<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
is	O
a	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
oriented	O
towards	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
direct	O
successor	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
,	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
1999	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
officially	O
released	O
to	O
retail	O
on	O
February	O
17	O
,	O
2000	O
and	O
September	O
26	O
,	O
2000	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
business	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Professional	I-Application
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
NTFS	B-Application
3.0	O
,	O
Encrypting	O
File	B-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
basic	O
and	O
dynamic	O
disk	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
disabilities	O
was	O
improved	O
over	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
assistive	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
increased	O
support	O
for	O
different	O
languages	O
and	O
locale	B-Device
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
family	O
has	O
additional	O
features	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
following	O
became	O
a	O
widely	O
used	O
directory	O
service	O
in	O
business	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
were	O
released	O
:	O
Professional	O
,	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
;	O
the	O
latter	O
was	O
both	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
launched	O
months	O
after	O
the	O
other	O
editions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
each	O
edition	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
was	O
targeted	O
at	O
a	O
different	O
market	O
,	O
they	O
shared	O
a	O
core	O
set	O
of	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
many	O
system	O
utilities	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
and	O
standard	O
system	B-Application
administration	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
marketed	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
as	O
the	O
most	O
secure	O
Windows	O
version	O
ever	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
the	O
target	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
high-profile	O
virus	O
attacks	O
such	O
as	O
Code	O
Red	O
and	O
Nimda	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
ten	O
years	O
after	O
its	O
release	O
,	O
it	O
continued	O
to	O
receive	O
patches	O
for	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
nearly	O
every	O
month	O
until	O
reaching	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
support	O
on	O
July	O
13	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
that	O
support	O
ended	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
SP2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
were	O
succeeded	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
,	O
released	O
in	O
2001	O
and	O
2003	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
is	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
that	O
supports	O
PC-98	B-Operating_System
,	O
i486	B-General_Concept
and	O
SGI	B-Device
Visual	I-Device
Workstation	I-Device
320	O
and	O
540	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Alpha	B-Device
,	O
MIPS	B-Device
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
in	O
alpha	B-Device
,	O
beta	O
,	O
and	O
release	O
candidate	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
only	O
supports	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
processors	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
originally	O
named	O
NT	B-Application
5.0	I-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
continuation	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
NT	I-Device
family	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
replacing	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chairman	O
and	O
CEO	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
was	O
originally	O
"	O
pretty	O
confident	O
"	O
NT	B-Application
5.0	I-Application
would	O
ship	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
1998	O
,	O
revealing	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
set	O
of	O
beta	O
builds	O
had	O
been	O
shipped	O
in	O
early	O
1997	O
;	O
these	O
builds	O
were	O
identical	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
27	O
,	O
1998	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
would	O
be	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
a	O
name	O
which	O
referred	O
to	O
its	O
projected	O
release	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Beta	O
3	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
May	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NT	B-Application
5.0	I-Application
Beta	O
1	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
NT	B-Device
4.0	I-Device
,	O
including	O
a	O
very	O
similarly	O
themed	O
logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NT	B-Application
5.0	I-Application
Beta	O
2	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
'	O
mini	O
 '	O
boot	O
screen	O
,	O
and	O
removed	O
the	O
'	O
dark	O
space	O
 '	O
theme	O
in	O
the	O
logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NT	B-Application
5.0	I-Application
betas	O
had	O
very	O
long	O
startup	O
and	O
shutdown	O
sounds	O
,	O
though	O
these	O
were	O
changed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
beta	O
,	O
but	O
during	O
Beta	O
3	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
piano-made	O
startup	O
and	O
shutdown	O
sounds	O
were	O
made	O
,	O
composed	O
by	O
Steven	O
Ray	O
Allen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Me	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
,	O
updated	O
icons	O
(	O
for	O
My	B-General_Concept
Computer	I-General_Concept
,	O
Recycle	O
Bin	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
boot	O
screen	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
Beta	O
3	O
build	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
did	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
actual	O
codename	O
because	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Dave	O
Thompson	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
team	O
,	O
"	O
Jim	O
Allchin	O
did	O
n't	O
like	O
codenames	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
was	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Asteroid	O
"	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
64-bit	B-Device
was	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Janus.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
development	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
build	O
for	O
the	O
Alpha	B-Device
which	O
was	O
abandoned	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
stages	O
of	O
development	O
(	O
between	O
RC1	O
and	O
RC2	O
)	O
after	O
Compaq	O
announced	O
they	O
had	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
on	O
Alpha	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
here	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
issued	O
three	O
release	O
candidates	O
between	O
July	O
and	O
November	O
1999	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
released	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
partners	O
on	O
December	O
12	O
,	O
1999	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
manufacturing	O
three	O
days	O
later	O
on	O
December	O
15	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
public	O
could	O
buy	O
the	O
full	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
on	O
February	O
17	O
,	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
days	O
before	O
this	O
event	O
,	O
which	O
Microsoft	O
advertised	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
standard	O
in	O
reliability	O
,	O
"	O
a	O
leaked	O
memo	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
reported	O
on	O
by	O
Mary	O
Jo	O
Foley	O
revealed	O
that	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
had	O
"	O
over	O
63,000	O
potential	O
known	O
defects.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
claim	O
in	O
their	O
computer	O
science	O
textbook	O
that	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
was	O
the	O
most	O
reliable	O
,	O
stable	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
Microsoft	O
had	O
ever	O
shipped	O
to	O
that	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InformationWeek	O
summarized	O
the	O
release	O
"	O
our	O
tests	O
show	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
NT	B-Device
4.0	I-Device
is	O
everything	O
we	O
hoped	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
criticized	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
new	O
directory	O
service	O
architecture	O
,	O
as	O
less	O
scalable	B-Architecture
or	O
reliable	O
than	O
its	O
own	O
Novell	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
NDS	B-Application
)	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
is	O
the	O
last	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	O
for	O
PC-98	B-Operating_System
,	O
I486	B-General_Concept
and	O
SGI	B-Device
Visual	I-Device
Workstation	I-Device
320	O
and	O
540	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
runs	O
solely	O
on	O
IA-32	B-Device
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
was	O
initially	O
planned	O
to	O
replace	O
both	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
would	O
be	O
changed	O
later	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
called	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
Second	O
Edition	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
or	O
shortly	O
before	O
February	O
12	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
"	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
2000	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
source	O
code	O
were	O
illegally	O
made	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Internet.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
leak	O
was	O
later	O
traced	O
to	O
Mainsoft	O
,	O
a	O
Windows	B-Device
Interface	I-Device
Source	I-Device
Environment	I-Device
partner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
16	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
"	O
allegedly	O
discovered	O
by	O
an	O
individual	O
studying	O
the	O
leaked	O
source	O
code	O
"	O
for	O
certain	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
Explorer	I-Application
was	O
reported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
took	O
down	O
a	O
repository	O
containing	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
source	O
code	O
that	O
originated	O
from	O
the	O
leak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
planned	O
to	O
release	O
a	O
64-bit	B-Device
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
64-bit	B-Device
Intel	B-General_Concept
Itanium	I-General_Concept
microprocessors	B-Architecture
,	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
officially	O
released	O
64-bit	B-Device
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
was	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
64-Bit	B-Device
Edition	O
,	O
released	O
alongside	O
the	O
32-bit	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
on	O
October	O
25	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
server	B-Application
versions	O
Windows	O
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
Limited	O
Edition	O
and	O
later	O
Windows	O
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
Limited	O
Edition	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
pre-release	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
(	O
then	O
known	O
as	O
Windows	O
.NET	O
Server	B-Application
)	O
codebase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
editions	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
were	O
shortly	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
OEM	O
channel	O
and	O
then	O
were	O
superseded	O
by	O
the	O
final	O
versions	O
of	O
Server	B-Application
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
features	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
and	O
98	O
SE	O
into	O
the	O
NT	O
line	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Windows	O
Desktop	O
Update	O
,	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
5	O
(	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
6	O
,	O
which	O
followed	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
)	O
,	O
Outlook	B-Application
Express	I-Application
,	O
NetMeeting	B-Protocol
,	O
FAT32	B-Application
support	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Driver	I-Application
Model	I-Application
,	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Connection	I-Protocol
Sharing	I-Protocol
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Media	I-Device
Player	I-Device
,	O
WebDAV	B-Protocol
support	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
new	O
features	O
are	O
common	O
across	O
all	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
among	O
them	O
NTFS	B-Application
3.0	O
,	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
(	O
MMC	O
)	O
,	O
UDF	O
support	O
,	O
the	O
Encrypting	O
File	B-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
EFS	O
)	O
,	O
Logical	O
Disk	O
Manager	O
,	O
Image	O
Color	O
Management	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
PostScript	B-Language
3-based	O
printers	O
,	O
OpenType	O
(	O
.OTF	O
)	O
and	O
Type	O
1	O
PostScript	B-Language
(	O
.PFB	O
)	O
font	O
support	O
(	O
including	O
a	O
new	O
font	O
—	O
Palatino	O
Linotype	O
—	O
to	O
showcase	O
some	O
OpenType	O
features	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Data	O
protection	O
API	B-Application
(	O
DPAPI	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
LDAP/Active	O
Directory-enabled	O
Address	O
Book	O
,	O
usability	O
enhancements	O
and	O
multi-language	O
and	O
locale	B-Device
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
also	O
introduced	O
USB	B-Protocol
device	O
class	O
drivers	O
for	O
USB	B-Protocol
printers	O
,	O
Mass	B-Architecture
storage	I-Architecture
class	I-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
improved	O
FireWire	O
SBP-2	B-General_Concept
support	O
for	O
printers	O
and	O
scanners	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
Safe	O
removal	O
applet	O
for	O
removable	O
storage	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
SP4	O
added	O
native	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
is	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
Windows	O
version	O
to	O
support	O
hibernation	O
at	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
level	O
(	O
OS-controlled	O
ACPI	B-Device
S4	O
sleep	O
state	O
)	O
unlike	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
which	O
required	O
special	O
drivers	O
from	O
the	O
hardware	O
manufacturer	O
or	O
driver	O
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
protects	O
critical	O
Windows	O
system	O
files	O
by	O
preventing	O
programs	O
other	O
than	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
update	O
mechanisms	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Package	O
Installer	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Installer	I-Application
and	O
other	O
update	O
components	O
from	O
modifying	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
System	O
File	O
Checker	O
utility	O
provides	O
users	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
manual	O
scan	O
of	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
all	O
protected	O
system	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
optionally	O
repair	O
them	O
,	O
either	O
by	O
restoring	O
from	O
a	O
cache	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
"	O
DLLCACHE	O
"	O
directory	O
,	O
or	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
install	B-Application
media	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
recognized	O
that	O
a	O
serious	O
error	O
(	O
a	O
Blue	O
Screen	O
of	O
Death	O
or	O
stop	O
error	O
)	O
could	O
cause	O
problems	O
for	O
servers	O
that	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
constantly	O
running	O
and	O
so	O
provided	O
a	O
system	O
setting	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
the	O
server	B-Application
to	O
automatically	O
reboot	O
when	O
a	O
stop	O
error	O
occurred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
included	O
is	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
dump	B-Error_Name
any	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
64	O
KB	O
of	O
memory	O
to	O
disk	O
(	O
the	O
smallest	O
amount	O
of	O
memory	O
that	O
is	O
useful	O
for	O
debugging	O
purposes	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
minidump	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
dump	B-Error_Name
of	O
only	O
the	O
kernel	O
's	O
memory	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
dump	B-Error_Name
of	O
the	O
entire	O
contents	O
of	O
memory	O
to	O
disk	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
write	O
that	O
this	O
event	O
happened	O
to	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
event	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
on	O
servers	O
running	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
gave	O
administrators	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
optimizing	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
memory	O
and	O
processor	O
usage	O
patterns	O
for	O
background	O
services	O
or	O
for	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
also	O
introduced	O
core	O
system	B-Application
administration	I-Application
and	O
management	B-Application
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Installer	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Library
Management	I-Library
Instrumentation	I-Library
and	O
Event	O
Tracing	O
for	O
Windows	O
(	O
ETW	O
)	O
into	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
notable	O
improvement	O
from	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
is	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
Plug	B-Device
and	I-Device
Play	I-Device
with	O
full	O
ACPI	B-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Driver	I-Application
Model	I-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
Windows	O
9x	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
supports	O
automatic	O
recognition	O
of	O
installed	O
hardware	O
,	O
hardware	O
resource	O
allocation	O
,	O
loading	O
of	O
appropriate	O
drivers	O
,	O
PnP	O
APIs	B-Application
and	O
device	O
notification	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	O
PnP	O
Manager	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Power	O
Manager	O
are	O
two	O
significant	O
subsystems	O
added	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
version	O
3	O
print	O
drivers	O
(	O
user	O
mode	O
printer	O
drivers	O
)	O
based	O
on	O
Unidrv	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
it	O
easier	O
for	O
printer	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
write	O
device	O
drivers	O
for	O
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
support	O
for	O
5-button	O
mice	O
is	O
also	O
included	O
as	O
standard	O
and	O
installing	O
IntelliPoint	B-Application
allows	O
reassigning	O
the	O
programmable	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
lacked	O
generic	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Driver	B-Application
Verifier	I-Application
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
stress	O
test	O
and	O
catch	O
device	O
driver	O
bugs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduces	O
layered	O
windows	O
that	O
allow	O
for	O
transparency	O
,	O
translucency	O
and	O
various	O
transition	O
effects	O
like	O
shadows	O
,	O
gradient	O
fills	O
and	O
alpha-blended	O
GUI	B-Application
elements	O
to	O
top-level	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Start	O
menu	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduces	O
personalized	O
menus	O
,	O
expandable	O
special	B-General_Concept
folders	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
launch	O
multiple	O
programs	O
without	O
closing	O
the	O
menu	O
by	O
holding	O
down	O
the	O
SHIFT	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Explorer	O
introduces	O
customizable	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
toolbars	O
,	O
auto-complete	O
in	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
address	O
bar	O
and	O
Run	O
box	O
,	O
advanced	O
file	O
type	O
association	O
features	O
,	O
displaying	O
comments	O
in	O
shortcuts	O
as	O
tooltips	O
,	O
extensible	O
columns	O
in	O
Details	O
view	O
(	O
IColumnProvider	O
interface	O
)	O
,	O
icon	O
overlays	O
,	O
integrated	O
search	O
pane	O
in	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
,	O
sort	O
by	O
name	O
function	O
for	O
menus	O
,	O
and	O
Places	O
bar	O
in	O
common	O
dialogs	O
for	O
Open	O
and	O
Save	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
has	O
been	O
enhanced	O
in	O
several	O
ways	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
release	O
to	O
include	O
Active	O
Desktop	O
,	O
first	O
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
4.0	I-Protocol
(	O
specifically	O
Windows	O
Desktop	O
Update	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
pre-installed	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
by	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
customize	O
the	O
way	O
folders	O
look	O
and	O
behave	O
by	O
using	O
HTML	B-Language
templates	O
,	O
having	O
the	O
file	O
extension	O
HTT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
was	O
abused	O
by	O
computer	O
viruses	O
that	O
employed	O
malicious	O
scripts	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
applets	O
,	O
or	O
ActiveX	B-Application
controls	I-Application
in	O
folder	O
template	O
files	O
as	O
their	O
infection	O
vector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Web-style	O
"	O
folders	O
view	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
left	O
Explorer	O
pane	O
displaying	O
details	O
for	O
the	O
object	O
currently	O
selected	O
,	O
is	O
turned	O
on	O
by	O
default	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
dedicated	O
interactive	O
preview	O
pane	O
appeared	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
had	O
been	O
the	O
only	O
Windows	O
release	O
to	O
feature	O
an	O
interactive	O
media	B-Device
player	I-Device
as	O
the	O
previewer	O
for	O
sound	O
and	O
video	O
files	O
,	O
enabled	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
file	O
tooltip	O
displays	O
file	O
title	O
,	O
author	O
,	O
subject	O
and	O
comments	O
;	O
this	O
metadata	O
may	O
be	O
read	O
from	O
a	O
special	O
NTFS	B-Application
stream	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
file	O
is	O
on	O
an	O
NTFS	B-Application
volume	O
,	O
or	O
from	O
an	O
OLE	O
structured	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
stream	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
file	O
is	O
a	O
structured	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
documents	O
since	O
Office	O
4.0	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
structured	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
their	O
metadata	O
is	O
displayable	O
in	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Explorer	O
default	O
tooltip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	O
shortcuts	O
can	O
also	O
store	O
comments	O
which	O
are	O
displayed	O
as	O
a	O
tooltip	O
when	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
hovers	O
over	O
the	O
shortcut	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
right	O
pane	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Explorer	O
,	O
which	O
usually	O
just	O
lists	O
files	O
and	O
folders	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
customized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
's	O
possible	O
to	O
define	O
additional	O
Explorer	O
panes	O
by	O
using	O
DIV	B-General_Concept
elements	I-General_Concept
in	O
folder	O
template	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
degree	O
of	O
customizability	O
is	O
new	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
;	O
neither	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
nor	O
the	O
Desktop	O
Update	O
could	O
provide	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
DHTML-based	O
search	O
pane	O
is	O
integrated	O
into	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Explorer	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
separate	O
search	O
dialog	O
found	O
in	O
all	O
previous	O
Explorer	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Indexing	O
Service	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
search	O
pane	O
built	O
into	O
Explorer	O
allows	O
searching	O
files	O
indexed	O
by	O
its	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
released	O
the	O
version	O
3.0	O
of	O
NTFS	B-Application
(	O
sometimes	O
incorrectly	O
called	O
"	O
NTFS	B-Application
5	O
"	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
the	O
kernel	O
version	O
number	O
)	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
;	O
this	O
introduced	O
disk	B-Application
quotas	I-Application
(	O
provided	O
by	O
QuotaAdvisor	O
)	O
,	O
file-system-level	O
encryption	O
,	O
sparse	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
and	O
reparse	B-Application
points	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sparse	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
allow	O
for	O
the	O
efficient	O
storage	O
of	O
data	O
sets	O
that	O
are	O
very	O
large	O
yet	O
contain	O
many	O
areas	O
that	O
only	O
have	O
zeros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reparse	B-Application
points	I-Application
allow	O
the	O
object	O
manager	O
to	O
reset	O
a	O
file	O
namespace	O
lookup	O
and	O
let	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
drivers	O
implement	O
changed	O
functionality	O
in	O
a	O
transparent	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reparse	B-Application
points	I-Application
are	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
volume	O
mount	O
points	O
,	O
junctions	O
,	O
Hierarchical	B-Application
Storage	I-Application
Management	I-Application
,	O
Native	O
Structured	B-General_Concept
Storage	I-General_Concept
and	O
Single	B-Application
Instance	I-Application
Storage	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
also	O
introduces	O
a	O
Distributed	O
Link	O
Tracking	O
service	O
to	O
ensure	O
file	O
shortcuts	O
remain	O
working	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
target	O
is	O
moved	O
or	O
renamed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
target	O
object	O
's	O
unique	O
identifier	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
shortcut	O
file	O
on	O
NTFS	B-Application
3.0	O
and	O
Windows	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
Distributed	O
Link	O
Tracking	O
service	O
for	O
tracking	O
the	O
targets	O
of	O
shortcuts	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
shortcut	O
file	O
may	O
be	O
silently	O
updated	O
if	O
the	O
target	O
moves	O
,	O
even	O
to	O
another	O
hard	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Encrypting	O
File	B-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
EFS	O
)	O
introduced	O
strong	O
file	O
system-level	O
encryption	O
to	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
any	O
folder	O
or	O
drive	O
on	O
an	O
NTFS	B-Application
volume	O
to	O
be	O
encrypted	O
transparently	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EFS	O
works	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
EFS	O
service	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
CryptoAPI	O
and	O
the	O
EFS	O
File	B-Application
System	I-Application
Runtime	B-Device
Library	O
(	O
FSRTL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EFS	O
works	O
by	O
encrypting	O
a	O
file	O
with	O
a	O
bulk	O
symmetric	B-Algorithm
key	I-Algorithm
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
File	O
Encryption	O
Key	O
,	O
or	O
FEK	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
because	O
it	O
takes	O
less	O
time	O
to	O
encrypt	O
and	O
decrypt	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
than	O
if	O
an	O
asymmetric	B-Application
key	I-Application
cipher	B-Application
were	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
symmetric	B-Algorithm
key	I-Algorithm
used	O
to	O
encrypt	O
the	O
file	O
is	O
then	O
encrypted	O
with	O
a	O
public	B-Application
key	I-Application
associated	O
with	O
the	O
user	O
who	O
encrypted	O
the	O
file	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
encrypted	O
data	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
header	O
of	O
the	O
encrypted	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
decrypt	O
the	O
file	O
,	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
uses	O
the	O
private	B-Application
key	I-Application
of	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
decrypt	O
the	O
symmetric	B-Algorithm
key	I-Algorithm
stored	O
in	O
the	O
file	O
header	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
then	O
uses	O
the	O
symmetric	B-Algorithm
key	I-Algorithm
to	O
decrypt	O
the	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
this	O
is	O
done	O
at	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
level	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
transparent	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Recovery	O
Agent	O
is	O
a	O
user	O
who	O
is	O
authorized	O
by	O
a	O
public	B-Application
key	I-Application
recovery	O
certificate	O
to	O
decrypt	O
files	O
belonging	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
using	O
a	O
special	O
private	B-Application
key	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Logical	O
Disk	O
Manager	O
and	O
the	O
diskpart	B-Application
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
tool	I-Application
for	O
dynamic	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
support	O
three	O
types	O
of	O
dynamic	O
disk	O
volumes	O
(	O
along	O
with	O
basic	O
disks	O
)	O
:	O
simple	O
volumes	O
,	O
spanned	O
volumes	O
and	O
striped	O
volumes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
these	O
disk	O
volumes	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
support	O
mirrored	O
volumes	O
and	O
striped	O
volumes	O
with	O
parity	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
for	O
fault	B-General_Concept
tolerance	I-General_Concept
;	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
one	O
disk	O
fails	O
,	O
the	O
other	O
disk(s )	O
can	O
keep	O
the	O
server	B-Application
operational	O
until	O
the	O
server	B-Application
can	O
be	O
shut	O
down	O
for	O
replacement	O
of	O
the	O
failed	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
introduced	O
the	O
Windows	O
9x	O
accessibility	O
features	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
visual	O
and	O
auditory	O
impairments	O
and	O
other	O
disabilities	O
into	O
the	O
NT-line	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
StickyKeys	B-Device
:	O
makes	O
modifier	B-Device
keys	I-Device
(	O
ALT	O
,	O
CTRL	O
and	O
SHIFT	O
)	O
become	O
"	O
sticky	O
"	O
:	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
press	O
the	O
modifier	B-Device
key	I-Device
,	O
and	O
then	O
release	O
it	O
before	O
pressing	O
the	O
combination	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FilterKeys	O
:	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
keyboard-related	O
features	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
typing	O
issues	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Repeat	O
Keys	O
:	O
lets	O
users	O
slow	O
down	O
the	O
rate	O
at	O
which	O
keys	O
are	O
repeated	O
via	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
's	O
key-repeat	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SoundSentry	O
:	O
designed	O
to	O
help	O
users	O
with	O
auditory	O
impairments	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
shows	O
a	O
visual	O
effect	O
when	O
a	O
sound	O
is	O
played	O
through	O
the	O
sound	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MouseKeys	O
:	O
lets	O
users	O
move	O
the	O
cursor	O
around	O
the	O
screen	O
via	O
the	O
numeric	B-Device
keypad	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
SerialKeys	O
:	O
lets	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
support	O
speech	O
augmentation	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
following	O
new	O
accessibility	O
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
On-screen	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
:	O
displays	O
a	O
virtual	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
on	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
press	O
its	O
keys	O
using	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
or	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
eventually	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
Ease	O
of	O
Access	O
Center	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Multilingual	O
User	B-Application
Interface	I-Application
(	O
MUI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
English	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
incorporates	O
support	O
for	O
Arabic	O
,	O
Armenian	O
,	O
Baltic	O
,	O
Central	O
European	O
,	O
Cyrillic	O
,	O
Georgian	O
,	O
Greek	O
,	O
Hebrew	O
,	O
Indic	O
,	O
Japanese	O
,	O
Korean	O
,	O
simplified	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Thai	O
,	O
traditional	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Turkic	O
,	O
Vietnamese	O
and	O
Western	O
European	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
many	O
different	O
locales	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
included	O
version	O
7.0	O
of	O
the	O
DirectX	B-Application
API	B-Application
,	O
commonly	O
used	O
by	O
game	O
developers	O
on	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
version	O
of	O
DirectX	B-Application
that	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
was	O
DirectX	B-Application
9.0c	I-Application
(	O
Shader	O
Model	O
3.0	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
shipped	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
published	O
quarterly	O
updates	O
to	O
DirectX	B-Application
9.0c	I-Application
through	O
the	O
February	O
2010	O
release	O
after	O
which	O
support	O
was	O
dropped	O
in	O
the	O
June	O
2010	O
SDK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
updates	O
contain	O
bug	O
fixes	O
to	O
the	O
core	O
runtime	B-Device
and	O
some	O
additional	O
libraries	O
such	O
as	O
D3DX	B-Library
,	O
XAudio	B-Device
2	I-Device
,	O
XInput	O
and	O
Managed	B-Application
DirectX	I-Application
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
games	O
written	O
for	O
versions	O
of	O
DirectX	B-Application
9.0c	I-Application
(	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
February	O
2010	O
release	O
)	O
can	O
therefore	O
run	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
included	O
the	O
same	O
games	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
did	O
:	O
FreeCell	B-Application
,	O
Minesweeper	B-Application
,	O
Pinball	O
,	O
and	O
Solitaire	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Console	I-Application
(	O
MMC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
,	O
save	O
,	O
and	O
open	O
administrative	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
these	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
console	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
allow	O
an	O
administrator	O
to	O
administer	O
other	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
computers	O
from	O
one	O
centralised	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
console	O
can	O
contain	O
one	O
or	O
many	O
specific	O
administrative	O
tools	O
,	O
called	O
snap-ins	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
control	O
what	O
snap-ins	B-Application
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
a	O
console	O
,	O
the	O
MMC	O
allows	O
consoles	O
to	O
be	O
created	O
in	O
author	O
mode	O
or	O
user	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Author	O
mode	O
allows	O
snap-ins	B-Application
to	O
be	O
added	O
,	O
new	O
windows	O
to	O
be	O
created	O
,	O
all	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
console	O
tree	O
to	O
be	O
displayed	O
and	O
consoles	O
to	O
be	O
saved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
tools	O
that	O
come	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Computer	B-Application
Management	I-Application
console	O
(	O
in	O
Administrative	O
Tools	O
in	O
the	O
Control	O
Panel	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
contains	O
the	O
Event	O
Viewer	O
—	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
viewing	O
system	O
or	O
application-related	O
events	O
and	O
the	O
Windows	O
equivalent	O
of	O
a	O
log	B-Application
file	I-Application
,	O
a	O
system	O
information	O
utility	O
,	O
a	O
backup	O
utility	O
,	O
Task	O
Scheduler	O
and	O
management	B-Application
consoles	I-Application
to	O
view	O
open	O
shared	B-General_Concept
folders	I-General_Concept
and	O
shared	B-General_Concept
folder	I-General_Concept
sessions	O
,	O
configure	O
and	O
manage	O
COM+	O
applications	O
,	O
configure	O
Group	O
Policy	O
,	O
manage	O
all	O
the	O
local	O
users	O
and	O
user	O
groups	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
device	O
manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contains	O
Disk	O
Management	B-Application
and	O
Removable	O
Storage	O
snap-ins	B-Application
,	O
a	O
disk	B-Application
defragmenter	I-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
performance	O
diagnostic	O
console	O
,	O
which	O
displays	O
graphs	O
of	O
system	O
performance	O
and	O
configures	O
data	O
logs	O
and	O
alerts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CHKDSK	B-Device
has	O
significant	O
performance	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
comes	O
with	O
two	O
utilities	O
to	O
edit	O
the	O
Windows	B-Protocol
registry	I-Protocol
,	O
REGEDIT.EXE	B-Protocol
and	O
REGEDT32.EXE	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
REGEDIT	B-Protocol
has	O
been	O
directly	O
ported	O
from	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
editing	O
registry	O
permissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REGEDT32	O
has	O
the	O
older	O
multiple	O
document	O
interface	O
(	O
MDI	O
)	O
and	O
can	O
edit	O
registry	O
permissions	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
manner	O
that	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
's	O
REGEDT32	O
program	O
could	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REGEDIT	B-Protocol
has	O
a	O
left-side	O
tree	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Protocol
registry	I-Protocol
,	O
lists	O
all	O
loaded	O
hives	O
and	O
represents	O
the	O
three	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
value	O
(	O
its	O
name	O
,	O
type	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
)	O
as	O
separate	O
columns	O
of	O
a	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REGEDIT	B-Protocol
supports	O
right-clicking	O
of	O
entries	O
in	O
a	O
tree	O
view	O
to	O
adjust	O
properties	O
and	O
other	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
is	O
the	O
first	O
system	O
to	O
integrate	O
these	O
two	O
programs	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
utility	O
,	O
adopting	O
the	O
REGEDIT	B-Protocol
behavior	O
with	O
the	O
additional	O
NT	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
System	O
File	O
Checker	O
(	O
SFC	O
)	O
also	O
comes	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
utility	O
that	O
scans	O
system	O
files	O
and	O
verifies	O
whether	O
they	O
were	O
signed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
works	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	O
File	O
Protection	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Recovery	O
Console	O
is	O
run	O
from	O
outside	O
the	O
installed	O
copy	O
of	O
Windows	O
to	O
perform	O
maintenance	O
tasks	O
that	O
can	O
neither	O
be	O
run	O
from	O
within	O
it	O
nor	O
feasibly	O
be	O
run	O
from	O
another	O
computer	O
or	O
copy	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
usually	O
used	O
to	O
recover	O
the	O
system	O
from	O
problems	O
that	O
cause	O
booting	O
to	O
fail	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
render	O
other	O
tools	O
useless	O
,	O
like	O
Safe	O
Mode	O
or	O
Last	O
Known	O
Good	O
Configuration	O
,	O
or	O
chkdsk	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
simple	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
used	O
to	O
check	O
and	O
repair	O
the	O
hard	O
drive(s )	O
,	O
repair	O
boot	O
information	O
(	O
including	O
NTLDR	B-Application
)	O
,	O
replace	O
corrupted	O
system	O
files	O
with	O
fresh	O
copies	O
from	O
the	O
CD	O
,	O
or	O
enable/disable	O
services	O
and	O
drivers	O
for	O
the	O
next	O
boot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Booting	O
from	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
CD	O
,	O
and	O
choosing	O
to	O
start	O
the	O
Recovery	O
Console	O
from	O
the	O
CD	O
itself	O
instead	O
of	O
continuing	O
with	O
setup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Recovery	O
Console	O
is	O
accessible	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
installation	B-Application
CD	I-Application
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preinstalling	O
the	O
Recovery	O
Console	O
on	O
the	O
hard	O
disk	O
as	O
a	O
startup	O
option	O
in	O
Boot.ini	B-Application
,	O
via	O
WinNT32.exe	B-Device
,	O
with	O
the	O
/cmdcons	O
switch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
started	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
NTLDR	B-Application
can	O
boot	O
from	O
the	O
system	B-Application
partition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
Windows	O
Script	O
Host	O
2.0	O
which	O
included	O
an	O
expanded	O
object	O
model	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
logon	O
and	O
logoff	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Server	B-Operating_System
Message	I-Operating_System
Block	I-Operating_System
(	O
SMB	O
)	O
protocol	O
directly	O
interfaces	O
with	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
,	O
SMB	O
requires	O
the	O
NetBIOS	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
(	O
NBT	O
)	O
protocol	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
network	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduces	O
a	O
client-side	O
DNS	B-Protocol
caching	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Windows	O
DNS	B-Protocol
resolver	O
receives	O
a	O
query	O
response	O
,	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
resource	O
record	O
is	O
added	O
to	O
a	O
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
it	O
queries	O
the	O
same	O
resource	O
record	O
name	O
again	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
cache	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
resolver	O
does	O
not	O
query	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
speeds	O
up	O
DNS	B-Protocol
query	I-Protocol
time	O
and	O
reduces	O
network	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
family	O
consists	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Small	O
Business	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
have	O
the	O
following	O
services	O
and	O
features	O
built	O
in	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Routing	B-Library
and	I-Library
Remote	I-Library
Access	I-Library
Service	I-Library
(	O
RRAS	O
)	O
support	O
,	O
facilitating	O
dial-up	O
and	O
VPN	B-Application
connections	O
using	O
IPsec	B-Protocol
,	O
L2TP	B-Application
or	O
L2TP/IPsec	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
RADIUS	B-Protocol
authentication	O
in	O
Internet	O
Authentication	O
Service	O
,	O
network	O
connection	O
sharing	O
,	O
Network	B-Protocol
Address	I-Protocol
Translation	I-Protocol
,	O
unicast	B-Protocol
and	O
multicast	O
routing	B-Protocol
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DNS	B-Protocol
server	B-Application
,	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
Dynamic	B-Protocol
DNS	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
relies	O
heavily	O
on	O
DNS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
IntelliMirror	O
,	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
technologies	O
for	O
fine-grained	O
management	B-Application
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
clients	O
that	O
duplicates	O
users	O
 '	O
data	O
,	O
applications	O
,	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
settings	O
in	O
a	O
centralized	O
location	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IntelliMirror	O
employs	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Group	O
Policy	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Installer	I-Application
,	O
Roaming	B-General_Concept
profiles	I-General_Concept
,	O
Folder	B-Device
Redirection	I-Device
,	O
Offline	O
Files	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Client	O
Side	O
Caching	O
or	O
CSC	O
)	O
,	O
File	B-Protocol
Replication	I-Protocol
Service	I-Protocol
(	O
FRS	O
)	O
,	O
Remote	O
Installation	B-Application
Services	O
(	O
RIS	O
)	O
to	O
address	O
desktop	B-Application
management	I-Application
scenarios	O
such	O
as	O
user	O
data	O
management	B-Application
,	O
user	O
settings	O
management	B-Application
,	O
software	B-Application
installation	I-Application
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integrated	O
Windows	O
Authentication	O
(	O
including	O
Kerberos	B-Protocol
,	O
Secure	O
channel	O
and	O
SPNEGO	B-Protocol
(	O
Negotiate	O
)	O
SSP	O
packages	O
for	O
Security	B-Protocol
Support	I-Protocol
Provider	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
(	O
SSPI	B-Protocol
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	O
Time	O
service	O
synchronizes	O
the	O
date	O
and	O
time	O
of	O
computers	O
in	O
a	O
domain	O
running	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
or	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
includes	O
an	O
SNTP	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Server	B-Application
editions	O
include	O
more	O
features	O
and	O
components	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
Distributed	I-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DFS	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
support	O
and	O
fault-tolerant	B-General_Concept
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Distributed	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DFS	B-Protocol
)	O
allows	O
shares	B-Operating_System
in	O
multiple	O
different	O
locations	O
to	O
be	O
logically	O
grouped	O
under	O
one	O
folder	O
,	O
or	O
DFS	B-Protocol
root	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
users	O
try	O
to	O
access	O
a	O
network	B-General_Concept
share	I-General_Concept
off	O
the	O
DFS	B-Protocol
root	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
really	O
looking	O
at	O
a	O
DFS	B-Protocol
link	O
and	O
the	O
DFS	B-Protocol
server	B-Application
transparently	O
redirects	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
correct	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
DFS	B-Protocol
root	O
can	O
only	O
exist	O
on	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
version	O
that	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
server	B-Application
family	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
one	O
DFS	B-Protocol
root	O
can	O
exist	O
on	O
that	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
can	O
be	O
two	O
ways	O
of	O
implementing	O
a	O
DFS	B-Protocol
namespace	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
:	O
either	O
through	O
a	O
standalone	O
DFS	B-Protocol
root	O
or	O
a	O
domain-based	O
DFS	B-Protocol
root	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standalone	O
DFS	B-Protocol
allows	O
for	O
only	O
DFS	B-Protocol
roots	O
on	O
the	O
local	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-based	O
DFS	B-Protocol
roots	O
exist	O
within	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
and	O
can	O
have	O
their	O
information	O
distributed	O
to	O
other	O
domain	B-Protocol
controllers	I-Protocol
within	O
the	O
domain	O
–	O
this	O
provides	O
fault	B-General_Concept
tolerance	I-General_Concept
to	O
DFS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
DFS	B-Protocol
roots	O
that	O
exist	O
on	O
a	O
domain	O
must	O
be	O
hosted	O
on	O
a	O
domain	B-Protocol
controller	I-Protocol
or	O
on	O
a	O
domain	O
member	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
file	O
and	O
root	O
information	O
is	O
replicated	O
via	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
File	B-Protocol
Replication	I-Protocol
Service	I-Protocol
(	O
FRS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
way	O
of	O
organizing	O
Windows	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
domains	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
groups	O
of	O
resources	O
,	O
called	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
is	O
introduced	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
to	O
replace	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
's	O
earlier	O
domain	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
's	O
hierarchical	O
nature	O
allowed	O
administrators	O
a	O
built-in	O
way	O
to	O
manage	O
user	O
and	O
computer	O
policies	O
and	O
user	O
accounts	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
automatically	O
deploy	O
programs	O
and	O
updates	O
with	O
a	O
greater	O
degree	O
of	O
scalability	B-Architecture
and	O
centralization	O
than	O
provided	O
in	O
previous	O
Windows	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
information	O
stored	O
in	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
also	O
provided	O
a	O
convenient	O
phone	O
book-like	O
function	O
to	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
domains	B-General_Concept
can	O
vary	O
from	O
small	O
installations	B-Application
with	O
a	O
few	O
hundred	O
objects	O
,	O
to	O
large	O
installations	B-Application
with	O
millions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
can	O
organise	O
and	O
link	O
groups	O
of	O
domains	B-General_Concept
into	O
a	O
contiguous	O
domain	O
name	O
space	O
to	O
form	O
trees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
could	O
always	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
Standard	O
,	O
Advanced	O
,	O
or	O
Datacenter	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
cannot	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
client	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
able	O
to	O
exploit	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
's	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
organization	O
's	O
migration	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
clients	O
continued	O
to	O
function	O
until	O
all	O
clients	O
were	O
upgraded	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
point	O
the	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
domain	O
could	O
be	O
switched	O
to	O
native	B-Language
mode	I-Language
and	O
maximum	O
functionality	O
achieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
requires	O
a	O
DNS	B-Protocol
server	B-Application
that	O
supports	O
SRV	B-Protocol
resource	I-Protocol
records	I-Protocol
,	O
or	O
that	O
an	O
organization	O
's	O
existing	O
DNS	B-Protocol
infrastructure	O
be	O
upgraded	O
to	O
support	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
should	O
be	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
domain	B-Protocol
controllers	I-Protocol
to	O
hold	O
the	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
database	O
and	O
provide	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
directory	I-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
simple	O
,	O
spanned	O
and	O
striped	O
volumes	O
,	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
family	O
also	O
supports	O
fault-tolerant	B-General_Concept
volume	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAID-5	O
volumes	O
:	O
a	O
RAID-5	O
volume	O
consists	O
of	O
multiple	O
disks	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
uses	O
block-level	O
striping	O
with	O
parity	O
data	O
distributed	O
across	O
all	O
member	O
disks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
can	O
be	O
deployed	B-Application
to	O
a	O
site	O
via	O
various	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
onto	O
servers	O
via	O
traditional	O
media	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
CD	O
)	O
or	O
via	O
distribution	O
folders	O
that	O
reside	O
on	O
a	O
shared	B-General_Concept
folder	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installations	B-Application
can	O
be	O
attended	O
or	O
unattended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
a	O
manual	O
installation	B-Application
,	O
the	O
administrator	O
must	O
specify	O
configuration	O
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unattended	O
installations	B-Application
are	O
scripted	O
via	O
an	O
answer	B-Application
file	I-Application
,	O
or	O
a	O
predefined	O
script	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
INI	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
that	O
has	O
all	O
the	O
options	O
filled	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
answer	B-Application
file	I-Application
can	O
be	O
created	O
manually	O
or	O
using	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
Setup	O
manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Winnt.exe	B-Device
or	O
Winnt32.exe	B-Device
program	O
then	O
uses	O
that	O
answer	B-Application
file	I-Application
to	O
automate	O
the	O
installation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unattended	O
installations	B-Application
can	O
be	O
performed	O
via	O
a	O
bootable	O
CD	O
,	O
using	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
Systems	I-Protocol
Management	I-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
(	O
SMS	O
)	O
,	O
via	O
the	O
System	O
Preparation	O
Tool	O
(	O
Sysprep	O
)	O
,	O
via	O
the	O
Winnt32.exe	B-Device
program	O
using	O
the	O
/syspart	O
switch	O
or	O
via	O
Remote	O
Installation	B-Application
Services	O
(	O
RIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
slipstream	O
a	O
service	O
pack	O
into	O
the	O
original	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
setup	O
files	O
is	O
also	O
introduced	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sysprep	O
method	O
is	O
started	O
on	O
a	O
standardized	O
reference	O
computer	O
–	O
though	O
the	O
hardware	O
need	O
not	O
be	O
similar	O
–	O
and	O
it	O
copies	O
the	O
required	O
installation	B-Application
files	O
from	O
the	O
reference	O
computer	O
to	O
the	O
target	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Winnt.exe	B-Device
program	O
must	O
also	O
be	O
passed	O
a	O
/unattend	O
switch	O
that	O
points	O
to	O
a	O
valid	O
answer	B-Application
file	I-Application
and	O
a	O
/s	O
file	O
that	O
points	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
valid	O
installation	B-Application
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sysprep	O
allows	O
the	O
duplication	O
of	O
a	O
disk	B-Application
image	I-Application
on	O
an	O
existing	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
installation	B-Application
to	O
multiple	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
all	O
applications	O
and	O
system	O
configuration	O
settings	O
will	O
be	O
copied	O
across	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
installations	B-Application
,	O
and	O
thus	O
,	O
the	O
reference	O
and	O
target	O
computers	O
must	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
HALs	B-Operating_System
,	O
ACPI	B-Device
support	O
,	O
and	O
mass	O
storage	O
devices	O
–	O
though	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
automatically	O
detects	O
"	O
plug	B-Device
and	I-Device
play	I-Device
"	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
reason	O
for	O
using	O
Sysprep	O
is	O
to	O
quickly	O
deploy	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
to	O
a	O
site	O
that	O
has	O
multiple	O
computers	O
with	O
standard	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
If	O
a	O
system	O
had	O
different	O
HALs	B-Operating_System
,	O
mass	O
storage	O
devices	O
or	O
ACPI	B-Device
support	O
,	O
then	O
multiple	O
images	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
maintained	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	B-Protocol
Management	I-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
upgrade	O
multiple	O
computers	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
must	O
be	O
running	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
3.51	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
or	O
Windows	O
95	O
OSR2.x	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
SMS	O
client	O
agent	O
that	O
can	O
receive	O
software	B-Application
installation	I-Application
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
SMS	O
allows	O
installations	B-Application
over	O
a	O
wide	O
area	O
and	O
provides	O
centralised	O
control	O
over	O
upgrades	O
to	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	O
Installation	B-Application
Services	O
(	O
RIS	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
automatically	O
install	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
(	O
and	O
not	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
)	O
to	O
a	O
local	O
computer	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
from	O
a	O
central	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
required	O
so	O
that	O
local	O
accounts	O
are	O
given	O
the	O
right	O
identifier	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
clash	O
with	O
other	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
computers	O
on	O
a	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RIS	O
requires	O
that	O
client	O
computers	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
boot	O
over	O
the	O
network	O
via	O
either	O
a	O
network	B-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
card	I-Protocol
that	O
has	O
a	O
Pre-Boot	B-Device
Execution	I-Device
Environment	I-Device
(	O
PXE	O
)	O
boot	O
ROM	B-Device
installed	O
or	O
that	O
the	O
client	O
computer	O
has	O
a	O
network	B-Protocol
card	I-Protocol
installed	O
that	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
remote	O
boot	B-Operating_System
disk	I-Operating_System
generator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remote	B-Protocol
computer	I-Protocol
must	O
also	O
meet	O
the	O
Net	B-Operating_System
PC	I-Operating_System
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
server	B-Application
that	O
RIS	O
runs	O
on	O
must	O
be	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
and	O
it	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
a	O
network	O
DNS	B-Protocol
Service	O
,	O
a	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
service	O
and	O
the	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
released	O
various	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
for	O
different	O
markets	O
and	O
business	O
needs	O
:	O
Professional	O
,	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
and	O
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
was	O
designed	O
as	O
the	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
businesses	O
and	O
power	B-General_Concept
users	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
client	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
greater	O
security	O
and	O
stability	O
than	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
previous	O
Windows	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
up	O
to	O
two	O
processors	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
can	O
address	O
up	O
to	O
4GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
requirements	O
are	O
a	O
Pentium	O
processor	O
(	O
or	O
equivalent	O
)	O
of	O
133MHz	O
or	O
greater	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
32MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
650MB	O
of	O
hard	O
drive	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
drive	O
(	O
recommended	O
:	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
II	I-General_Concept
,	O
128MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
2GB	O
of	O
hard	O
drive	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
drive	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
official	O
minimum	O
processor	O
requirements	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
possible	O
to	O
install	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
on	O
4th-generation	O
x86	B-Operating_System
CPUs	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
80486	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
shares	B-Operating_System
the	O
same	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
with	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
,	O
but	O
contains	O
additional	O
components	O
for	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
perform	O
server	B-Application
roles	O
and	O
run	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
significant	O
new	O
component	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
server	B-Application
versions	O
is	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
enterprise-wide	O
directory	O
service	O
based	O
on	O
LDAP	B-Protocol
(	O
Lightweight	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
Access	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
integrated	O
Kerberos	B-Protocol
network	O
authentication	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
often-criticised	O
NTLM	O
(	O
NT	O
LAN	O
Manager	O
)	O
authentication	O
system	O
used	O
in	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
also	O
provided	O
a	O
purely	O
transitive-trust	O
relationship	O
between	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
domains	B-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
forest	O
(	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
domains	B-General_Concept
that	O
share	O
a	O
common	O
schema	O
,	O
configuration	O
,	O
and	O
global	B-Protocol
catalog	I-Protocol
,	O
being	O
linked	O
with	O
two-way	O
transitive	O
trusts	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
introduced	O
a	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
which	O
allows	O
dynamic	O
registration	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
supports	O
up	O
to	O
4	O
processors	B-General_Concept
and	O
4GB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
a	O
minimum	O
requirement	O
of	O
128MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
1GB	O
hard	O
disk	O
space	O
,	O
however	O
requirements	O
may	O
be	O
higher	O
depending	O
on	O
installed	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
is	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
designed	O
for	O
medium-to-large	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
clusters	O
of	O
servers	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
CPUs	O
,	O
a	O
main	O
memory	O
amount	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
8GB	O
on	O
Physical	B-General_Concept
Address	I-General_Concept
Extension	I-General_Concept
(	O
PAE	O
)	O
systems	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
do	O
8-way	O
SMP	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
load	B-Application
balancing	I-Application
and	O
builds	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Cluster	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
(	O
MSCS	B-Operating_System
)	O
in	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
Enterprise	B-Application
Server	I-Application
4.0	O
,	O
adding	O
enhanced	O
functionality	O
for	O
two-node	O
clusters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
requirements	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
,	O
however	O
they	O
may	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
higher	O
to	O
scale	O
to	O
larger	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
is	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
designed	O
for	O
large	O
businesses	O
that	O
move	O
large	O
quantities	O
of	O
confidential	O
or	O
sensitive	O
data	O
frequently	O
via	O
a	O
central	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
it	O
supports	O
clustering	B-Architecture
,	O
failover	B-General_Concept
and	O
load	B-Application
balancing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
minimum	O
system	O
requirements	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
Advanced	O
Server	B-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
handing	O
advanced	O
,	O
fault-tolerant	B-General_Concept
and	O
scalable	B-Architecture
hardware	O
—	O
for	O
instance	O
computers	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
32	O
CPUs	O
and	O
32GBs	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
rigorous	O
system	O
testing	O
and	O
qualification	O
,	O
hardware	O
partitioning	O
,	O
coordinated	O
maintenance	O
and	O
change	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Datacenter	O
Server	B-Application
was	O
released	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
on	O
August	O
11	O
,	O
2000	O
and	O
launched	O
on	O
September	O
26	O
,	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
edition	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
and	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
at	O
retail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
has	O
received	O
four	O
full	O
service	O
packs	O
and	O
one	O
rollup	O
update	O
package	O
following	O
SP4	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
last	O
service	O
pack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
phased	O
out	O
all	O
development	O
of	O
its	O
Java	B-Language
Virtual	I-Language
Machine	I-Language
(	O
JVM	B-Language
)	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
in	O
SP3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
5.01	I-Protocol
has	O
also	O
been	O
upgraded	O
to	O
the	O
corresponding	O
service	O
pack	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Service	O
Pack	O
4	O
with	O
Update	O
Rollup	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
September	O
13	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
nearly	O
four	O
years	O
following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
and	O
sixteen	O
months	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
had	O
originally	O
intended	O
to	O
release	O
a	O
fifth	O
service	O
pack	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
,	O
but	O
Microsoft	O
cancelled	O
this	O
project	O
early	O
in	O
its	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
instead	O
released	O
Update	O
Rollup	O
1	O
for	O
SP4	O
,	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
security-related	O
hotfixes	O
and	O
some	O
other	O
significant	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
states	O
that	O
this	O
update	O
will	O
meet	O
customers	O
 '	O
needs	O
better	O
than	O
a	O
whole	O
new	O
service	O
pack	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
still	O
help	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
customers	O
secure	O
their	O
PCs	O
,	O
reduce	O
support	O
costs	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
existing	O
computer	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
components	O
are	O
upgradable	O
to	O
latest	O
versions	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
new	O
versions	O
introduced	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
major	O
Microsoft	O
applications	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
latest	O
versions	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Protocol
NetMeeting	I-Protocol
3.01	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-General_Concept
Office	I-General_Concept
2003	I-General_Concept
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
SP3	O
and	O
SP4	O
(	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Office	I-Operating_System
XP	I-Operating_System
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
versions	O
below	O
SP3	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
period	O
,	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
attacks	O
on	O
Windows	O
servers	O
changed	O
:	O
more	O
attacks	O
came	O
from	O
remote	O
sources	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
an	O
overwhelming	O
number	O
of	O
malicious	O
programs	O
exploiting	O
the	O
IIS	O
services	O
–	O
specifically	O
a	O
notorious	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
tendency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
this	O
,	O
a	O
common	O
complaint	O
is	O
that	O
"	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
installations	B-Application
contain	O
numerous	O
potential	O
security	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
insecure	O
defaults	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
SANS	O
Institute	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
flaws	O
discovered	O
are	O
remotely	O
exploitable	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
Red	O
and	O
Code	O
Red	O
II	O
were	O
famous	O
(	O
and	O
much	O
discussed	O
)	O
worms	O
that	O
exploited	O
vulnerabilities	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	O
Indexing	O
Service	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
's	O
Internet	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
IIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2003	O
,	O
security	O
researchers	O
estimated	O
that	O
two	O
major	O
worms	O
called	O
Sobig	O
and	O
Blaster	O
infected	O
more	O
than	O
half	O
a	O
million	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2005	O
Zotob	O
worm	O
was	O
blamed	O
for	O
security	O
compromises	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
machines	O
at	O
ABC	O
,	O
CNN	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
Company	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
Security	O
Bulletin	O
MS09-048	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
architecture	O
to	O
properly	O
support	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
protection	O
does	O
not	O
exist	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
2000	I-Application
systems	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
infeasible	O
to	O
build	O
the	O
fix	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
2000	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
4	O
to	O
eliminate	O
the	O
vulnerability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
do	O
so	O
would	O
require	O
re-architecting	O
a	O
very	O
significant	O
amount	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
2000	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
4	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
would	O
be	O
no	O
assurance	O
that	O
applications	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
2000	I-Application
Service	O
Pack	O
4	O
would	O
continue	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
the	O
updated	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
patches	O
for	O
this	O
flaw	O
were	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
newer	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
(	O
32-bit	O
)	O
and	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
XP	I-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
x64	I-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
either	O
,	O
despite	O
both	O
also	O
being	O
affected	O
;	O
Microsoft	O
suggested	O
turning	O
on	O
Windows	O
Firewall	O
in	O
those	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
were	O
superseded	O
by	O
newer	O
Microsoft	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
:	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Server	B-Application
products	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
Professional	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
family	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
moved	O
from	O
mainstream	O
support	O
to	O
the	O
extended	O
support	O
phase	O
on	O
June	O
30	O
,	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
says	O
that	O
this	O
marks	O
the	O
progression	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
through	O
the	O
Windows	O
lifecycle	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
extended	O
support	O
phase	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
continued	O
to	O
provide	O
critical	O
security	O
updates	O
every	O
month	O
for	O
all	O
components	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
(	O
including	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Explorer	I-Protocol
5.0	I-Protocol
SP4	O
)	O
and	O
paid	O
per-incident	O
support	O
for	O
technical	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
's	O
age	O
,	O
updated	O
versions	O
of	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
Media	I-Device
Player	I-Device
11	I-Device
and	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
7	I-Application
have	O
not	O
been	O
released	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
said	O
in	O
2005	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
security	O
work	O
in	O
IE	B-Application
7	I-Application
relies	O
on	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
functionality	O
in	O
XP	B-Application
SP2	O
that	O
is	O
non-trivial	O
to	O
port	O
back	O
to	O
Windows	O
2000.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
users	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
Professional	O
and	O
Server	B-Application
were	O
eligible	O
to	O
purchase	O
the	O
upgrade	O
license	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
Business	O
or	O
Windows	O
Server	B-Application
2008	O
,	O
neither	O
of	O
these	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
can	O
directly	O
perform	O
an	O
upgrade	O
installation	B-Application
from	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
;	O
a	O
clean	O
installation	B-Application
must	O
be	O
performed	O
instead	O
or	O
a	O
two-step	O
upgrade	O
through	O
XP/2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
dropped	O
the	O
upgrade	O
path	O
from	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
(	O
and	O
earlier	O
)	O
to	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
must	O
buy	O
a	O
full	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
is	O
the	O
last	O
NT-based	B-Device
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
which	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
product	O
activation	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
has	O
introduced	O
Windows	O
Genuine	O
Advantage	O
for	O
certain	O
downloads	O
and	O
non-critical	O
updates	O
from	O
the	O
Download	O
Center	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
reached	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
its	O
lifecycle	O
(	O
EoL	O
)	O
on	O
July	O
13	O
,	O
2010	O
(	O
alongside	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
Windows	O
Update	O
still	O
supports	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
updates	O
available	O
on	O
Patch	O
Tuesday	O
in	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
if	O
older	O
optional	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
features	O
are	O
enabled	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
products	O
under	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
have	O
their	O
own	O
product	O
lifecycles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
6	I-Application
for	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
did	O
receive	O
security	O
patches	O
up	O
until	O
it	O
lost	O
support	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
case	O
for	O
IE6	B-Application
under	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
Malicious	I-Application
Software	I-Application
Removal	I-Application
Tool	I-Application
installed	O
monthly	O
by	O
Windows	O
Update	O
for	O
XP	B-Application
and	O
later	O
versions	O
can	O
be	O
still	O
downloaded	O
manually	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
in	O
2020	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
disable	O
the	O
Windows	O
Update	O
service	O
for	O
SHA-1	O
endpoints	O
and	O
since	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
did	O
not	O
get	O
an	O
update	O
for	O
SHA-2	O
,	O
Windows	O
Update	O
Services	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
OS	O
as	O
of	O
late	O
July	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
old	O
updates	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
are	O
still	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Update	O
Catalog	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
,	O
a	O
community-driven	O
third	O
party	O
replacement	O
for	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
update	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2002	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
commissioned	O
IDC	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
(	O
TCO	O
)	O
for	O
enterprise	B-Application
applications	I-Application
on	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
versus	O
the	O
TCO	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
applications	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDC	O
determined	O
that	O
the	O
four	O
areas	O
where	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
had	O
a	O
better	O
TCO	O
than	O
Linux	B-Application
–	O
over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
five	O
years	O
for	O
an	O
average	O
organization	O
of	O
100	O
employees	O
–	O
were	O
file	O
,	O
print	O
,	O
network	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
security	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
determined	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
that	O
Linux	B-Application
had	O
a	O
better	O
TCO	O
than	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
for	O
web	O
serving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
stated	O
that	O
Linux	B-Application
servers	O
had	O
less	O
unplanned	O
downtime	O
than	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
found	O
that	O
most	O
Linux	B-Application
servers	O
ran	O
less	O
workload	O
per	O
server	B-Application
than	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
servers	O
and	O
also	O
that	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
businesses	O
interviewed	O
used	O
4-way	O
SMP	B-Operating_System
Linux	B-Application
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
also	O
did	O
not	O
take	O
into	O
account	O
specific	O
application	B-Application
servers	I-Application
–	O
servers	O
that	O
need	O
low	O
maintenance	O
and	O
are	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
specific	O
vendor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
did	O
emphasize	O
that	O
TCO	O
was	O
only	O
one	O
factor	O
in	O
considering	O
whether	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
particular	O
IT	O
platform	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
noted	O
that	O
as	O
management	B-Application
and	O
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
improved	O
and	O
became	O
better	O
packaged	O
the	O
overall	O
picture	O
shown	O
could	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
