<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Whistler	B-Application
Server	I-Application
"	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
produced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
family	I-Device
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
March	O
28	O
,	O
2003	O
and	O
generally	O
available	O
on	O
April	O
24	O
,	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
Server	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
and	O
the	O
predecessor	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
updated	O
version	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
R2	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
December	O
6	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
consumer	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
's	O
kernel	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
64-bit	O
Edition	O
and	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
XP	I-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
x64	I-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
starting	O
point	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
that	O
supports	O
processors	O
without	O
ACPI	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
,	O
requires	O
a	O
processor	O
with	O
ACPI	B-Device
in	O
any	O
supported	O
architecture	O
(	O
x86	B-Operating_System
,	O
x64	B-Device
and	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
the	O
follow-up	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	O
,	O
incorporating	O
compatibility	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
's	O
default	O
installation	O
has	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
server	O
components	O
enabled	O
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
attack	O
surface	O
of	O
new	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
includes	O
compatibility	O
modes	O
to	O
allow	O
older	O
applications	O
to	O
run	O
with	O
greater	O
stability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
made	O
more	O
compatible	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
domain-based	O
networking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
brought	O
in	O
enhanced	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
compatibility	O
and	O
better	O
deployment	O
support	O
to	O
ease	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
to	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Professional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
the	O
first	O
server	O
edition	O
of	O
Windows	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
IA64	B-General_Concept
and	O
x64	B-Device
architectures	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
first	O
announced	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
known	O
by	O
its	O
codename	B-General_Concept
"	O
Whistler	B-Application
Server	I-Application
"	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
named	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
2002	I-Application
Server	O
"	O
for	O
a	O
brief	O
time	O
in	O
mid-2001	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
"	O
Windows	O
.NET	B-Application
Server	I-Application
"	O
and	O
"	O
Windows	O
.NET	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Microsoft	O
chose	O
to	O
focus	O
the	O
"	O
.NET	B-Application
"	O
branding	O
on	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
,	O
the	O
OS	O
was	O
finally	O
released	O
as	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
version	O
which	O
was	O
thoroughly	O
subjected	O
to	O
semi-automated	O
testing	O
for	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
with	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
called	O
PREfast	O
developed	O
by	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Amitabh	O
Srivastava	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
Research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
automated	O
bug	B-Error_Name
checking	O
system	O
was	O
first	O
tested	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
but	O
not	O
thoroughly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amitabh	O
Srivastava	O
's	O
PREfast	O
found	O
12%	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
's	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
,	O
the	O
remaining	O
88%	O
being	O
found	O
by	O
human	O
computer	B-Application
programmers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
employs	O
more	O
than	O
4,700	O
programmers	B-Application
who	O
work	O
on	O
Windows	O
,	O
60%	O
of	O
whom	O
are	O
software	O
testers	O
whose	O
job	O
is	O
to	O
find	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
in	O
Windows	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
co-founder	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
stated	O
that	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
was	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
"	O
most	O
rigorously	O
tested	O
software	O
to	O
date.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
used	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
's	O
kernel	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
improvements	O
and	O
new	O
features	O
have	O
been	O
added	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
IIS	B-Application
)	O
has	O
been	O
upgraded	O
to	O
v6.0.There	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
significant	O
improvements	O
to	O
Message	B-Application
Queuing	I-Application
and	O
to	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
deactivate	O
classes	O
from	O
the	O
schema	B-Application
,	O
or	O
to	O
run	O
multiple	O
instances	O
of	O
the	O
directory	O
server	O
(	O
ADAM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
notable	O
change	O
in	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
rescue	B-Application
disk	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
removed	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
Automated	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
Recovery	I-General_Concept
(	O
ASR	O
)	O
.Other	O
Improvements	O
to	O
Group	O
Policy	O
handling	O
and	O
administration	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
history	B-Device
of	I-Device
Windows	I-Device
Server	O
,	O
a	O
backup	O
system	O
to	O
restore	O
lost	O
files	O
has	O
been	O
created	O
together	O
with	O
improved	O
disk	O
management	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
back	O
up	O
from	O
shadows	O
of	O
files	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
backup	O
of	O
open	O
files.Another	O
important	O
area	O
where	O
improvements	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
are	O
the	O
scripting	B-Language
and	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
tools	I-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
improvements	O
being	O
part	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
initiative	O
to	O
bring	O
a	O
complete	O
command	O
shell	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
notable	O
new	O
features	O
include	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
hardware-based	O
"	O
watchdog	B-Application
timer	I-Application
"	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
restart	O
the	O
server	O
if	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
respond	O
within	O
a	O
certain	O
amount	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
this	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
the	O
Themes	O
service	O
is	O
disabled	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
defaulting	O
to	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
previous	O
Windows	O
versions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
comes	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
editions	O
,	O
each	O
targeted	O
towards	O
a	O
particular	O
size	O
and	O
type	O
of	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
all	O
variants	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
share	O
files	O
and	O
printers	O
,	O
act	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
server	O
,	O
host	O
message	O
queues	O
,	O
provide	O
email	O
services	O
,	O
authenticate	O
users	O
,	O
act	O
as	O
an	O
X.509	O
certificate	O
server	O
,	O
provide	O
LDAP	B-Protocol
directory	O
services	O
,	O
serve	O
streaming	O
media	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
perform	O
other	O
server-oriented	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Web	O
is	O
meant	O
for	O
building	O
and	O
hosting	O
Web	O
applications	O
,	O
Web	O
pages	O
,	O
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
web	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
primarily	O
as	O
an	O
IIS	B-Application
web	O
server	O
and	O
provides	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
developing	O
and	O
deploying	O
XML	B-Protocol
Web	O
services	O
and	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
ASP.NET	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain	O
controller	O
and	O
Terminal	B-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
functionality	O
are	O
not	O
included	O
on	O
Web	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
install	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	O
Exchange	O
software	O
in	O
this	O
edition	O
without	O
installing	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
supporting	O
XML	B-Protocol
Web	O
services	O
and	O
ASP.NET	B-Application
,	O
UDDI	O
cannot	O
be	O
deployed	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
version	O
2.0	O
is	O
not	O
included	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Web	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
update	O
from	O
Windows	O
Update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Web	O
supports	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
two	O
physical	O
processors	O
and	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
2GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
edition	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
that	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
client	B-License
access	I-License
license	I-License
(	O
CAL	O
)	O
when	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
internet	O
facing	O
server	O
front-end	O
for	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Update	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Standard	O
is	O
aimed	O
towards	O
small	O
to	O
medium-sized	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
specialized	O
variant	O
for	O
the	O
x64	B-Device
architecture	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IA-32	B-Device
variants	O
supports	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
physical	O
processors	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
4GB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
;	O
the	O
x64	B-Device
variant	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
addressing	O
up	O
to	O
32GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
also	O
supports	O
Non-Uniform	B-Operating_System
Memory	I-Operating_System
Access	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Enterprise	O
is	O
aimed	O
towards	O
medium	O
to	O
large	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
full-function	O
server	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
supports	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
physical	O
processors	O
and	O
provides	O
enterprise-class	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
eight-node	O
clustering	B-Architecture
using	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Cluster	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
(	O
MSCS	B-Operating_System
)	O
software	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
64	O
GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
through	O
PAE	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
also	O
comes	O
in	O
specialized	O
variants	O
for	O
the	O
x64	B-Device
and	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
installed	O
,	O
the	O
x64	B-Device
and	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
variants	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
addressing	O
up	O
to	O
1TB	O
and	O
2TB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
edition	O
also	O
supports	O
Non-Uniform	B-Operating_System
Memory	I-Operating_System
Access	I-Operating_System
(	O
NUMA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Enterprise	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
required	O
edition	O
to	O
issue	O
custom	O
certificate	O
templates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Datacenter	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
infrastructures	O
demanding	O
high	O
security	O
and	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
available	O
for	O
IA-32	B-Device
,	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
x64	B-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
32	O
physical	O
processors	O
on	O
IA-32	B-Device
platform	O
or	O
64	O
physical	O
processors	O
on	O
x64	B-Device
and	O
IA-64	B-General_Concept
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IA-32	B-Device
variants	O
of	O
this	O
edition	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
64GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
installed	O
,	O
the	O
x64	B-Device
variants	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
1TB	O
while	O
the	O
IA-64	B-General_Concept
variants	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
2TB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Datacenter	O
also	O
allows	O
limiting	O
processor	O
and	O
memory	O
usage	O
on	O
a	O
per-application	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
edition	O
has	O
better	O
support	O
for	O
storage	O
area	O
networks	O
(	O
SANs	O
)	O
:	O
It	O
features	O
a	O
service	O
which	O
uses	O
Windows	B-Application
sockets	I-Application
to	O
emulate	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
communication	O
over	O
native	O
SAN	O
service	O
providers	O
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
a	O
SAN	O
to	O
be	O
accessed	O
over	O
any	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
,	O
any	O
application	O
that	O
can	O
communicate	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
can	O
use	O
a	O
SAN	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
modification	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Datacenter	O
edition	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Enterprise	O
edition	O
,	O
supports	O
8-node	O
clustering	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clustering	B-Architecture
increases	O
availability	O
and	O
fault	B-General_Concept
tolerance	I-General_Concept
of	O
server	O
installations	O
by	O
distributing	O
and	O
replicating	O
the	O
service	O
among	O
many	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
edition	O
supports	O
clustering	B-Architecture
with	O
each	O
cluster	O
having	O
its	O
own	O
dedicated	O
storage	O
,	O
or	O
with	O
all	O
cluster	O
nodes	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
common	O
SAN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Compute	O
Cluster	B-Architecture
Server	I-Architecture
2003	O
(	O
CCS	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
June	O
2006	O
,	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
high-end	O
applications	O
that	O
require	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
clusters	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
deployed	O
on	O
numerous	O
computers	O
to	O
be	O
clustered	O
together	O
to	O
achieve	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
Compute	O
Cluster	B-Architecture
Server	I-Architecture
network	O
comprises	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
controlling	O
head	O
node	O
and	O
subordinate	O
processing	O
nodes	O
that	O
carry	O
out	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compute	O
Cluster	B-Architecture
Server	I-Architecture
has	O
a	O
built-in	O
Message	B-Application
Passing	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Messaging	O
Passing	O
Interface	O
v2	O
(	O
MS-MPI	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
communicate	O
between	O
the	O
processing	O
nodes	O
on	O
the	O
cluster	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
over	O
160	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
job	O
launcher	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
execute	O
jobs	O
to	O
be	O
executed	O
in	O
the	O
computing	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
MS	O
MPI	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
reference	O
open	O
source	O
MPI2	B-Application
specification	O
which	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
High-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
HPC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
some	O
exceptions	O
because	O
of	O
security	O
considerations	O
,	O
MS	O
MPI	O
covers	O
the	O
complete	O
set	O
of	O
MPI2	B-Application
functionality	O
as	O
implemented	O
in	O
MPICH2	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
planned	O
future	O
features	O
of	O
dynamic	O
process	O
spawn	O
and	O
publishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
,	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
series	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
specialized	O
server	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
network-attached	B-Application
storage	I-Application
(	O
NAS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
in	O
2003	O
at	O
Storage	B-Device
Decisions	I-Device
in	O
Chicago	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
optimized	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
file	O
and	O
print	B-Application
sharing	I-Application
and	O
also	O
in	O
storage	O
area	O
network	O
(	O
SAN	O
)	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
editions	O
that	O
provide	O
file	O
and	O
printer	O
sharing	O
functionality	O
,	O
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
CAL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
NAS	B-Application
equipment	O
can	O
be	O
headless	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
without	O
any	O
monitors	O
,	O
keyboards	O
or	O
mice	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
administered	O
remotely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
devices	O
are	O
plugged	O
into	O
any	O
existing	O
IP	B-Protocol
network	I-Protocol
and	O
the	O
storage	O
capacity	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
all	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
can	O
use	O
RAID	B-Architecture
arrays	I-Architecture
to	O
provide	O
data	B-Application
redundancy	I-Application
,	O
fault-tolerance	B-General_Concept
and	O
high	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
such	O
NAS	B-Application
servers	O
can	O
be	O
clustered	O
to	O
appear	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
device	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
responsibility	O
for	O
serving	O
clients	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
if	O
one	O
server	O
fails	O
then	O
other	O
servers	O
can	O
take	O
over	O
(	O
often	O
termed	O
a	O
failover	B-General_Concept
)	O
which	O
also	O
improves	O
fault-tolerance	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
Storage	O
Area	O
Network	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
transferred	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
chunks	O
rather	O
than	O
files	O
,	O
thus	O
providing	O
more	O
granularity	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
transferred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
provides	O
higher	O
performance	O
to	O
database	O
and	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
also	O
allows	O
NAS	B-Application
devices	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
SAN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
second	O
release	O
named	O
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
provides	O
an	O
index-based	O
,	O
full-text	O
search	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
indexing	O
engine	O
already	O
built	O
into	O
Windows	B-Device
server	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
updated	O
search	O
engine	O
speeds	O
up	O
indexed	O
searches	O
on	O
network	B-General_Concept
shares	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
edition	O
also	O
provides	O
filters	O
for	O
searching	O
many	O
standard	O
file	O
formats	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ZIP	B-General_Concept
archives	I-General_Concept
,	O
AutoCAD	B-Algorithm
models	I-Algorithm
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
documents	I-Protocol
,	O
MP3	B-Application
audio	I-Application
files	I-Application
,	O
PDF	B-Application
documents	I-Application
,	O
and	O
all	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
file	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
includes	O
built	O
in	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
and	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
Portal	O
Server	O
,	O
and	O
adds	O
a	O
Storage	O
Management	O
snap-in	O
for	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
manage	O
storage	O
volumes	O
centrally	O
,	O
including	O
DFS	B-Protocol
shares	O
,	O
on	O
servers	O
running	O
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
R2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
target	O
with	O
standard	O
and	O
enterprise	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
,	O
incorporating	O
WinTarget	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
technology	O
which	O
Microsoft	O
acquired	O
in	O
2006	O
by	O
from	O
StringBean	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
will	O
be	O
an	O
add-on	O
feature	O
available	O
for	O
purchase	O
through	O
OEM	O
partners	O
as	O
an	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
feature	O
pack	O
,	O
or	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
some	O
versions	O
of	O
WSS	O
as	O
configured	O
by	O
OEMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
can	O
be	O
promoted	O
to	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
domain	O
controller	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
this	O
edition	O
is	O
not	O
licensed	O
to	O
run	O
directory	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributed	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DFS	B-Protocol
)	O
:	O
Allows	O
multiple	O
network	B-General_Concept
shares	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
aggregated	O
as	O
a	O
virtual	O
file	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
SAN	O
and	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
:	O
Allows	O
computers	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
over	O
the	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
,	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
separate	O
fibre	B-Architecture
channel	I-Architecture
network	O
,	O
thus	O
a	O
Storage	O
Area	O
Network	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
over	O
the	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iSCSI	B-Protocol
uses	O
the	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
protocol	O
to	O
transfer	O
data	O
as	O
a	O
block	O
of	O
bytes	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
as	O
a	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
Disc	O
Service	O
:	O
Allows	O
NAS	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
RAID	B-Architecture
devices	O
and	O
SAN	O
shares	O
to	O
be	O
exposed	O
and	O
managed	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
normal	O
hard	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
and	O
Hardware	O
RAID	B-Architecture
:	O
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
has	O
intrinsic	O
support	O
for	O
hardware	O
implementation	O
of	O
RAID	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
case	O
hardware	O
support	O
is	O
not	O
available	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
use	O
software	O
enabled	O
RAID	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
was	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
editions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Unified	O
Data	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
is	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Windows	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	O
R2	O
with	O
iSCSI	B-Protocol
target	O
support	O
standard	O
,	O
available	O
in	O
only	O
the	O
standard	O
and	O
enterprise	O
editions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Small	O
Business	O
Server	O
(	O
SBS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
suite	I-Application
which	O
includes	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
and	O
additional	O
technologies	O
aimed	O
at	O
providing	O
a	O
small	O
business	O
with	O
a	O
complete	O
technology	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Standard	O
edition	O
of	O
SBS	O
includes	O
Microsoft	B-General_Concept
Remote	I-General_Concept
Web	I-General_Concept
Workplace	I-General_Concept
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
,	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Exchange	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
,	O
Fax	O
Server	O
,	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
basic	O
firewall	B-Application
,	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
and	O
network	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
translation	I-Protocol
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Premium	O
edition	O
of	O
SBS	O
adds	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2000	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
ISA	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SBS	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
type	O
of	O
CAL	O
that	O
is	O
different	O
and	O
costs	O
slightly	O
more	O
than	O
CALs	O
for	O
the	O
other	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
SBS	O
CAL	O
encompasses	O
the	O
user	O
CALs	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
,	O
Exchange	B-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
,	O
SQL	O
Server	O
and	O
ISA	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
and	O
hence	O
is	O
less	O
expensive	O
than	O
buying	O
all	O
other	O
CALs	O
individually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SBS	O
has	O
the	O
following	O
design	O
limitations	O
,	O
mainly	O
affecting	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
:	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
remove	O
the	O
limitations	O
from	O
an	O
instance	O
of	O
SBS	O
and	O
upgrade	O
to	O
regular	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
,	O
Exchange	B-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
,	O
SQL	O
and	O
ISA	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
Windows	O
Small	O
Business	O
Server	O
2003	O
R2	O
Transition	O
Pack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Home	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
WHS	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
from	O
Microsoft	O
based	O
on	O
Windows	O
Small	O
Business	O
Server	O
2003	O
SP2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Home	I-Application
Server	I-Application
was	O
announced	O
on	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
by	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
and	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
solution	O
for	O
homes	O
with	O
multiple	O
connected	O
PCs	O
to	O
offer	O
file	O
sharing	O
,	O
automated	O
backups	O
,	O
and	O
remote	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Home	I-Application
Server	I-Application
began	O
shipment	O
to	O
OEMs	O
on	O
September	O
15	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
for	O
Embedded	O
Systems	O
replaced	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	O
for	O
Embedded	O
Systems	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intended	O
use	O
was	O
for	O
building	O
firewall	B-Application
,	O
VPN	O
caching	O
servers	O
and	O
similar	O
appliances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
End	O
of	O
extended	O
support	O
was	O
July	O
14	O
,	O
2015	O
(	O
all	O
variants	O
except	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
End	O
of	O
Licence	O
was	O
May	O
28	O
,	O
2018	O
(	O
R2	O
and	O
original	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
XP	I-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
x64	I-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
less	O
than	O
a	O
month	O
after	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
SP1	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
kernel	O
and	O
source	O
code	O
tree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
32-bit	O
variant	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
were	O
brought	O
over	O
into	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
XP	I-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
x64	I-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
,	O
other	O
limitations	O
imposed	O
by	O
constraints	O
such	O
as	O
only	O
supporting	O
64-bit	O
drivers	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
16-bit	O
programs	O
being	O
dropped	O
led	O
to	O
incompatibilities	O
with	O
the	O
32-bit	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
XP	I-Application
editions	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
later	O
received	O
a	O
Service	O
Pack	O
update	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
SP2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
30	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
improvements	O
are	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
updates	O
that	O
were	O
provided	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
users	O
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hot	O
Patching	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
made	O
to	O
extend	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
's	O
ability	O
to	O
take	O
DLL	O
,	O
Driver	O
,	O
and	O
non-kernel	O
patches	O
without	O
a	O
reboot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IIS	B-Application
6.0	O
Metabase	O
Auditing	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
allows	O
the	O
tracking	O
of	O
metabase	O
edits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Firewall	B-Application
,	O
which	O
brings	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
improvements	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
;	O
also	O
with	O
the	O
Security	O
Configuration	O
Wizard	O
,	O
it	O
allows	O
administrators	O
to	O
more	O
easily	O
manage	O
the	O
incoming	O
open	O
ports	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
will	O
automatically	O
detect	O
and	O
select	O
default	O
roles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Post-Setup	O
Security	O
Updates	O
,	O
a	O
panel	O
which	O
is	O
shown	O
only	O
when	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
first	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
Execution	O
Prevention	O
(	O
DEP	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
to	O
add	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
No	B-General_Concept
Execute	I-General_Concept
(	O
NX	O
)	O
bit	O
which	O
helps	O
to	O
prevent	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
exploits	O
that	O
are	O
often	O
the	O
attack	O
vector	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
exploits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
6	I-Application
SV1	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
March	O
13	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
contains	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
3.0	O
,	O
Windows	O
Deployment	O
Services	O
(	O
which	O
replaces	O
Remote	O
Installation	O
Services	O
)	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
WPA2	O
,	O
and	O
improvements	O
to	O
IPsec	B-Protocol
and	O
MSConfig	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
also	O
adds	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Scalable	O
Networking	O
Pack	O
(	O
SNP	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
hardware	O
acceleration	O
for	O
processing	O
network	O
packets	O
,	O
thereby	O
enabling	O
faster	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SNP	O
was	O
previously	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
out-of-band	O
update	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
R2	O
is	O
an	O
updated	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
,	O
which	O
contains	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
SP1	O
on	O
one	O
CD	O
and	O
a	O
host	O
of	O
optionally	O
installed	O
new	O
features	O
on	O
another	O
disc	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Plus	I-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
December	O
6	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
for	O
IA-32	B-Device
and	O
x64	B-Device
platforms	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
IA-64	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
features	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
R2	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
version	O
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
several	O
new	O
snap-ins	B-Application
are	O
included	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
13	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
's	O
mainstream	O
support	O
expired	O
and	O
the	O
extended	O
support	O
phase	O
began	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainstream	O
support	O
for	O
Storage	B-Application
Server	I-Application
edition	O
ended	O
on	O
October	O
11	O
,	O
2011	O
and	O
extended	O
support	O
ended	O
on	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
is	O
unsupported	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
an	O
emergency	O
security	O
patch	O
in	O
May	O
2017	O
for	O
the	O
OS	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
unsupported	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
(	O
including	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
RTM	O
without	O
a	O
service	O
pack	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
address	O
a	O
vulnerability	O
that	O
was	O
being	O
leveraged	O
by	O
the	O
WannaCry	O
ransomware	O
attack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
in	O
2020	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
disable	O
the	O
Windows	O
Update	O
service	O
for	O
SHA-1	O
endpoints	O
and	O
since	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
did	O
not	O
get	O
an	O
update	O
for	O
SHA-2	O
,	O
Windows	O
Update	O
Services	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
OS	O
as	O
of	O
late	O
July	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
old	O
updates	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
are	O
still	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Update	O
Catalog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
23	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	I-Application
Pack	I-Application
1	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
source	O
code	O
was	O
leaked	O
onto	O
the	O
imageboard	O
4chan	O
by	O
an	O
unknown	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anonymous	O
users	O
from	O
managed	O
to	O
compile	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
source	O
code	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
Twitter	O
user	O
who	O
posted	O
videos	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
on	O
YouTube	O
proving	O
that	O
the	O
code	O
was	O
genuine	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
platform	O
on	O
copyright	O
grounds	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
leak	O
itself	O
was	O
spread	O
using	O
magnet	B-Protocol
links	I-Protocol
and	O
torrent	O
files	O
whose	O
payload	O
originally	O
included	O
Server	O
2003	O
and	O
XP	B-Application
source	O
code	O
and	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
updated	O
by	O
additional	O
files	O
among	O
which	O
were	O
previous	O
leaks	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
products	O
,	O
its	O
patents	O
,	O
media	O
about	O
conspiracy	O
theories	O
about	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
by	O
anti-vaccination	O
movements	O
and	O
an	O
assortment	O
of	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
on	O
different	O
topics	O
.	O
</s>
