	O
Poznań	O
(	O
distributed	O
under	O
CC	O
BY-NC-ND	O
3.0	O
license	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projects	O
such	O
as	O
BalkaNet	O
and	O
EuroWordNet	B-General_Concept
made	O
it	O
feasible	O
to	O
create	O
standalone	O
wordnets	B-General_Concept
linked	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UWN	O
is	O
an	O
automatically	O
constructed	O
multilingual	O
lexical	B-Application
knowledge	O
base	O
extending	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
to	O
cover	O
over	O
a	O
million	O
words	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WOLF	O
(	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
Libre	O
du	O
Français	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
French	O
version	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
BabelNet	B-Application
,	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
multilingual	O
semantic	O
network	O
with	O
millions	O
of	O
concepts	O
obtained	O
by	O
integrating	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
and	O
Wikipedia	O
using	O
an	O
automatic	O
mapping	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SUMO	B-Language
ontology	B-Language
has	O
produced	O
a	O
mapping	O
between	O
all	O
of	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
synsets	B-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
nouns	O
,	O
verbs	O
,	O
adjectives	O
and	O
adverbs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
SUMO	B-Language
classes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
recent	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
mappings	O
provides	O
links	O
to	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
specific	O
terms	O
in	O
the	O
MId-Level	O
Ontology	B-Language
(	O
MILO	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
extends	O
SUMO	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCyc	B-Application
,	O
an	O
open	O
ontology	B-Language
and	O
knowledge	O
base	O
of	O
everyday	O
common	O
sense	O
knowledge	O
,	O
has	O
12,000	O
terms	O
linked	O
to	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
synonym	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
DOLCE	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
module	O
of	O
the	O
WonderWeb	O
Foundational	O
Ontologies	B-Language
Library	O
(	O
WFOL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
upper-ontology	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
in	O
light	O
of	O
rigorous	O
ontological	B-Language
principles	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
philosophical	O
tradition	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
clear	O
orientation	O
toward	O
language	O
and	O
cognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OntoWordNet	O
is	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
an	O
experimental	O
alignment	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
's	O
upper	O
level	O
with	O
DOLCE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
suggested	O
that	O
such	O
alignment	O
could	O
lead	O
to	O
an	O
"	O
ontologically	O
sweetened	O
"	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
,	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
conceptually	O
more	O
rigorous	O
,	O
cognitively	O
transparent	O
,	O
and	O
efficiently	O
exploitable	O
in	O
several	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBpedia	B-Application
,	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
structured	O
information	O
,	O
is	O
linked	O
to	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eXtended	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
project	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Texas	O
at	O
Dallas	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
improve	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
by	O
semantically	O
parsing	O
the	O
glosses	O
,	O
thus	O
making	O
the	O
information	O
contained	O
in	O
these	O
definitions	O
available	O
for	O
automatic	O
knowledge	O
processing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
freely	O
available	O
under	O
a	O
license	O
similar	O
to	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GCIDE	O
project	O
produced	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
by	O
combining	O
a	O
public	O
domain	O
Webster	O
's	O
Dictionary	B-Operating_System
from	O
1913	O
with	O
some	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
definitions	O
and	O
material	O
provided	O
by	O
volunteers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
copyleft	B-License
license	I-License
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
ImageNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
image	O
database	O
organized	O
according	O
to	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
hierarchy	O
(	O
currently	O
only	O
the	O
nouns	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
each	O
node	O
of	O
the	O
hierarchy	O
is	O
depicted	O
by	O
millions	O
of	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BioWordnet	O
,	O
a	O
biomedical	O
extension	O
of	O
wordnet	B-General_Concept
was	O
abandoned	O
due	O
to	O
issues	O
about	O
stability	O
over	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WikiTax2WordNet	O
,	O
a	O
mapping	O
between	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
synsets	B-General_Concept
and	O
Wikipedia	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet++	O
,	O
a	O
resource	O
including	O
over	O
millions	O
of	O
semantic	O
edges	O
harvested	O
from	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
connecting	O
pairs	O
of	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
synsets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
SentiWordNet	O
,	O
a	O
resource	O
for	O
supporting	O
opinion	O
mining	O
applications	O
obtained	O
by	O
tagging	O
all	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
3.0	O
synsets	B-General_Concept
according	O
to	O
their	O
estimated	O
degrees	O
of	O
positivity	O
,	O
negativity	O
,	O
and	O
neutrality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ColorDict	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
Android	O
application	O
to	O
mobiles	O
phones	O
that	O
use	O
Wordnet	B-General_Concept
database	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
like	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UBY-LMF	B-Application
a	O
database	O
of	O
10	O
resources	O
including	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameNet	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
lexical	B-Application
database	O
that	O
shares	O
some	O
similarities	O
with	O
,	O
and	O
refers	O
to	O
,	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lexical	B-General_Concept
markup	I-General_Concept
framework	I-General_Concept
(	O
LMF	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
ISO	O
standard	O
specified	O
within	O
ISO/TC37	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
common	O
standardized	O
framework	O
for	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
lexicons	B-Application
,	O
including	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
subset	O
of	O
LMF	O
for	O
Wordnet	B-General_Concept
is	O
called	O
Wordnet-LMF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UNL	B-General_Concept
Programme	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
project	O
under	O
the	O
auspices	O
of	O
UNO	O
aimed	O
to	O
consolidate	O
lexicosemantic	O
data	O
of	O
many	O
languages	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
and	O
information	B-General_Concept
extraction	I-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
free	O
online	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
based	O
on	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
video	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
focusing	O
on	O
pronunciations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
's	O
text	O
part	O
is	O
extended	O
from	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordNet	B-General_Concept
Database	O
is	O
distributed	O
as	O
a	O
dictionary	B-Operating_System
package	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
single	O
file	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
following	O
software	O
:	O
</s>
