<s>
Windows	B-Application
Calculator	I-Application
is	O
a	O
software	O
calculator	B-Application
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
included	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
incarnation	O
it	O
has	O
four	O
modes	O
:	O
standard	O
,	O
scientific	O
,	O
programmer	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
graphing	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scientific	O
mode	O
takes	O
this	O
a	O
step	O
further	O
and	O
adds	O
exponents	O
and	O
trigonometric	O
function	O
,	O
and	O
programmer	O
mode	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
perform	O
operations	O
related	O
to	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
graphing	O
mode	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Calculator	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
graph	O
equations	O
on	O
a	O
coordinate	O
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
Calculator	I-Application
is	O
one	O
of	O
a	O
few	O
applications	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
bundled	O
in	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
starting	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
has	O
been	O
upgraded	O
with	O
various	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
included	O
with	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
and	O
Xbox	B-Device
One	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
simple	O
arithmetic	O
calculator	B-Application
was	O
first	O
included	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Application
3.0	I-Application
,	O
a	O
scientific	O
mode	O
was	O
added	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
exponents	O
and	O
roots	O
,	O
logarithms	O
,	O
factorial-based	O
functions	O
,	O
trigonometry	O
(	O
supports	O
radian	O
,	O
degree	O
and	O
gradians	O
angles	O
)	O
,	O
base	O
conversions	O
(	O
2	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
10	O
,	O
16	O
)	O
,	O
logic	O
operations	O
,	O
statistical	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
single	O
variable	O
statistics	O
and	O
linear	O
regression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
it	O
uses	O
an	O
IEEE	O
754-1985	O
double-precision	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
highest	O
representable	O
number	O
by	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
is	O
21024	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
slightly	O
above	O
10308	O
(	O
~	O
1.80	O
×	O
10308	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
and	O
later	O
,	O
it	O
uses	O
an	O
arbitrary-precision	B-Algorithm
arithmetic	I-Algorithm
library	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
standard	O
IEEE	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
bignum	B-Algorithm
precision	O
for	O
basic	O
operations	O
(	O
addition	O
,	O
subtraction	O
,	O
multiplication	O
,	O
division	O
)	O
and	O
32	O
digits	O
of	O
precision	O
for	O
advanced	O
operations	O
(	O
square	O
root	O
,	O
transcendental	O
functions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
value	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
represented	O
on	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Calculator	I-Application
is	O
currently	O
and	O
the	O
smallest	O
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
digit	O
grouping	O
is	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculators	B-Application
of	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
and	O
Vista	B-Application
were	O
able	O
to	O
calculate	O
using	O
numbers	O
beyond	O
1010000	O
,	O
but	O
calculating	O
with	O
these	O
numbers	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
10^2^2^2^2^2^2^	O
2	O
...	O
)	O
does	O
increasingly	O
slow	O
down	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
and	O
make	O
it	O
unresponsive	O
until	O
the	O
calculation	O
has	O
been	O
completed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
the	O
last	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Calculator	I-Application
,	O
where	O
calculating	O
with	O
binary/decimal/hexadecimal/octal	O
numbers	O
is	O
included	O
into	O
scientific	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
they	O
were	O
moved	O
to	O
programmer	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
separate	O
mode	O
that	O
co-exists	O
with	O
scientific	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
separate	O
programmer	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
unit	O
conversion	O
,	O
date	O
calculation	O
,	O
and	O
worksheets	O
modes	O
were	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Calculator	B-Application
's	O
interface	O
was	O
revamped	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
since	O
its	O
introduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
app	O
was	O
redesigned	O
to	O
accommodate	O
multi-touch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
mode	O
behaves	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
checkbook	O
calculator	B-Application
;	O
entering	O
the	O
sequence	O
6	O
*	O
4	O
+	O
12	O
/	O
4	O
-	O
4	O
*	O
5	O
gives	O
the	O
answer	O
25	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
programmer	O
mode	O
,	O
inputting	O
a	O
number	O
in	O
decimal	B-Application
has	O
a	O
lower	O
and	O
upper	O
limit	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
type	O
,	O
and	O
must	O
always	O
be	O
an	O
integer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
type	O
of	O
number	O
in	O
decimal	B-Application
mode	O
is	O
signed	B-Algorithm
n-bit	O
integer	O
when	O
converting	O
from	O
number	O
in	O
hexadecimal	O
,	O
octal	O
,	O
or	O
binary	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
right	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
Calculator	B-Application
,	O
one	O
can	O
add	O
a	O
panel	O
with	O
date	O
calculation	O
,	O
unit	O
conversion	O
and	O
worksheets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
pre-beta	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
Calculator	B-Application
also	O
provided	O
a	O
Wages	O
template	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
traditional	O
Calculator	B-Application
is	O
still	O
included	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
8.1	I-Device
,	O
a	O
Metro-style	O
Calculator	B-Application
is	O
also	O
present	O
,	O
featuring	O
a	O
full-screen	O
interface	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
normal	O
,	O
scientific	O
,	O
and	O
conversion	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Calculator	B-Application
in	O
non-LTSC	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
Universal	O
Windows	B-Application
Platform	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
LTSC	O
(	O
which	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
universal	O
Windows	B-Application
apps	I-Application
)	O
includes	O
the	O
traditional	O
calculator	B-Application
,	O
but	O
which	O
is	O
now	O
named	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
calculators	B-Application
provide	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
calculator	B-Application
included	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Application
8.x	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
unit	O
conversions	O
for	O
volume	O
,	O
length	O
,	O
weight	O
,	O
temperature	O
,	O
energy	O
,	O
area	O
,	O
speed	O
,	O
time	O
,	O
power	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
pressure	O
and	O
angle	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
history	O
list	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
clear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
universal	O
Windows	B-Application
app	I-Application
and	O
LTSC	O
's	O
register	O
themselves	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
as	O
handlers	O
of	O
a	O
''	O
pseudo-protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
editions	O
(	O
both	O
LTSC	O
and	O
non-LTSC	O
)	O
continue	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
,	O
which	O
however	O
is	O
just	O
a	O
stub	O
that	O
launches	O
(	O
via	O
ShellExecute	O
)	O
the	O
handler	O
that	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
''	O
pseudo-protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
Fall	O
Creators	O
Update	O
,	O
a	O
currency	O
converter	O
mode	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
Calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
6	O
March	O
2019	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
Calculator	B-Application
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
under	O
the	B-License
MIT	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Application
11	O
,	O
the	O
Calculator	B-Application
app	O
's	O
user	O
interface	O
was	O
modified	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
11	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
settings	O
page	O
is	O
present	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
toggle	O
between	O
the	O
themes	O
of	O
the	O
app	O
without	O
changing	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
theme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
to	O
migrate	O
the	O
codebase	O
of	O
the	O
Calculator	B-Application
app	O
to	O
C#	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
welcome	O
more	O
developers	O
to	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
,	O
Calculator	B-Application
runs	O
in	O
standard	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
resembles	O
a	O
four-function	O
calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
provide	O
support	O
for	O
user-defined	O
functions	O
,	O
complex	O
numbers	O
,	O
storage	O
variables	O
for	O
intermediate	O
results	O
(	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
classic	O
accumulator	O
memory	O
of	O
pocket	O
calculators	B-Application
)	O
,	O
automated	O
polar-cartesian	O
coordinates	O
conversion	O
,	O
or	O
support	O
for	O
two-variables	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calculator	B-Application
supports	O
keyboard	O
shortcuts	O
;	O
all	O
Calculator	B-Application
features	O
have	O
an	O
associated	O
keyboard	O
shortcut	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calculator	B-Application
in	O
programmer	O
mode	O
cannot	O
accept	O
or	O
display	O
a	O
number	O
larger	O
than	O
a	O
signed	B-Algorithm
QWORD	O
(	O
16	O
hexadecimal	O
digits/64	O
bits	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
number	O
it	O
can	O
handle	O
is	O
therefore	O
0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF	O
(	O
decimal	B-Application
9,223,372,036,854,775,807	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
calculations	O
in	O
programmer	O
mode	O
which	O
exceed	O
this	O
limit	O
will	O
overflow	B-Error_Name
,	O
even	O
if	O
those	O
calculations	O
would	O
succeed	O
in	O
other	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
older	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
,	O
some	O
transcendental	O
function	O
operations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
square	O
root	O
operator	O
(sqrt(4 )	O
−	O
2	O
=	O
−	O
8.1648465955514287168521180122928e	O
−39	O
)	O
,	O
caused	O
the	O
number	O
to	O
be	O
calculated	O
incorrectly	O
due	O
to	O
catastrophic	B-Algorithm
cancelation	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
universal	O
Calculator	B-Application
in	O
non-LTSC	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
does	O
n't	O
use	O
any	O
regional	O
format	O
(	O
can	O
be	O
set	O
in	O
Region	O
Control	O
Panel	O
)	O
that	O
are	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
app	O
's	O
display	O
language	O
for	O
number	O
formatting	O
(	O
the	O
app	O
's	O
language	O
is	O
English	O
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
but	O
Windows	B-Application
's	O
regional	O
format	O
is	O
set	O
to	O
a	O
different	O
format	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calculator	B-Application
Plus	O
is	O
a	O
separate	O
application	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
users	O
that	O
adds	O
a	O
'	O
Conversion	O
 '	O
mode	O
over	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
version	I-Application
of	O
the	O
Calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
