<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Longhorn	B-Device
Server	I-Device
"	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
fourth	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
operating	O
system	O
produced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
family	I-Device
of	O
the	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Derived	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
is	O
the	O
successor	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
and	O
the	O
predecessor	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
removed	O
support	O
for	O
processors	O
without	O
ACPI	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
that	O
includes	O
Hyper-V	O
and	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
that	O
supports	O
IA-32-based	O
processors	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
32-bit	O
processors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
,	O
requires	O
a	O
64-bit	O
processor	O
in	O
any	O
supported	O
architecture	O
(	O
x86-64	B-Device
for	O
x86	O
and	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
had	O
released	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
to	O
mixed	O
reception	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
last	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
Server	I-Application
release	I-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
working	O
title	O
was	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Codename	O
"	O
Longhorn	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
later	O
changed	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
when	O
Microsoft	O
chairman	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
announced	O
it	O
during	O
his	O
keynote	O
address	O
at	O
WinHEC	O
on	O
May	O
16	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
February	O
4	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
officially	O
launched	O
on	O
the	O
27th	O
of	O
that	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
is	O
built	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
codebase	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
thus	O
it	O
shares	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
architecture	O
and	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
codebase	O
is	O
common	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
inherits	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
management	O
and	O
administrative	O
features	O
new	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
rewritten	O
networking	O
stack	O
(	O
native	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
,	O
native	O
wireless	O
,	O
speed	O
and	O
security	O
improvements	O
)	O
;	O
improved	O
image-based	O
installation	O
,	O
deployment	O
and	O
recovery	O
;	O
improved	O
diagnostics	O
,	O
monitoring	O
,	O
event	O
logging	O
and	O
reporting	O
tools	O
;	O
new	O
security	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
BitLocker	O
and	O
address	O
space	O
layout	O
randomization	O
(	O
ASLR	O
)	O
;	O
the	O
improved	O
Windows	O
Firewall	O
with	O
secure	O
default	O
configuration	O
;	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
3.0	O
technologies	O
,	O
specifically	O
Windows	B-Application
Communication	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Message	I-Application
Queuing	I-Application
and	O
Windows	O
Workflow	O
Foundation	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
core	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
memory	B-Architecture
and	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processors	O
and	O
memory	B-Architecture
devices	O
are	O
modeled	O
as	O
Plug	B-Device
and	I-Device
Play	I-Device
devices	O
to	O
allow	O
hot-plugging	B-Device
of	O
these	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
system	O
resources	O
to	O
be	O
partitioned	O
dynamically	O
using	O
dynamic	O
hardware	O
partitioning	O
-	O
each	O
partition	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
memory	B-Architecture
,	O
processor	O
and	O
I/O	O
host	O
bridge	O
devices	O
independent	O
of	O
other	O
partitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
includes	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
installation	O
called	O
Server	O
Core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	O
Core	O
is	O
a	O
significantly	O
scaled-back	O
installation	O
where	O
no	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
shell	O
is	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
lacks	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
non-essential	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
configuration	O
and	O
maintenance	O
is	O
done	O
entirely	O
through	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
windows	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
connecting	O
to	O
the	O
machine	O
remotely	O
using	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
(	O
MMC	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notepad	B-Application
and	O
some	O
Control	O
Panel	O
applets	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Regional	O
Settings	O
,	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Server	O
Core	O
installation	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
for	O
several	O
basic	O
roles	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
domain	B-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
(	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Domain	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Lightweight	O
Directory	O
Services	O
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Application	O
Mode	O
)	O
,	O
DNS	B-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
,	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
,	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
print	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Media	I-Device
Server	I-Device
,	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
7	O
web	O
server	O
and	O
Hyper-V	O
virtual	O
server	O
roles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	O
Core	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
cluster	B-Architecture
with	O
high	O
availability	O
using	O
failover	B-General_Concept
clustering	I-General_Concept
or	O
network	B-Application
load	I-Application
balancing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andrew	O
Mason	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
manager	O
on	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
team	O
,	O
noted	O
that	O
a	O
primary	O
motivation	O
for	O
producing	O
a	O
Server	O
Core	O
variant	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
was	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
attack	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
about	O
70%	O
of	O
the	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
from	O
the	O
prior	O
five	O
years	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
affected	O
Server	O
Core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
domain	O
functionality	O
that	O
was	O
retained	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Domain	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
(	O
ADDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Federation	O
Services	O
(	O
ADFS	O
)	O
enables	O
enterprises	O
to	O
share	O
credentials	O
with	O
trusted	O
partners	O
and	O
customers	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
consultant	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
company	O
user	O
name	O
and	O
password	O
to	O
log	O
in	O
on	O
a	O
client	O
's	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Certificate	O
Services	O
(	O
ADCS	O
)	O
allow	O
administrators	O
to	O
manage	O
user	O
accounts	O
and	O
the	O
digital	O
certificates	O
that	O
allow	O
them	O
to	O
access	O
certain	O
services	O
and	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identity	O
Integration	O
Feature	O
Pack	O
is	O
included	O
as	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Metadirectory	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Read-only	O
domain	B-General_Concept
controllers	I-General_Concept
(	O
RODCs	O
)	O
,	O
intended	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
branch	O
office	O
or	O
other	O
scenarios	O
where	O
a	O
domain	B-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
may	O
reside	O
in	O
a	O
low	O
physical	O
security	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RODC	O
holds	O
a	O
non-writeable	O
copy	O
of	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
redirects	O
all	O
write	O
attempts	O
to	O
a	O
full	O
domain	B-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Restartable	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
allows	O
ADDS	O
to	O
be	O
stopped	O
and	O
restarted	O
from	O
the	O
Management	B-Application
Console	I-Application
or	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
without	O
rebooting	O
the	O
domain	B-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADDS	O
is	O
implemented	O
as	O
a	O
Domain	B-General_Concept
Controller	I-General_Concept
Service	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
Group	O
Policy	O
improvements	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
are	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Group	O
Policy	O
Management	B-Application
Console	I-Application
(	O
GPMC	O
)	O
is	O
built-in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
offers	O
high	O
availability	O
to	O
services	O
and	O
applications	O
through	O
Failover	B-General_Concept
Clustering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
,	O
the	O
way	O
clusters	O
are	O
qualified	O
changed	O
significantly	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
cluster	B-Architecture
validation	O
wizard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cluster	B-Architecture
validation	O
wizard	O
is	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
failover	B-General_Concept
clustering	I-General_Concept
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
cluster	B-Architecture
validation	O
wizard	O
,	O
an	O
administrator	O
can	O
run	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
focused	O
tests	O
on	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
servers	O
that	O
are	O
intended	O
to	O
use	O
as	O
nodes	O
in	O
a	O
cluster	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
cluster	B-Architecture
validation	O
process	B-Operating_System
tests	O
the	O
underlying	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
directly	O
,	O
and	O
individually	O
,	O
to	O
obtain	O
an	O
accurate	O
assessment	O
of	O
how	O
well	O
failover	B-General_Concept
clustering	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
supported	O
on	O
a	O
given	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
is	O
only	O
available	O
in	O
Enterprise	O
and	O
Datacenter	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
resize	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
partitions	O
without	O
stopping	O
the	O
server	O
,	O
even	O
the	O
system	O
partition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shadow	O
Copy	O
based	O
block-level	O
backup	O
which	O
supports	O
optical	O
media	O
,	O
network	B-General_Concept
shares	I-General_Concept
and	O
Windows	O
Recovery	O
Environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DFS	B-Protocol
enhancements	O
-	O
SYSVOL	O
on	O
DFS-R	O
,	O
Read-only	O
Folder	O
Replication	O
Member	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
support	O
for	O
domain-based	O
DFS	B-Protocol
namespaces	O
that	O
exceed	O
the	O
previous	O
size	O
recommendation	O
of	O
5,000	O
folders	O
with	O
targets	O
in	O
a	O
namespace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
improvements	O
to	O
Failover	B-General_Concept
Clustering	I-General_Concept
(	O
high-availability	B-General_Concept
clusters	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
Storage	O
Naming	O
Server	O
(	O
iSNS	B-Architecture
)	O
enables	O
central	O
registration	O
,	O
deregistration	O
and	O
queries	O
for	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-healing	O
NTFS	B-Application
:	O
In	O
Windows	O
versions	O
prior	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
if	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
detected	O
corruption	O
in	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
of	O
an	O
NTFS	B-Application
volume	O
,	O
it	O
marked	O
the	O
volume	O
"	O
dirty	O
"	O
;	O
to	O
correct	O
errors	O
on	O
the	O
volume	O
,	O
it	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
taken	O
offline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
self-healing	O
NTFS	B-Application
,	O
an	O
NTFS	B-Application
worker	O
thread	O
is	O
spawned	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
which	O
performs	O
a	O
localized	O
fix-up	O
of	O
damaged	O
data	O
structures	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
the	O
corrupted	O
files/folders	O
remaining	O
unavailable	O
without	O
locking	O
out	O
the	O
entire	O
volume	O
and	O
needing	O
the	O
server	O
to	O
be	O
taken	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
detection	O
techniques	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
help	O
determine	O
when	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
may	O
fail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyper-V	O
is	O
hypervisor-based	O
virtualization	O
software	O
,	O
forming	O
a	O
core	O
part	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
virtualization	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
virtualizes	O
servers	O
on	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyper-V	O
includes	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
Xen	B-Operating_System
virtualization	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
host	O
allowing	O
Xen-enabled	O
guest	O
operating	O
systems	O
to	O
run	O
virtualized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
shipped	O
with	O
certain	O
x86-64	B-Device
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
,	O
prior	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
on	O
26	O
June	O
2008	O
as	O
a	O
free	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
a	O
standalone	O
variant	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
exists	O
;	O
this	O
variant	O
supports	O
only	O
x86-64	B-Device
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
IA-32	B-Device
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
cannot	O
run	O
or	O
install	O
Hyper-V	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
run	O
the	O
MMC	B-Application
snap-in	O
for	O
managing	O
Hyper-V	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
System	I-Device
Resource	I-Device
Manager	I-Device
(	O
WSRM	O
)	O
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
resource	O
management	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
resources	O
a	O
process	B-Operating_System
or	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
use	O
based	O
on	O
business	O
priorities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Operating_System
Matching	O
Criteria	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
type	O
or	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
process	B-Operating_System
,	O
enforces	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
resource	O
usage	O
by	O
a	O
process	B-Operating_System
that	O
matches	O
the	O
criteria	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	B-Device
time	O
,	O
bandwidth	O
that	O
it	O
can	O
use	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
processors	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
,	O
and	O
allocated	O
to	O
a	O
process	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
restricted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	O
Manager	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
roles-based	O
management	O
tool	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
Manage	O
Your	O
Server	O
and	O
Security	O
Configuration	O
Wizard	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	O
Manager	O
is	O
an	O
improvement	O
of	O
the	O
Configure	O
my	O
server	O
dialog	O
that	O
launches	O
by	O
default	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
128	O
-	O
and	O
256-bit	O
AES	B-Algorithm
encryption	I-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
Kerberos	B-Protocol
authentication	I-Protocol
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secure	B-Protocol
Socket	I-Protocol
Tunneling	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
new	O
Microsoft	O
proprietary	B-Application
VPN	B-Application
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AuthIP	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
proprietary	B-Application
extension	O
of	O
the	O
IKE	B-Protocol
cryptographic	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
used	O
in	O
IPsec	B-Protocol
VPN	B-Application
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	O
Message	O
Block	O
2.0	O
protocol	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
TCP/IP	O
stack	O
provides	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
communication	O
enhancements	O
,	O
including	O
greater	O
performance	O
when	O
connecting	O
to	O
file	B-General_Concept
shares	I-General_Concept
over	O
high-latency	O
links	O
and	O
better	O
security	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
mutual	O
authentication	O
and	O
message	O
signing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
hot	O
patching	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
non-kernel	O
patches	O
to	O
occur	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
reboot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
being	O
booted	O
from	O
Extensible	B-Architecture
Firmware	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
EFI	O
)	O
-compliant	O
firmware	O
on	O
x86-64	B-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
Hardware	O
Partitioning	O
supports	O
hot-addition	O
or	O
replacement	O
of	O
processors	O
and	O
memory	B-Architecture
,	O
on	O
capable	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Deployment	O
Services	O
(	O
WDS	O
)	O
replacing	O
Automated	O
Deployment	O
Services	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
home	O
entertainment	O
and	O
Remote	O
Installation	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
7	O
-	O
Increased	O
security	O
,	O
Robocopy	O
deployment	O
,	O
improved	O
diagnostic	O
tools	O
,	O
delegated	B-General_Concept
administration	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Language
Internal	I-Language
Database	I-Language
,	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
2005	O
,	O
which	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
common	O
storage	O
back-end	O
for	O
several	O
other	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
System	I-Device
Resource	I-Device
Manager	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Update	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
optional	O
"	O
desktop	O
experience	O
"	O
component	O
provides	O
the	O
same	O
Windows	O
Aero	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
as	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
both	O
for	O
local	O
users	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
remote	O
users	O
connecting	O
through	O
Remote	O
Desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-Protocol
Shortest	I-Protocol
Path	I-Protocol
First	I-Protocol
(	O
OSPF	B-Protocol
)	O
routing	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
component	O
in	O
Routing	B-Library
and	I-Library
Remote	I-Library
Access	I-Library
Service	I-Library
was	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Services	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
which	O
provided	O
file	O
and	O
print	B-Application
sharing	I-Application
via	O
the	O
now	O
deprecated	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
protocol	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Services	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
were	O
initially	O
removed	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
but	O
were	O
available	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NTBackup	O
is	O
replaced	O
by	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Backup	O
,	O
and	O
no	O
longer	O
supports	O
backing	O
up	O
to	O
tape	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
NTBackup	O
removal	O
,	O
Exchange	O
Server	O
2007	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
volume	O
snapshot	O
backup	O
functionality	O
;	O
however	O
Exchange	O
Server	O
2007	O
SP2	O
adds	O
back	O
an	O
Exchange	O
backup	O
plug-in	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Backup	O
which	O
restores	O
partial	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
POP3	B-Protocol
service	O
has	O
been	O
removed	O
from	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
7.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SMTP	B-Protocol
(	O
Simple	B-Protocol
Mail	I-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
)	O
service	O
is	O
not	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
server	O
role	O
in	O
IIS	O
7.0	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
server	O
feature	O
managed	O
through	O
IIS	O
6.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NNTP	B-Protocol
(	O
Network	B-Protocol
News	I-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
part	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
7.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReadyBoost	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
are	O
available	O
in	O
x86-64	B-Device
and	O
IA-32	B-Device
variants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
editions	O
come	O
in	O
two	O
DVDs	O
:	O
One	O
for	O
installing	O
the	O
IA-32	B-Device
variant	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
for	O
x64	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
for	O
Itanium-based	O
Systems	O
supports	O
IA-64	B-General_Concept
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IA-64	B-General_Concept
variant	O
is	O
optimized	O
for	O
high-workload	O
scenarios	O
like	O
database	O
servers	O
and	O
Line	O
of	O
Business	O
(	O
LOB	O
)	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
optimized	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
or	O
media	B-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
is	O
the	O
last	O
32-bit	O
Windows	B-Device
server	I-Device
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Essential	O
Business	O
Server	B-Device
2008	I-Device
(	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Centro	O
"	O
;	O
x86-64	B-Device
)	O
for	O
medium-sized	O
businesses	O
-	O
this	O
edition	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Microsoft	O
Imagine	O
program	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
DreamSpark	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
verified	O
students	O
with	O
the	O
32-bit	O
variant	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
Standard	O
Edition	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
version	O
has	O
since	O
then	O
been	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
Foundation	O
Released	O
on	O
May	O
21	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
requirements	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
are	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
supports	O
the	O
following	O
maximum	O
hardware	O
specifications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
shares	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
updates	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
given	O
that	O
the	O
operating	O
systems	O
share	O
a	O
codebase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
workaround	O
using	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Update	O
Catalog	O
allowed	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
updates	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
on	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
adding	O
nearly	O
3	O
years	O
of	O
security	O
updates	O
to	O
that	O
operating	O
system	O
(	O
Support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
ended	O
on	O
April	O
11	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
while	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
ended	O
on	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
2020	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RTM	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
already	O
includes	O
the	O
updates	O
and	O
fixes	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
specifically	O
received	O
the	O
final	O
release	O
of	O
Hyper-V	O
1.0	O
,	O
improved	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
with	O
Terminal	O
Server	O
license	O
keys	O
and	O
an	O
approximate	O
10%	O
reduction	O
in	O
power	O
usage	O
with	O
this	O
service	O
pack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
share	O
the	O
same	O
service	O
pack	O
update	O
binary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
27	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
the	O
Platform	O
Update	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
backports	O
several	O
APIs	O
and	O
libraries	O
introduced	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
Ribbon	O
API	O
,	O
DirectX	B-Application
11	O
,	O
the	O
XPS	B-Application
library	O
,	O
the	O
Windows	O
Automation	O
API	O
and	O
the	O
Portable	O
Device	O
Platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
shipped	O
with	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
7	I-Application
,	O
the	O
same	O
version	O
that	O
shipped	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
supported	O
version	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
is	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
9	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
9	O
was	O
continually	O
updated	O
with	O
cumulative	O
monthly	O
update	O
rollups	O
until	O
support	O
for	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
9	O
on	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
ended	O
on	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extended	O
Security	O
Updates	O
(	O
ESU	O
)	O
continue	O
until	O
January	O
9	O
,	O
2024	O
for	O
Azure	B-Application
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
supported	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
officially	O
is	O
version	O
4.6	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2017	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
an	O
update	O
to	O
add	O
TLS	B-Protocol
1.1	O
and	O
1.2	O
support	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
,	O
however	O
it	O
is	O
disabled	O
by	O
default	O
after	O
installing	O
the	O
update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
March	O
2019	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
began	O
transitioning	O
to	O
exclusively	O
signing	O
Windows	O
updates	O
with	O
the	O
SHA-2	B-Algorithm
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
this	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
several	O
updates	O
throughout	O
2019	O
to	O
add	O
SHA-2	B-Algorithm
signing	O
support	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2018	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
moving	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
to	O
a	O
monthly	O
update	O
model	O
beginning	O
with	O
updates	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
2018	O
-	O
two	O
years	O
after	O
Microsoft	O
switched	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
their	O
supported	O
operating	O
systems	O
to	O
that	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
new	O
update	O
model	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
updates	O
being	O
released	O
as	O
they	O
became	O
available	O
,	O
only	O
two	O
update	O
packages	O
were	O
released	O
on	O
the	O
second	O
Tuesday	O
of	O
every	O
month	O
until	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
reached	O
its	O
end	O
of	O
life	O
-	O
one	O
package	O
containing	O
security	O
and	O
quality	O
updates	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
smaller	O
package	O
that	O
contained	O
only	O
the	O
security	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installing	O
the	O
preview	O
rollup	O
package	O
released	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
on	O
March	O
19	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
or	O
any	O
later	O
released	O
rollup	O
package	O
,	O
will	O
update	O
the	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
's	O
build	O
number	O
from	O
version	O
6.0.6002	O
to	O
6.0.6003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
based	O
on	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
,	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
July	O
22	O
,	O
2009	O
and	O
became	O
generally	O
available	O
on	O
October	O
22	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
features	O
added	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
include	O
new	O
virtualization	O
features	O
,	O
new	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
features	O
,	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
7.5	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
256	O
logical	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
server	O
operating	O
system	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
exclusively	O
support	O
64-bit	O
processors	O
,	O
while	O
consumer-oriented	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
maintained	O
32-bit	O
support	O
until	O
Windows	B-Application
11	I-Application
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
service	O
pack	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
,	O
formally	O
designed	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
February	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
the	O
RTM	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
ended	O
on	O
July	O
12	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
users	O
can	O
no	O
longer	O
receive	O
further	O
security	O
updates	O
for	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
supported	O
with	O
security	O
updates	O
,	O
lasting	O
until	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
respective	O
end-of-life	O
dates	O
of	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
planned	O
to	O
end	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
on	O
January	O
12	O
,	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
is	O
eligible	O
for	O
the	O
paid	O
Extended	O
Security	O
Updates	O
(	O
ESU	O
)	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
is	O
also	O
included	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
purchases	O
,	O
and	O
Azure	B-Application
customers	O
receive	O
an	O
extra	O
year	O
of	O
support	O
,	O
until	O
January	O
9	O
,	O
2024	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extended	O
Security	O
Updates	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
for	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
customers	O
.	O
</s>
