<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
is	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
graphical	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
development	O
began	O
after	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
co-founder	O
and	O
spearhead	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
,	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
,	O
saw	O
a	O
demonstration	O
of	O
a	O
similar	O
software	O
suite	O
,	O
Visi	B-Application
On	I-Application
,	O
at	O
COMDEX	O
in	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
was	O
showcased	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
in	O
November	O
1983	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
ended	O
up	O
being	O
released	O
two	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
runs	O
on	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
as	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
shell	B-Operating_System
program	O
known	O
as	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
Executive	I-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
provides	O
an	O
environment	O
which	O
can	O
run	O
graphical	B-Application
programs	B-Application
designed	O
for	O
Windows	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
existing	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
multitasking	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
various	O
built-in	O
programs	B-Application
such	O
as	O
Calculator	B-Application
,	O
Paint	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Notepad	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
does	O
not	O
allow	O
its	O
windows	O
to	O
overlap	O
,	O
and	O
instead	O
,	O
the	O
windows	O
are	O
tiled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
also	O
contains	O
four	O
releases	O
,	O
which	O
contain	O
minor	O
updates	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
received	O
lukewarm	O
reviews	O
;	O
critics	O
raised	O
concerns	O
about	O
not	O
fulfilling	O
expectations	O
,	O
its	O
compatibility	B-Device
with	O
very	O
little	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
performance	O
issues	O
,	O
while	O
it	O
has	O
also	O
received	O
positive	O
responses	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
early	O
presentations	O
and	O
support	O
from	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
hardware	O
-	O
and	O
software-makers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
last	O
release	O
was	O
1.04	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
ended	O
its	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
on	O
December	O
31	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
longest-supported	O
out	O
of	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
showed	O
its	O
desire	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Windows	O
began	O
after	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
,	O
co-founder	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
the	O
lead	O
developer	O
of	O
Windows	O
,	O
saw	O
a	O
demonstration	O
at	O
COMDEX	O
1982	O
of	O
VisiCorp	O
's	O
Visi	B-Application
On	I-Application
,	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
software	O
suite	O
for	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatible	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
learned	O
that	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
GUI	B-Application
software	O
—	O
also	O
bit-mapped	O
,	O
and	O
based	O
in	O
part	O
on	O
research	O
from	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
—	O
was	O
much	O
more	O
advanced	O
;	O
Microsoft	O
decided	O
they	O
needed	O
to	O
differentiate	O
their	O
own	O
offering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1983	O
,	O
Gates	O
recruited	O
Scott	O
A	O
.	O
McGregor	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
developers	O
behind	O
PARC	O
's	O
original	O
windowing	O
system	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
developer	O
team	O
lead	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
requiring	O
192	O
KB	O
of	O
RAM	O
and	O
two	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
Microsoft	O
described	O
the	O
software	O
as	O
a	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
for	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
supporting	O
cooperative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
in	O
tiled	O
windows	O
when	O
using	O
well-behaved	O
applications	O
that	O
only	O
used	O
DOS	O
system	B-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
and	O
permitting	O
non-well-behaved	O
applications	O
to	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
full	O
screen	O
,	O
Windows	O
differed	O
from	O
both	O
Visi	B-Application
On	I-Application
and	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
's	O
Lisa	B-Device
by	O
immediately	O
offering	O
many	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Visi	B-Application
On	I-Application
,	O
Windows	O
developers	O
did	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
use	O
Unix	B-Application
to	O
develop	O
IBM	O
PC	O
applications	O
;	O
Microsoft	O
planned	O
to	O
encourage	O
other	O
companies	O
,	O
including	O
competitors	O
,	O
to	O
develop	O
programs	B-Application
for	O
Windows	O
by	O
not	O
requiring	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
in	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
computers	O
such	O
as	O
Compaq	O
,	O
Zenith	O
,	O
and	O
DEC	O
promised	O
to	O
provide	O
support	O
,	O
as	O
did	O
software	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Ashton-Tate	O
and	O
Lotus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
previewing	O
Windows	O
,	O
BYTE	B-Application
magazine	O
stated	O
in	O
December	O
1983	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
seems	O
to	O
offer	O
remarkable	O
openness	O
,	O
reconfigurability	O
,	O
and	O
transportability	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
modest	O
hardware	O
requirements	O
and	O
pricing	O
…	O
Barring	O
a	O
surprise	O
product	O
introduction	O
from	O
another	O
company	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
will	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
large-scale	O
test	O
of	O
the	O
desktop	B-Device
metaphor	O
in	O
the	O
hands	O
of	O
its	O
intended	O
users.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
told	O
InfoWorld	O
magazine	O
in	O
April	O
1984	O
that	O
"	O
our	O
strategies	O
and	O
energies	O
as	O
a	O
company	O
are	O
totally	O
committed	O
to	O
Windows	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
that	O
we	O
're	O
committed	O
to	O
operating-system	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
like	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
Xenix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
was	O
notably	O
absent	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
announcement	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
corporation	O
rejected	O
Windows	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
creating	O
its	O
own	O
product	O
called	O
TopView	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
late	O
1984	O
,	O
the	O
press	O
reported	O
a	O
"	O
War	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	O
"	O
between	O
Windows	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
TopView	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
Graphics	B-Application
Environment	I-Application
Manager	I-Application
(	O
GEM	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
De-emphasizing	O
multitasking	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
stated	O
that	O
Windows	O
 '	O
purpose	O
,	O
unlike	O
that	O
of	O
TopView	B-Operating_System
,	O
was	O
to	O
"	O
turn	O
the	O
computer	O
into	O
a	O
graphics-rich	O
environment	O
"	O
while	O
using	O
less	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Microsoft	O
persuaded	O
IBM	O
that	O
the	O
latter	O
needed	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
announced	O
in	O
April	O
1987	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
its	O
graphical	B-Application
OS/2	B-Device
Presentation	I-Device
Manager	I-Device
,	O
which	O
were	O
supposed	O
to	O
ultimately	O
replace	O
both	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
release	O
,	O
1.02	O
,	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
May	O
1986	O
mainly	O
for	O
the	O
European	O
market	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
had	O
also	O
introduced	O
non-English	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
version	O
1.04	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
1987	O
,	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
IBM	B-Device
PS/2	I-Device
computers	O
,	O
although	O
no	O
support	O
for	O
PS/2	B-Device
mice	O
or	O
new	O
VGA	B-Protocol
graphics	I-Protocol
modes	O
was	O
provided	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
on	O
May	O
27	O
,	O
1987	O
,	O
an	O
OEM	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
IBM	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
VGA	B-Protocol
support	O
,	O
PS/2	B-Device
mouse	B-Device
support	O
,	O
MCGA	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
8514/A	B-Device
display	O
driver	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
released	O
this	O
version	O
on	O
three	O
3.5-inch	O
720k	B-Device
floppies	B-Device
and	O
offered	O
it	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
"	O
Personal	O
Publishing	O
System	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Collegiate	O
Kit	O
"	O
bundles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
ended	O
its	O
support	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
on	O
December	O
31	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
longest-supported	O
one	O
out	O
of	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
was	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
it	O
runs	O
as	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
shell	B-Operating_System
program	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
Executive	I-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
offers	O
limited	O
multitasking	O
of	O
existing	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
programs	B-Application
and	O
concentrates	O
on	O
creating	O
an	O
interaction	O
paradigm	O
(	O
cf	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
message	B-Library
loop	I-Library
)	O
,	O
an	O
execution	O
model	O
and	O
a	O
stable	O
API	B-Application
for	O
native	B-Language
programs	B-Application
for	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
supports	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
perform	O
click-and-drag	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
modern	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
button	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
kept	O
pressed	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
selected	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opening	O
.exe	O
files	O
in	O
the	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
Executive	I-Application
would	O
open	O
an	O
application	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
also	O
includes	O
programs	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
Calculator	B-Application
,	O
Paint	B-Application
,	O
Notepad	B-Application
,	O
Write	B-Application
,	O
Terminal	B-Application
,	O
Clock	O
,	O
and	O
utilities	O
such	O
as	O
Clipboard	O
and	O
Print	O
Spooler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paint	B-Application
only	O
supports	O
monochrome	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
also	O
has	O
the	O
Cardfile	O
manager	O
,	O
a	O
Clipboard	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Print	O
Spooler	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
as	O
a	O
built-in	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
relies	O
on	O
mouse	B-Device
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
also	O
introduced	O
the	O
Control	O
Panel	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
configure	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
does	O
not	O
allow	O
overlapping	B-Device
windows	I-Device
,	O
and	O
instead	O
,	O
the	O
windows	O
are	O
tiled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
consists	O
of	O
three	O
dynamic-link	O
libraries	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
located	O
as	O
files	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
under	O
the	O
names	O
KERNEL.EXE	O
,	O
USER.EXE	O
,	O
and	O
GDI.EXE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
SDK	I-Application
contains	O
debugging	O
versions	O
of	O
these	O
files	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
corresponding	O
files	O
on	O
the	O
setup	O
disks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
debugging	O
KERNEL.EXE	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
SDK	I-Application
one	O
can	O
create	O
a	O
"	O
slow	O
boot	O
"	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
files	O
are	O
separate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
includes	O
a	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
performs	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
task	O
handling	O
,	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
of	O
files	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
two	O
other	O
dynamic-link	O
libraries	O
are	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
Graphics	B-Operating_System
Device	I-Operating_System
Interface	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
could	O
also	O
move	O
the	O
program	O
code	O
and	O
data	O
segments	O
in	O
memory	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
programs	B-Application
to	O
share	O
code	O
and	O
data	O
that	O
are	O
located	O
in	O
dynamic-link	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
implemented	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
code	O
segment	O
swapping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
release	O
,	O
1.04	O
,	O
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
IBM	B-Device
PS/2	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
extensive	O
support	O
for	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
only	O
possible	O
to	O
execute	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
binary	B-Application
programs	B-Application
on	O
current	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
extent	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
recompile	O
their	O
source	O
code	O
into	O
an	O
equally	O
functional	O
"	O
modern	O
"	O
application	O
with	O
just	O
limited	O
modifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
the	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
also	O
includes	O
an	O
easter	O
egg	O
that	O
lists	O
the	O
developers	O
who	O
worked	O
on	O
the	O
operating	B-Application
environment	I-Application
along	O
with	O
a	O
message	O
that	O
says	O
"	O
Congrats	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
system	O
requirements	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
include	O
the	O
following	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
was	O
released	O
to	O
lukewarm	O
and	O
mixed	O
reviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
considered	O
the	O
platform	O
to	O
have	O
future	O
potential	O
but	O
felt	O
that	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
had	O
not	O
fulfilled	O
expectations	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
compete	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
GUI	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
criticized	O
for	O
its	O
slowness	O
and	O
compatibility	B-Device
with	O
very	O
little	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reviews	O
criticized	O
its	O
demanding	O
system	O
requirements	O
,	O
especially	O
noting	O
the	O
poor	O
performance	O
experienced	O
when	O
running	O
multiple	O
applications	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
Windows	O
encouraged	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
for	O
navigation	O
,	O
a	O
relatively	O
new	O
concept	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
compared	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
Windows	O
on	O
a	O
system	O
with	O
512	O
KB	O
of	O
RAM	O
to	O
"	O
pouring	O
molasses	O
in	O
the	O
Arctic	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
its	O
design	O
was	O
inflexible	O
for	O
keyboard	O
users	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
dependency	O
on	O
a	O
mouse-oriented	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
conclusion	O
,	O
the	O
Times	O
felt	O
that	O
the	O
poor	O
performance	O
,	O
lack	O
of	O
dedicated	O
software	O
,	O
uncertain	O
compatibility	B-Device
with	O
DOS	O
programs	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
tutorials	O
for	O
new	O
users	O
made	O
DOS-based	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
Borland	B-Application
Sidekick	I-Application
(	O
which	O
could	O
provide	O
a	O
similar	O
assortment	O
of	O
accessories	O
and	O
multitasking	O
functionality	O
)	O
more	O
desirable	O
for	O
most	O
PC	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Computerworld	O
magazine	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
received	O
500,000	O
sales	O
from	O
its	O
release	O
in	O
1985	O
up	O
to	O
April	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
retrospect	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
was	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
flop	O
by	O
contemporary	O
technology	O
publications	O
,	O
who	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
still	O
acknowledged	O
its	O
overall	O
importance	O
to	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
line	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nathaniel	O
Borenstein	O
(	O
who	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
MIME	B-Protocol
standards	O
)	O
and	O
his	O
IT	O
team	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
were	O
also	O
critical	O
of	O
Windows	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
first	O
presented	O
to	O
them	O
by	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
representatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Verge	O
considered	O
the	O
poor	O
reception	O
towards	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
in	O
2012	O
as	O
a	O
parallel	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
struggles	O
with	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
similar	O
fashion	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
running	O
atop	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
as	O
a	O
layer	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
offered	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
interface	O
and	O
software	O
geared	O
towards	O
an	O
emerging	O
form	O
of	O
human	B-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
device	I-General_Concept
on	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
,	O
running	O
atop	O
the	O
legacy	B-Device
Windows	B-Application
shell	I-Application
used	O
by	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mock	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
was	O
created	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
as	O
an	O
app	O
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
tie-in	O
with	O
the	O
Netflix	O
show	O
,	O
Stranger	O
Things	O
,	O
aligned	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
show	O
's	O
third	O
season	O
,	O
which	O
takes	O
place	O
during	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
