<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
8	I-Device
"	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
sixth	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
family	I-Device
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
server	B-Application
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
based	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
succeeds	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
,	O
which	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
codebase	O
,	O
released	O
nearly	O
three	O
years	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
was	O
officially	O
launched	O
on	O
September	O
4	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
month	O
before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainstream	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
ended	O
on	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
and	O
extended	O
support	O
will	O
end	O
on	O
October	O
10	O
,	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
is	O
eligible	O
for	O
the	O
paid	O
Extended	O
Security	O
Updates	O
(	O
ESU	O
)	O
program	O
,	O
which	O
offers	O
continued	O
security	O
updates	O
until	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
2026	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
removed	O
support	O
for	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
and	O
processors	O
without	O
PAE	B-General_Concept
,	O
SSE2	B-General_Concept
and	O
NX	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
features	O
were	O
added	O
or	O
improved	O
over	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
(	O
with	O
many	O
placing	O
an	O
emphasis	O
on	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
,	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
role	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
Task	O
Manager	O
,	O
and	O
ReFS	B-Application
,	O
a	O
new	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
received	O
generally	O
good	O
reviews	O
in	O
spite	O
of	O
having	O
included	O
the	O
same	O
controversial	O
Metro-based	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
seen	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
Charms	O
Bar	O
for	O
quick	O
access	O
to	O
settings	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
is	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
that	O
supports	O
processors	O
without	O
CMPXCHG16b	O
,	O
PrefetchW	O
,	O
LAHF	O
and	O
SAHF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
's	O
successor	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
,	O
requires	O
a	O
processor	B-General_Concept
with	O
CMPXCHG16b	O
,	O
PrefetchW	O
,	O
LAHF	O
and	O
SAHF	O
in	O
any	O
supported	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
8	I-Device
"	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
fifth	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
family	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
developed	O
concurrently	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
introduced	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
and	O
its	O
developer	O
preview	O
in	O
the	O
BUILD	O
2011	O
conference	O
on	O
September	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unlike	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
the	O
developer	O
preview	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
was	O
only	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
MSDN	O
subscribers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
included	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
based	O
on	O
Metro	O
design	O
language	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
Server	B-Application
Manager	O
,	O
a	O
graphical	O
application	O
used	O
for	O
server	B-Application
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
was	O
finalized	O
,	O
two	O
test	O
builds	O
were	O
made	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
public	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
was	O
released	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
Consumer	O
Preview	O
on	O
February	O
29	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
17	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
revealed	O
"	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
"	O
as	O
the	O
final	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
candidate	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
was	O
released	O
on	O
May	O
31	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
Release	I-Application
Preview	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
product	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
August	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
(	O
along	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
)	O
and	O
became	O
generally	O
available	O
on	O
September	O
4	O
,	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
not	O
all	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
were	O
released	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
Essentials	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2012	O
and	O
was	O
made	O
generally	O
available	O
on	O
November	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
September	O
23	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
all	O
students	O
subscribed	O
to	O
DreamSpark	O
program	O
can	O
download	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
Standard	O
or	O
Datacenter	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
is	O
based	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
which	O
runs	O
only	O
on	O
64-bit	B-Device
CPUs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coupled	O
with	O
fundamental	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
client	O
backups	O
and	O
the	O
shared	O
folders	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
clear	O
method	O
for	O
migrating	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
version	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
users	O
can	O
switch	O
between	O
"	O
Server	B-Application
Core	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Server	B-Application
with	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
"	O
installation	O
options	O
without	O
a	O
full	O
re-installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	B-Application
Core	O
–	O
an	O
option	O
with	O
a	O
command-line	O
interface	O
only	O
–	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
recommended	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
third	O
installation	O
option	O
that	O
allows	O
some	O
GUI	B-Application
elements	O
such	O
as	O
MMC	B-Application
and	O
Server	B-Application
Manager	O
to	O
run	O
,	O
but	O
without	O
the	O
normal	O
desktop	O
,	O
shell	B-Operating_System
or	O
default	O
programs	O
like	O
File	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	B-Application
Manager	O
has	O
been	O
redesigned	O
with	O
an	O
emphasis	O
on	O
easing	O
management	O
of	O
multiple	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
like	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
uses	O
the	O
Metro-based	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
unless	O
installed	O
in	O
Server	B-Application
Core	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
Store	I-Application
is	O
available	O
by	O
installing	O
the	O
desktop	O
experience	O
feature	O
from	O
the	O
server	B-Application
manager	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
not	O
installed	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
PowerShell	I-Application
in	O
this	O
version	O
has	O
over	O
2300	O
commandlets	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
around	O
200	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
includes	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
Task	O
Manager	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
old	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Performance	O
tab	O
shows	O
"	O
CPU	B-Device
"	O
,	O
"	O
Memory	B-Architecture
"	O
,	O
"	O
Disk	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Wi-Fi	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Ethernet	O
"	O
graphs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
version	I-Application
of	O
Task	O
Manager	O
(	O
which	O
looks	O
similar	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Disk	O
"	O
activity	O
graph	O
is	O
not	O
enabled	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-Device
tab	O
no	O
longer	O
displays	O
individual	O
graphs	O
for	O
every	O
logical	O
processor	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
system	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
although	O
that	O
remains	O
an	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
display	O
data	O
for	O
each	O
non-uniform	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
access	I-Operating_System
(	O
NUMA	O
)	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
displaying	O
data	O
for	O
each	O
logical	O
processor	B-General_Concept
for	O
machines	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
64	O
logical	O
processors	O
,	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
tab	O
now	O
displays	O
simple	O
utilization	O
percentages	O
on	O
heat-mapping	O
tiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hovering	O
the	O
cursor	O
over	O
any	O
logical	O
processor	B-General_Concept
's	O
data	O
now	O
shows	O
the	O
NUMA	O
node	O
of	O
that	O
processor	B-General_Concept
and	O
its	O
ID	O
,	O
if	O
applicable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
Startup	O
tab	O
has	O
been	O
added	O
that	O
lists	O
startup	O
applications	O
,	O
however	O
this	O
tab	O
does	O
not	O
exist	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
task	O
manager	O
recognizes	O
when	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
Store	I-Application
app	O
has	O
the	O
"	O
Suspended	O
"	O
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
has	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
role	O
for	O
discovering	O
,	O
monitoring	O
,	O
auditing	O
,	O
and	O
managing	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
space	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
corporate	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IPAM	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
management	O
and	O
monitoring	O
of	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
Host	I-Protocol
Configuration	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
)	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
and	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
are	O
fully	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
has	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
changes	O
to	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
from	O
the	O
version	O
shipped	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Domain	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
installation	O
wizard	O
has	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
new	O
section	O
in	O
Server	B-Application
Manager	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
has	O
been	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Recycle	O
Bin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
is	O
now	O
aware	O
of	O
any	O
changes	O
resulting	O
from	O
virtualization	O
,	O
and	O
virtualized	O
domain	O
controllers	O
can	O
be	O
safely	O
cloned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upgrades	O
of	O
the	O
domain	O
functional	O
level	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
are	O
simplified	O
;	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
entirely	O
in	O
Server	B-Application
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Federation	O
Services	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
downloaded	O
when	O
installed	O
as	O
a	O
role	O
,	O
and	O
claims	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Federation	O
Services	O
have	O
been	O
introduced	O
into	O
the	O
Kerberos	O
token	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Powershell	I-Application
commands	O
used	O
by	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Administrative	O
Center	O
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
Powershell	B-Application
History	O
Viewer	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
,	O
along	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
includes	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
,	O
as	O
presented	O
at	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
BUILD	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
virtual	O
machine	O
in	O
this	O
version	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
can	O
access	O
up	O
to	O
64	O
virtual	O
processors	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
1	O
terabyte	O
of	O
memory	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
64	O
terabytes	O
of	O
virtual	O
disk	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
per	O
virtual	O
hard	O
disk	O
(	O
using	O
a	O
new	O
format	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SLAT	B-Device
is	O
a	O
required	O
processor	B-General_Concept
feature	O
for	O
Hyper-V	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
while	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
it	O
is	O
only	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
supplementary	O
RemoteFX	O
role	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resilient	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
ReFS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Protogon	B-Application
"	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
initially	O
intended	O
for	O
file	B-Application
servers	I-Application
that	O
improves	O
on	O
NTFS	B-Application
in	O
some	O
respects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
new	O
features	O
of	O
ReFS	B-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
reliability	O
for	O
on-disk	O
structures	O
ReFS	B-Application
uses	O
B+	O
trees	O
for	O
all	O
on-disk	O
structures	O
including	O
metadata	O
and	O
file	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metadata	O
and	O
file	O
data	O
are	O
organized	O
into	O
tables	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	O
size	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
files	O
in	O
a	O
folder	O
,	O
total	O
volume	O
size	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
folders	O
in	O
a	O
volume	O
are	O
limited	O
by	O
64-bit	B-Device
numbers	O
;	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
ReFS	B-Application
supports	O
a	O
maximum	O
file	O
size	O
of	O
16	O
exabytes	O
,	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
18.4	O
×	O
1018	O
folders	O
and	O
a	O
maximum	O
volume	O
size	O
of	O
1	O
yottabyte	O
(	O
with	O
64	O
KB	O
clusters	B-Application
)	O
which	O
allows	O
large	O
scalability	O
with	O
no	O
practical	O
limits	O
on	O
file	O
and	O
folder	O
size	O
(	O
hardware	O
restrictions	O
still	O
apply	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built-in	O
resilience	O
ReFS	B-Application
employs	O
an	O
allocation-on-write	B-Language
update	O
strategy	O
for	O
metadata	O
,	O
which	O
allocates	O
new	O
chunks	O
for	O
every	O
update	O
transaction	O
and	O
uses	O
large	O
IO	O
batches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
ReFS	B-Application
metadata	O
has	O
built-in	O
64-bit	B-Device
checksums	O
which	O
are	O
stored	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	O
data	O
can	O
have	O
an	O
optional	O
checksum	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
"	O
integrity	O
stream	B-Application
"	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
the	O
file	O
update	O
strategy	O
also	O
implements	O
allocation-on-write	B-Language
;	O
this	O
is	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
new	O
"	O
integrity	O
"	O
attribute	O
applicable	O
to	O
both	O
files	O
and	O
directories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
built-in	O
resiliency	O
,	O
administrators	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
periodically	O
run	O
error-checking	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
CHKDSK	B-Device
when	O
using	O
ReFS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
APIs	O
and	O
technologies	O
ReFS	B-Application
does	O
not	O
require	O
new	O
system	O
APIs	O
and	O
most	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
filters	O
continue	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
ReFS	B-Application
volumes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReFS	B-Application
supports	O
many	O
existing	O
Windows	O
and	O
NTFS	B-Application
features	O
such	O
as	O
BitLocker	O
encryption	O
,	O
Access	O
Control	O
Lists	O
,	O
USN	B-Application
Journal	I-Application
,	O
change	O
notifications	O
,	O
symbolic	O
links	O
,	O
junction	O
points	O
,	O
mount	O
points	O
,	O
reparse	B-Application
points	I-Application
,	O
volume	O
snapshots	O
,	O
file	O
IDs	O
,	O
and	O
oplock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReFS	B-Application
seamlessly	O
integrates	O
with	O
Storage	O
Spaces	O
,	O
a	O
storage	B-Application
virtualization	I-Application
layer	O
that	O
allows	O
data	O
mirroring	O
and	O
striping	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
sharing	O
storage	O
pools	O
between	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReFS	B-Application
resiliency	O
features	O
enhance	O
the	O
mirroring	O
feature	O
provided	O
by	O
Storage	O
Spaces	O
and	O
can	O
detect	O
whether	O
any	O
mirrored	O
copies	O
of	O
files	O
become	O
corrupt	O
using	O
background	O
data	B-Error_Name
scrubbing	I-Error_Name
process	O
,	O
which	O
periodically	O
reads	O
all	O
mirror	O
copies	O
and	O
verifies	O
their	O
checksums	O
then	O
replaces	O
bad	O
copies	O
with	O
good	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
NTFS	B-Application
features	O
are	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
ReFS	B-Application
,	O
including	O
object	O
IDs	O
,	O
short	O
names	O
,	O
file	O
compression	O
,	O
file	O
level	O
encryption	O
(	O
EFS	O
)	O
,	O
user	O
data	O
transactions	O
,	O
hard	B-Application
links	I-Application
,	O
extended	B-Application
attributes	I-Application
,	O
and	O
disk	B-Application
quotas	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sparse	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
are	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
named	O
streams	O
is	O
not	O
implemented	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
,	O
though	O
it	O
was	O
later	O
added	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
8.1	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReFS	B-Application
does	O
not	O
itself	O
offer	O
data	B-General_Concept
deduplication	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
,	O
automated	O
error-correction	O
with	O
integrity	O
streams	O
is	O
only	O
supported	O
on	O
mirrored	O
spaces	O
;	O
automatic	O
recovery	O
on	O
parity	O
spaces	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
8.1	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Booting	O
from	O
ReFS	B-Application
is	O
not	O
supported	O
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
includes	O
version	O
8.0	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
IIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
version	O
contains	O
new	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
SNI	B-Protocol
,	O
CPU	B-Device
usage	O
caps	O
for	O
particular	O
websites	O
,	O
centralized	O
management	O
of	O
SSL	O
certificates	O
,	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
support	O
and	O
improved	O
support	O
for	O
NUMA	O
,	O
but	O
few	O
other	O
substantial	O
changes	O
were	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	B-Protocol
Desktop	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
has	O
new	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
Adaptive	O
Graphics	O
(	O
progressive	O
rendering	O
and	O
related	O
techniques	O
)	O
,	O
automatic	O
selection	O
of	O
TCP	O
or	O
UDP	O
as	O
transport	O
protocol	O
,	O
multi	B-Application
touch	I-Application
support	O
,	O
DirectX	O
11	O
support	O
for	O
vGPU	O
,	O
USB	O
redirection	O
supported	O
independently	O
of	O
vGPU	O
support	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
supports	O
the	O
following	O
maximum	O
hardware	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
improves	O
over	O
its	O
predecessor	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
runs	O
only	O
on	O
x86-64	B-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
older	O
versions	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
does	O
not	O
support	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upgrades	O
from	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
are	O
supported	O
,	O
although	O
upgrades	O
from	O
prior	O
releases	O
are	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
has	O
four	O
editions	O
:	O
Foundation	O
,	O
Essentials	O
,	O
Standard	O
and	O
Datacenter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reviews	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
have	O
been	O
generally	O
positive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfoWorld	O
noted	O
that	O
Server	B-Device
2012	I-Device
's	O
use	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
's	O
panned	O
"	O
Metro	O
"	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
was	O
countered	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
increasing	O
emphasis	O
on	O
the	O
Server	B-Application
Core	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
"	O
fleshed	O
out	O
with	O
new	O
depth	O
and	O
ease-of-use	O
features	O
"	O
and	O
increased	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
practically	O
mandatory	O
"	O
PowerShell	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Michael	O
Otey	O
of	O
Windows	O
IT	O
Pro	O
expressed	O
dislike	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
Metro	O
interface	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
older	O
desktop	O
interface	O
alone	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
most	O
users	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
manage	O
their	O
servers	O
using	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
rather	O
than	O
PowerShell	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Ferrill	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
Essentials	O
provides	O
all	O
the	O
pieces	O
necessary	O
to	O
provide	O
centralized	O
file	B-Application
storage	I-Application
,	O
client	O
backups	O
,	O
and	O
remote	O
access	O
,	O
"	O
but	O
Tim	O
Anderson	O
contended	O
that	O
"	O
Many	O
businesses	O
that	O
are	O
using	O
SBS2011	O
and	O
earlier	O
will	O
want	O
to	O
stick	O
with	O
what	O
they	O
have	O
"	O
,	O
citing	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
Exchange	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
ability	O
to	O
synchronize	O
with	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Federation	O
Services	O
and	O
the	O
25-user	O
limit	O
,	O
while	O
Paul	O
Thurott	O
wrote	O
"	O
you	O
should	O
choose	O
Foundation	O
only	O
if	O
you	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
some	O
in-company	O
IT	O
staff	O
and/or	O
are	O
comfortable	O
outsourcing	O
management	O
to	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
partner	O
or	O
solution	O
provider	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Essentials	O
is	O
,	O
in	O
my	O
mind	O
,	O
ideal	O
for	O
any	O
modern	O
startup	O
of	O
just	O
a	O
few	O
people.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
release	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
8.1	I-Device
codebase	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
August	O
27	O
,	O
2013	O
and	O
became	O
generally	O
available	O
on	O
October	O
18	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
updated	O
version	O
,	O
formally	O
designated	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
Update	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
originally	O
planned	O
to	O
end	O
mainstream	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
on	O
January	O
9	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
with	O
extended	O
support	O
ending	O
on	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
customers	O
the	O
standard	O
transition	O
lifecycle	O
timeline	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
extended	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
and	O
2012	O
R2	O
support	O
in	O
March	O
2017	O
by	O
9	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
reached	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
mainstream	O
support	O
on	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2018	O
and	O
Extended	O
Support	O
will	O
end	O
on	O
October	O
10	O
,	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
announced	O
in	O
July	O
2021	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
distribute	O
Extended	O
Security	O
Updates	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
3	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
Extended	O
Support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2012	I-Device
R2	O
,	O
these	O
updates	O
will	O
last	O
until	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
2026	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
will	O
mark	O
the	O
final	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
6.2	O
product	O
line	O
after	O
14	O
years	O
,	O
2	O
months	O
and	O
12	O
days	O
and	O
will	O
also	O
mark	O
the	O
final	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
6.3	O
product	O
line	O
after	O
13	O
years	O
,	O
1	O
month	O
and	O
16	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
