<s>
Wolfram	B-Application
Mathematica	I-Application
is	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
with	O
built-in	O
libraries	O
for	O
several	O
areas	O
of	O
technical	O
computing	O
that	O
allow	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
statistics	B-Algorithm
,	O
symbolic	B-Algorithm
computation	I-Algorithm
,	O
data	O
manipulation	O
,	O
network	O
analysis	O
,	O
time	O
series	O
analysis	O
,	O
NLP	O
,	O
optimization	O
,	O
plotting	O
functions	O
and	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
implementation	O
of	O
algorithms	O
,	O
creation	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
and	O
interfacing	O
with	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
other	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
conceived	O
by	O
Stephen	O
Wolfram	B-Language
,	O
and	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Wolfram	B-Application
Research	I-Application
of	O
Champaign	O
,	O
Illinois	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
is	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
used	O
in	O
Mathematica	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
1.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
June	O
23	O
,	O
1988	O
in	O
Champaign	O
,	O
Illinois	O
and	O
Santa	O
Clara	O
,	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
is	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
parts	O
:	O
the	O
kernel	O
and	O
the	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	O
interprets	O
expressions	O
(	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
code	O
)	O
and	O
returns	O
result	O
expressions	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
displayed	O
by	O
the	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
,	O
designed	O
by	O
Theodore	O
Gray	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
notebook	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
allows	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
editing	O
of	O
notebook	B-Application
documents	I-Application
that	O
can	O
contain	O
code	O
,	O
plaintext	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatives	O
to	O
the	O
Mathematica	B-Language
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
include	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Workbench	O
—	O
an	O
Eclipse-based	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
that	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
project-based	O
code	O
development	O
tools	O
for	O
Mathematica	B-Language
,	O
including	O
revision	O
management	O
,	O
debugging	O
,	O
profiling	O
,	O
and	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
plugin	O
for	O
IntelliJ	O
IDEA-based	O
IDEs	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
code	O
that	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
syntax	O
highlighting	O
can	O
analyze	O
and	O
auto-complete	O
local	O
variables	O
and	O
defined	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mathematica	B-Language
Kernel	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
command	O
line	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
interfaces	O
include	O
JMath	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
GNU	B-Application
Readline	I-Application
and	O
WolframScript	O
which	O
runs	O
self-contained	O
Mathematica	B-Language
programs	O
(	O
with	O
arguments	O
)	O
from	O
the	O
UNIX	O
command	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	O
extension	O
for	O
Mathematica	B-Language
files	O
is	O
.nb	O
and	O
.m	O
for	O
configuration	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
stable	O
and	O
backwards	O
compatible	O
with	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capabilities	O
for	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
were	O
extended	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
packed	B-Application
arrays	I-Application
in	O
version	O
4	O
(	O
1999	O
)	O
and	O
sparse	B-Algorithm
matrices	I-Algorithm
(	O
version	O
5	O
,	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
adopting	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Multi-Precision	I-Application
Library	I-Application
to	O
evaluate	O
high-precision	O
arithmetic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
5.2	O
(	O
2005	O
)	O
added	O
automatic	O
multi-threading	B-Operating_System
when	O
computations	O
are	O
performed	O
on	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
Mathematica	B-Language
is	O
supported	O
by	O
third	O
party	O
specialist	O
acceleration	O
hardware	O
such	O
as	O
ClearSpeed	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
allow	O
user	O
level	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
on	O
heterogeneous	O
clusters	O
and	O
multiprocessor	O
systems	O
and	O
in	O
2008	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
technology	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
all	O
Mathematica	B-Language
licenses	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
grid	O
technology	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
HPC	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
2008	I-Operating_System
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Compute	I-Application
Cluster	I-Application
Server	I-Application
and	O
Sun	B-General_Concept
Grid	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
CUDA	B-Architecture
and	O
OpenCL	B-Application
GPU	B-Architecture
hardware	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
Version	O
13	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
6,051	O
built-in	O
functions	O
and	O
symbols	O
in	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stephen	O
Wolfram	B-Language
announced	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Function	O
Repository	O
in	O
June	O
2019	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
the	O
public	O
Wolfram	B-Language
community	O
to	O
contribute	O
functionality	O
to	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
Stephen	O
Wolfram	B-Language
's	O
release	O
announcement	O
for	O
Mathematica	B-Language
13	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
2,259	O
functions	O
contributed	O
as	O
Resource	O
Functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Function	O
Repository	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Data	O
Repository	O
with	O
computable	O
data	O
and	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Neural	O
Net	O
Repository	O
for	O
machine	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfram	B-Application
Mathematica	I-Application
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
Combinatorica	O
package	O
,	O
which	O
adds	O
discrete	O
mathematics	O
functionality	O
in	O
combinatorics	O
and	O
graph	O
theory	O
to	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
with	O
other	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
using	O
a	O
protocol	O
called	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Symbolic	O
Transfer	O
Protocol	O
(	O
WSTP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
communication	O
between	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Application
Mathematica	I-Application
kernel	O
and	O
the	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
and	O
provides	O
a	O
general	O
interface	O
between	O
the	O
kernel	O
and	O
other	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfram	B-Application
Research	I-Application
freely	O
distributes	O
a	O
developer	O
kit	O
for	O
linking	O
applications	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
C	I-Language
to	O
the	O
Mathematica	B-Language
kernel	O
through	O
WSTP	O
using	O
J/Link.	O
,	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
program	O
that	O
can	O
ask	O
Mathematica	B-Language
to	O
perform	O
computations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
functionality	O
is	O
achieved	O
with	O
.NET	B-Application
/Link	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
.NET	B-Application
programs	O
instead	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
languages	O
that	O
connect	O
to	O
Mathematica	B-Language
include	O
Haskell	B-Language
,	O
AppleScript	B-Application
,	O
Racket	B-Operating_System
,	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Clojure	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
supports	O
the	O
generation	O
and	O
execution	O
of	O
Modelica	B-Application
models	O
for	O
systems	O
modeling	O
and	O
connects	O
with	O
Wolfram	B-Application
System	I-Application
Modeler	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
can	O
also	O
capture	O
real-time	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
sources	O
and	O
can	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
to	O
public	O
blockchains	O
(	O
Bitcoin	B-Protocol
,	O
Ethereum	B-Application
,	O
and	O
ARK	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
import	O
and	O
export	O
of	O
over	O
220	O
data	O
,	O
image	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
computer-aided	B-Application
design	I-Application
(	O
CAD	B-Application
)	O
,	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
GIS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
document	O
,	O
and	O
biomedical	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
support	O
was	O
added	O
for	O
compiling	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
code	O
to	O
LLVM	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
12.3	O
of	O
the	O
Wolfram	B-Language
Language	I-Language
added	O
support	O
for	O
Arduino	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
is	O
also	O
integrated	O
with	O
Wolfram	B-Application
Alpha	I-Application
,	O
an	O
online	O
answer	B-Algorithm
engine	I-Algorithm
that	O
provides	O
additional	O
data	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
kept	O
updated	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
users	O
who	O
use	O
Mathematica	B-Language
with	O
an	O
internet	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	B-Application
in	O
1989	O
listed	O
Mathematica	B-Language
as	O
among	O
the	O
"	O
Distinction	O
"	O
winners	O
of	O
the	O
BYTE	B-Application
Awards	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
is	O
another	O
breakthrough	O
Macintosh	O
application	O
...	O
it	O
could	O
enable	O
you	O
to	O
absorb	O
the	O
algebra	O
and	O
calculus	O
that	O
seemed	O
impossible	O
to	O
comprehend	O
from	O
a	O
textbook	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
for	O
being	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfram	B-Application
Research	I-Application
claims	O
keeping	O
Mathematica	B-Language
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
is	O
central	O
to	O
its	O
business	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
continuity	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
