<s>
Wikipedia	O
is	O
a	O
multilingual	O
free	B-Application
online	O
encyclopedia	O
written	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
a	O
community	O
of	O
volunteers	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Wikipedians	O
,	O
through	O
open	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
and	O
using	O
a	O
wiki-based	O
editing	O
system	O
called	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
consistently	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
10	O
most	O
popular	O
websites	O
ranked	O
by	O
Similarweb	B-Application
and	O
formerly	O
Alexa	O
;	O
Wikipedia	O
was	O
ranked	O
the	O
5th	O
most	O
popular	O
site	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
according	O
to	O
Semrush	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sanger	O
coined	O
its	O
name	O
as	O
a	O
blend	O
of	O
wiki	B-Protocol
and	O
encyclopedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
3	O
April	O
2018	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
help	O
users	O
detect	O
fake	O
news	O
by	O
suggesting	O
fact-checking	O
links	O
to	O
related	O
Wikipedia	O
articles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
complementary	O
project	O
for	O
Nupedia	O
,	O
a	O
free	B-Application
online	O
English-language	O
encyclopedia	O
project	O
whose	O
articles	O
were	O
written	O
by	O
experts	O
and	O
reviewed	O
under	O
a	O
formal	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nupedia	O
was	O
initially	O
licensed	O
under	O
its	O
own	O
Nupedia	O
Open	O
Content	O
License	O
,	O
but	O
before	O
Wikipedia	O
was	O
founded	O
,	O
Nupedia	O
switched	O
to	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Free	I-Application
Documentation	I-Application
License	I-Application
at	O
the	O
urging	O
of	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wales	O
is	O
credited	O
with	O
defining	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
making	O
a	O
publicly	O
editable	O
encyclopedia	O
,	O
while	O
Sanger	O
is	O
credited	O
with	O
the	O
strategy	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
to	O
reach	O
that	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
Sanger	O
proposed	O
on	O
the	O
Nupedia	O
mailing	O
list	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
"	O
feeder	O
"	O
project	O
for	O
Nupedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
originated	O
from	O
a	O
blend	O
of	O
the	O
words	O
wiki	B-Protocol
and	O
encyclopedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
gained	O
early	O
contributors	O
from	O
Nupedia	O
,	O
Slashdot	O
postings	O
,	O
and	O
web	B-Application
search	I-Application
engine	I-Application
indexing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2012	O
,	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
reported	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
administrators	B-Application
was	O
also	O
in	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
it	O
ranked	O
6th	O
in	O
popularity	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Similarweb	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
18	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
English	O
Wikipedia	O
participated	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
coordinated	O
protests	O
against	O
two	O
proposed	O
laws	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Congress	O
—	O
the	O
Stop	B-Application
Online	I-Application
Piracy	I-Application
Act	I-Application
(	O
SOPA	B-Application
)	O
and	O
the	O
PROTECT	O
IP	O
Act	O
(	O
PIPA	O
)	O
—	O
by	O
blacking	B-Application
out	I-Application
its	I-Application
pages	I-Application
for	I-Application
24	I-Application
hours	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Varma	O
added	O
,	O
"	O
While	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
managers	O
think	O
that	O
this	O
could	O
be	O
due	O
to	O
errors	O
in	O
counting	O
,	O
other	O
experts	O
feel	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Knowledge	B-Application
Graphs	I-Application
project	O
launched	O
last	O
year	O
may	O
be	O
gobbling	O
up	O
Wikipedia	O
users.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
contacted	O
on	O
this	O
matter	O
,	O
Clay	O
Shirky	O
,	O
associate	O
professor	O
at	O
New	O
York	O
University	O
and	O
fellow	O
at	O
Harvard	O
's	O
Berkman	O
Klein	O
Center	O
for	O
Internet	O
&	O
Society	O
said	O
that	O
he	O
suspected	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
page-view	O
decline	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
Knowledge	B-Application
Graphs	I-Application
,	O
stating	O
,	O
"	O
If	O
you	O
can	O
get	O
your	O
question	O
answered	O
from	O
the	O
search	O
page	O
,	O
you	O
do	O
n't	O
need	O
to	O
click	O
[	O
any	O
further ]	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
an	O
Israeli	O
lunar	B-Application
lander	I-Application
,	O
Beresheet	O
,	O
crash	O
landed	O
on	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
Moon	O
carrying	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
nearly	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
English	O
Wikipedia	O
engraved	O
on	O
thin	O
nickel	O
plates	O
;	O
experts	O
say	O
the	O
plates	O
likely	O
survived	O
the	O
crash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
55,791	O
English	O
Wikipedia	O
articles	O
have	O
been	O
cited	O
92,300	O
times	O
in	O
scholarly	O
journals	O
,	O
from	O
which	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
was	O
the	O
most	O
cited	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
particularly	O
contentious	O
article	O
may	O
be	O
locked	O
so	O
that	O
only	O
administrators	B-Application
can	O
make	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
economics	O
PhD	O
student	O
Andrea	O
Ciffolilli	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
low	O
transaction	O
costs	O
of	O
participating	O
in	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
created	O
a	O
catalyst	O
for	O
collaborative	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
allowing	O
easy	O
access	O
to	O
past	O
versions	O
of	O
a	O
page	O
favored	O
"	O
creative	O
construction	O
"	O
over	O
"	O
creative	O
destruction	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Content	O
in	O
Wikipedia	O
is	O
subject	O
to	O
the	O
laws	O
(	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
copyright	O
laws	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
state	O
of	O
Virginia	B-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
servers	O
are	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rules	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
community	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
wiki	B-Protocol
form	O
,	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
editors	O
write	O
and	O
revise	O
the	O
website	O
's	O
policies	O
and	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
's	O
initial	O
anarchy	B-Application
integrated	O
democratic	O
and	O
hierarchical	O
elements	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
editors	O
can	O
choose	O
to	O
run	O
for	O
"	O
adminship	B-Application
"	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
delete	O
pages	O
or	O
prevent	O
them	O
from	O
being	O
changed	O
in	O
cases	O
of	O
severe	O
vandalism	O
or	O
editorial	O
disputes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Administrators	B-Application
are	O
not	O
supposed	O
to	O
enjoy	O
any	O
special	O
privilege	O
in	O
decision-making	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
their	O
powers	O
are	O
mostly	O
limited	O
to	O
making	O
edits	O
that	O
have	O
project-wide	O
effects	O
and	O
thus	O
are	O
disallowed	O
to	O
ordinary	O
editors	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
implement	O
restrictions	O
intended	O
to	O
prevent	O
disruptive	O
editors	O
from	O
making	O
unproductive	O
edits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2012	O
,	O
fewer	O
editors	O
were	O
becoming	O
administrators	B-Application
compared	O
to	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
earlier	O
years	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
because	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
vetting	O
potential	O
administrators	B-Application
had	O
become	O
more	O
rigorous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
particularly	O
contentious	O
request	O
for	O
adminship	B-Application
over	O
the	O
candidate	O
's	O
anti-Trump	O
views	O
;	O
ultimately	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
granted	O
adminship	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Editors	O
who	O
do	O
not	O
log	O
in	O
are	O
in	O
some	O
sense	O
“	O
second-class	O
citizens	O
”	O
on	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
as	O
"	O
participants	O
are	O
accredited	O
by	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
community	O
,	O
who	O
have	O
a	O
vested	O
interest	O
in	O
preserving	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
product	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
their	O
ongoing	O
participation	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
contribution	O
histories	O
of	O
anonymous	O
unregistered	O
editors	O
recognized	O
only	O
by	O
their	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
cannot	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
editor	O
with	O
certainty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
and	O
-largest	O
Wikipedias	O
owe	O
their	O
position	O
to	O
the	O
article-creating	O
bot	B-Protocol
Lsjbot	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
created	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
articles	O
on	O
the	O
Swedish	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
articles	O
in	O
the	O
Cebuano	O
and	O
Waray	O
Wikipedias	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jimmy	O
Wales	O
has	O
described	O
Wikipedia	O
as	O
"	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
distribute	O
a	O
free	B-Application
encyclopedia	O
of	O
the	O
highest	O
possible	O
quality	O
to	O
every	O
single	O
person	O
on	O
the	O
planet	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
language	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
coordinated	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
Meta-Wiki	O
,	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
's	O
wiki	B-Protocol
devoted	O
to	O
maintaining	O
all	O
its	O
projects	O
(	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
others	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Meta-Wiki	O
provides	O
important	O
statistics	O
on	O
all	O
language	O
editions	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
maintains	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
articles	O
every	O
Wikipedia	O
should	O
have	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
former	O
president	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
Library	O
Association	O
Michael	O
Gorman	O
condemned	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
stating	O
that	O
academics	O
who	O
endorse	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
are	O
"	O
the	O
intellectual	O
equivalent	O
of	O
a	O
dietitian	O
who	O
recommends	O
a	O
steady	O
diet	O
of	O
Big	O
Macs	O
with	O
everything	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Wikipedia	O
is	O
not	O
censored	O
"	O
policy	O
has	O
sometimes	O
proved	O
controversial	O
:	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
rejected	O
an	O
online	O
petition	O
against	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
images	B-Application
of	I-Application
Muhammad	I-Application
in	O
the	O
English	O
edition	O
of	O
its	O
Muhammad	O
article	O
,	O
citing	O
this	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
focused	O
on	O
behavioral	O
changes	O
of	O
the	O
encyclopedia	O
's	O
administrators	B-Application
after	O
assuming	O
the	O
post	O
,	O
writing	O
that	O
systematic	O
bias	O
occurred	O
after	O
the	O
fact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Articles	O
depicting	O
what	O
some	O
critics	O
have	O
called	O
objectionable	O
content	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
feces	O
,	O
cadaver	B-Application
,	O
human	O
penis	O
,	O
vulva	O
,	O
and	O
nudity	O
)	O
contain	O
graphic	O
pictures	O
and	O
detailed	O
information	O
easily	O
available	O
to	O
anyone	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
including	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wikipedia	O
article	O
about	O
Virgin	O
Killer	O
—	O
a	O
1976	O
album	O
from	O
the	O
German	O
rock	B-Application
band	I-Application
Scorpions	O
—	O
features	O
a	O
picture	O
of	O
the	O
album	O
's	O
original	O
cover	O
,	O
which	O
depicts	O
a	O
naked	O
prepubescent	O
girl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
battle	O
between	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
be	O
anonymous	O
in	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
be	O
anonymous	O
in	O
real	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
's	O
privacy	O
policy	O
states	O
,	O
"	O
we	O
believe	O
that	O
you	O
should	O
n’t	O
have	O
to	O
provide	O
personal	O
information	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
free	B-Application
knowledge	O
movement	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
states	O
that	O
"	O
personal	O
information	O
"	O
may	O
be	O
shared	O
"	O
For	O
legal	O
reasons	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
To	O
Protect	O
You	O
,	O
Ourselves	O
&	O
Others	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
To	O
Understand	O
&	O
Experiment	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
has	O
a	O
""	O
that	O
uses	O
Znuny	B-Language
,	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
fork	B-Application
of	O
OTRS	B-Language
to	O
handle	O
queries	B-Library
without	O
having	O
to	O
reveal	O
the	O
identities	O
of	O
the	O
involved	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
reported	O
on	O
May	O
1	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
that	O
Tretikov	O
's	O
information	O
technology	O
background	O
from	O
her	O
years	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
offers	O
Wikipedia	O
an	O
opportunity	O
to	O
develop	O
in	O
more	O
concentrated	O
directions	O
guided	O
by	O
her	O
often	O
repeated	O
position	O
statement	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
Information	O
,	O
like	O
air	O
,	O
wants	O
to	O
be	O
free.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operation	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
depends	O
on	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
,	O
a	O
custom-made	O
,	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open	I-License
source	I-License
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
platform	O
written	O
in	O
PHP	B-Application
and	O
built	O
upon	O
the	O
MySQL	B-Application
database	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MediaWiki	B-Application
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
all	O
Wikimedia	O
projects	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
other	O
wiki	B-Protocol
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
ran	O
on	O
UseModWiki	B-Language
written	O
in	O
Perl	B-Language
by	O
Clifford	B-Language
Adams	I-Language
(	O
Phase	O
I	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
initially	O
required	O
CamelCase	O
for	O
article	O
hyperlinks	O
;	O
the	O
present	O
double	O
bracket	O
style	O
was	O
incorporated	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
January	O
2002	O
(	O
Phase	O
II	O
)	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
began	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
PHP	B-Language
wiki	I-Language
engine	O
with	O
a	O
MySQL	B-Application
database	O
;	O
this	O
software	O
was	O
custom-made	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
by	O
Magnus	O
Manske	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2002	O
(	O
Phase	O
III	O
)	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
shifted	O
to	O
the	O
third-generation	O
software	O
,	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
,	O
originally	O
written	O
by	O
Lee	O
Daniel	O
Crocker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
extensions	O
are	O
installed	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2005	O
,	O
a	O
Lucene	B-Language
extension	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
's	O
built-in	O
search	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
switched	O
from	O
MySQL	B-Application
to	O
Lucene	B-Language
for	O
searching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lucene	B-Language
was	O
later	O
replaced	O
by	O
CirrusSearch	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Elasticsearch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
after	O
extensive	O
beta	O
testing	O
,	O
a	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
(	O
What	B-Application
You	I-Application
See	I-Application
Is	I-Application
What	I-Application
You	I-Application
Get	I-Application
)	O
extension	O
,	O
VisualEditor	B-Application
,	O
was	O
opened	O
to	O
public	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
programs	O
called	O
bots	B-Protocol
have	O
often	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
perform	O
simple	O
and	O
repetitive	O
tasks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
correcting	O
common	O
misspellings	O
and	O
stylistic	O
issues	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
start	O
articles	O
such	O
as	O
geography	O
entries	O
in	O
a	O
standard	O
format	O
from	O
statistical	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
controversial	O
contributor	O
,	O
Sverker	O
Johansson	O
,	O
created	O
articles	O
with	O
his	O
bot	B-Protocol
Lsjbot	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
reported	O
to	O
create	O
up	O
to	O
10,000	O
articles	O
on	O
the	O
Swedish	O
Wikipedia	O
on	O
certain	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
bots	B-Protocol
designed	O
to	O
automatically	O
notify	O
editors	O
when	O
they	O
make	O
common	O
editing	O
errors	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
unmatched	O
quotes	O
or	O
unmatched	O
parentheses	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edits	O
falsely	O
identified	O
by	O
bots	B-Protocol
as	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
a	O
banned	O
editor	O
can	O
be	O
restored	O
by	O
other	O
editors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bots	B-Protocol
are	O
able	O
to	O
indicate	O
edits	O
from	O
particular	O
accounts	O
or	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
ranges	O
,	O
as	O
occurred	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
shooting	O
down	O
of	O
the	O
MH17	O
jet	O
incident	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
edits	O
were	O
made	O
via	O
IPs	O
controlled	O
by	O
the	O
Russian	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bots	B-Protocol
on	O
Wikipedia	O
must	O
be	O
approved	O
before	O
activation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Andrew	O
Lih	O
,	O
the	O
current	O
expansion	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
to	O
millions	O
of	O
articles	O
would	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
envision	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
such	O
bots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
page	O
requests	O
are	O
first	O
passed	O
to	O
a	O
front-end	O
layer	O
of	O
Varnish	B-Language
caching	B-General_Concept
servers	I-General_Concept
and	O
back-end	O
layer	O
caching	B-General_Concept
is	O
done	O
by	O
Apache	B-Language
Traffic	I-Language
Server	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Requests	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
served	O
from	O
the	O
Varnish	B-Language
cache	I-Language
are	O
sent	O
to	O
load-balancing	O
servers	O
running	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Virtual	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
software	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
pass	O
them	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Apache	O
web	O
servers	O
for	O
page	O
rendering	O
from	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
increase	O
speed	O
further	O
,	O
rendered	O
pages	O
are	O
cached	O
in	O
a	O
distributed	O
memory	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
until	O
invalidated	O
,	O
allowing	O
page	O
rendering	O
to	O
be	O
skipped	O
entirely	O
for	O
most	O
common	O
page	O
accesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
currently	O
runs	O
on	O
dedicated	O
clusters	B-Architecture
of	O
Linux	B-Application
servers	O
running	O
the	O
Debian	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
caching	B-General_Concept
clusters	B-Architecture
are	O
located	O
in	O
Amsterdam	O
,	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
Singapore	O
,	O
and	O
Marseille	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
January	O
22	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
had	O
migrated	O
its	O
primary	O
data	O
center	O
to	O
an	O
Equinix	O
facility	O
in	O
Ashburn	O
,	O
Virginia	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
installed	O
a	O
caching	B-General_Concept
cluster	O
in	O
an	O
Equinix	O
facility	O
in	O
Singapore	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
its	O
kind	O
in	O
Asia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
a	O
caching	B-General_Concept
data	O
center	O
was	O
opened	O
in	O
Marseille	O
,	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
projects	O
of	O
such	O
internal	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
Visual	B-Application
Editor	I-Application
and	O
the	O
"	O
Thank	O
"	O
tab	O
in	O
the	O
edit	O
history	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
developed	O
to	O
improve	O
issues	O
of	O
editor	O
attrition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikimedia	O
's	O
online	O
newspaper	O
The	O
Signpost	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
2005	O
by	O
Michael	O
Snow	O
,	O
a	O
Wikipedia	B-Application
administrator	I-Application
who	O
would	O
join	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
's	O
board	O
of	O
trustees	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wikipedia	O
Library	O
is	O
a	O
resource	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
editors	O
which	O
provides	O
free	B-Application
access	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
digital	O
publications	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
consult	O
and	O
cite	O
these	O
while	O
editing	O
the	O
encyclopedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
60	O
publishers	O
have	O
partnered	O
with	O
The	O
Wikipedia	O
Library	O
to	O
provide	O
access	O
to	O
their	O
resources	O
:	O
when	O
ICE	O
Publishing	O
joined	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
spokesman	O
said	O
"	O
By	O
enabling	O
free	B-Application
access	O
to	O
our	O
content	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
editors	O
,	O
we	O
hope	O
to	O
further	O
the	O
research	O
community	O
's	O
resources	O
–	O
creating	O
and	O
updating	O
Wikipedia	O
entries	O
on	O
civil	O
engineering	O
which	O
are	O
read	O
by	O
thousands	O
of	O
monthly	O
readers.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
all	O
text	O
in	O
Wikipedia	O
was	O
covered	O
by	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Free	I-Application
Documentation	I-Application
License	I-Application
(	O
GFDL	B-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
copyleft	B-License
license	I-License
permitting	O
the	O
redistribution	O
,	O
creation	O
of	O
derivative	O
works	O
,	O
and	O
commercial	O
use	O
of	O
content	O
while	O
authors	O
retain	O
copyright	O
of	O
their	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GFDL	B-Application
was	O
created	O
for	O
software	O
manuals	O
that	O
come	O
with	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
programs	O
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
made	O
it	O
a	O
poor	O
choice	O
for	O
a	O
general	O
reference	O
work	O
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
requires	O
the	O
reprints	O
of	O
materials	O
from	O
Wikipedia	O
to	O
come	O
with	O
a	O
full	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
and	O
Creative	O
Commons	O
were	O
incompatible	O
,	O
in	O
November	O
2008	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
request	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
released	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
GFDL	B-Application
designed	O
specifically	O
to	O
allow	O
Wikipedia	O
to	O
relicense	O
its	O
content	O
to	O
CC	O
BY-SA	O
by	O
August	O
1	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
language	O
editions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
English	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
include	O
non-free	O
image	O
files	O
under	O
fair	O
use	O
doctrine	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
others	O
have	O
opted	O
not	O
to	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
fair	O
use	O
doctrines	O
in	O
their	O
home	O
countries	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Media	O
files	O
covered	O
by	O
free	B-Application
content	O
licenses	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
is	O
Wapedia	B-Application
,	O
which	O
began	O
to	O
display	O
Wikipedia	O
content	O
in	O
a	O
mobile-device-friendly	O
format	O
before	O
Wikipedia	O
itself	O
did	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
web	B-Application
search	I-Application
engines	I-Application
make	O
special	O
use	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
content	O
when	O
displaying	O
search	B-Application
results	I-Application
:	O
examples	O
include	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Bing	I-Application
(	O
via	O
technology	O
gained	O
from	O
Powerset	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
DuckDuckGo	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collections	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
articles	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
on	O
optical	B-Device
discs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
"	O
Wikipedia	O
for	O
Schools	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
Wikipedia	O
series	O
of	O
CDs	O
/	O
DVDs	O
produced	O
by	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
SOS	O
Children	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
free	B-Application
selection	O
from	O
Wikipedia	O
designed	O
for	O
education	O
towards	O
children	O
eight	O
to	O
seventeen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
website	O
DBpedia	B-Application
,	O
begun	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
extracts	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
infoboxes	O
and	O
category	O
declarations	O
of	O
the	O
English-language	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WikiReader	B-Application
is	O
a	O
dedicated	O
reader	O
device	O
that	O
contains	O
an	O
offline	O
copy	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
OpenMoko	B-Application
and	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Obtaining	O
the	O
full	O
contents	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
for	O
reuse	O
presents	O
challenges	O
,	O
since	O
direct	O
cloning	O
via	O
a	O
web	B-Application
crawler	I-Application
is	O
discouraged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
's	O
original	O
medium	O
was	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
edit	O
content	O
using	O
any	O
standard	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
through	O
a	O
fixed	O
Internet	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Wikipedia	O
content	O
has	O
been	O
accessible	O
through	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
since	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
on	O
February	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
quoted	O
Erik	O
Möller	O
,	O
deputy	O
director	O
of	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
the	O
transition	O
of	O
internet	O
traffic	O
from	O
desktops	O
to	O
mobile	O
devices	O
was	O
significant	O
and	O
a	O
cause	O
for	O
concern	O
and	O
worry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bloomberg	O
Businessweek	O
reported	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	I-Application
mobile	O
apps	O
have	O
dominated	O
the	O
largest	O
share	O
of	O
global	O
smartphone	B-Application
shipments	O
for	O
2013	O
,	O
with	O
78.6	O
%	O
of	O
market	O
share	O
over	O
their	O
next	O
closest	O
competitor	O
in	O
iOS	O
with	O
15.2	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
,	O
the	O
representatives	O
stated	O
that	O
Wikimedia	O
would	O
be	O
applying	O
an	O
all-inclusive	O
approach	O
to	O
accommodate	O
as	O
many	O
mobile	O
access	O
systems	O
as	O
possible	O
in	O
its	O
efforts	O
for	O
expanding	O
general	O
mobile	O
access	O
,	O
including	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
system	O
,	O
making	O
market	O
share	O
a	O
secondary	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
July	O
23	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
to	O
over	O
500,000	O
installs	O
and	O
generally	O
positive	O
reviews	O
,	O
scoring	O
over	O
four	O
of	O
a	O
possible	O
five	O
in	O
a	O
poll	O
of	O
approximately	O
200,000	O
users	O
downloading	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
Wikipedia	O
from	O
mobile	O
phones	O
was	O
possible	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2004	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
Wireless	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
WAP	O
)	O
,	O
via	O
the	O
Wapedia	B-Application
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
newer	O
mobile	O
service	O
was	O
officially	O
released	O
,	O
located	O
at	O
en.m.wikipedia.org,	O
which	O
caters	O
to	O
more	O
advanced	O
mobile	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
Android-based	O
devices	O
,	O
or	O
WebOS-based	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
devices	O
and	O
applications	O
optimize	O
or	O
enhance	O
the	O
display	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
content	O
for	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
while	O
some	O
also	O
incorporate	O
additional	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
use	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
metadata	O
like	O
geoinformation	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
Zero	O
was	O
an	O
initiative	O
of	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
to	O
expand	O
the	O
reach	O
of	O
the	O
encyclopedia	O
to	O
the	O
developing	O
countries	O
by	O
partnering	O
with	O
mobile	O
operators	O
to	O
allow	O
free	B-Application
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andrew	O
Lih	O
and	O
Andrew	O
Brown	O
both	O
maintain	O
editing	O
Wikipedia	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
is	O
difficult	O
and	O
this	O
discourages	O
new	O
potential	O
contributors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
done	O
after	O
Wikipedia	O
started	O
to	O
use	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
encryption	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
selective	O
censorship	O
more	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
–	O
18	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
barrage	O
of	O
false	O
news	O
reports	O
,	O
both	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
announced	O
they	O
would	O
rely	O
on	O
Wikipedia	O
to	O
help	O
their	O
users	O
evaluate	O
reports	O
and	O
reject	O
false	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noam	O
Cohen	O
,	O
writing	O
in	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
states	O
,	O
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
reliance	O
on	O
Wikipedia	O
to	O
set	O
the	O
record	O
straight	O
builds	O
on	O
the	O
thinking	O
of	O
another	O
fact-challenged	O
platform	O
,	O
the	B-Application
Facebook	I-Application
social	O
network	O
,	O
which	O
announced	O
last	O
year	O
that	O
Wikipedia	O
would	O
help	O
its	O
users	O
root	O
out	O
'	O
fake	O
news	O
 '	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
reported	O
that	O
Wikipedia	O
was	O
ranked	O
fifth	O
globally	O
among	O
all	O
websites	O
,	O
stating	O
"	O
With	O
18	O
billion	O
page	O
views	O
and	O
nearly	O
500	O
million	O
unique	O
visitors	O
a	O
month	O
,...	O
Wikipedia	O
trails	O
just	O
Yahoo	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
the	O
largest	O
with	O
1.2	O
billion	O
unique	O
visitors.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
half	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
readers	O
visit	O
the	O
site	O
more	O
than	O
five	O
times	O
a	O
month	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
similar	O
number	O
of	O
readers	O
specifically	O
look	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
in	O
search	B-Application
engine	I-Application
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noam	O
Cohen	O
wrote	O
in	O
Wired	O
that	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
effort	O
to	O
combat	O
misinformation	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
pandemic	O
was	O
different	O
from	O
other	O
major	O
websites	O
,	O
opining	O
,	O
"	O
Unless	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
the	O
others	O
can	O
learn	O
to	O
address	O
misinformation	O
more	O
effectively	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
will	O
remain	O
the	O
last	O
best	O
place	O
on	O
the	O
Internet.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Time	O
magazine	O
recognized	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
participation	O
(	O
along	O
with	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
MySpace	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
)	O
in	O
the	O
rapid	O
growth	O
of	O
online	O
collaboration	O
and	O
interaction	O
by	O
millions	O
of	O
people	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
16	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
reported	O
that	O
Wikipedia	O
had	O
become	O
a	O
focal	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
2008	O
US	O
election	O
campaign	O
,	O
saying	O
:	O
"	O
Type	O
a	O
candidate	O
's	O
name	O
into	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
and	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
results	O
is	O
a	O
Wikipedia	O
page	O
,	O
making	O
those	O
entries	O
arguably	O
as	O
important	O
as	O
any	O
ad	O
in	O
defining	O
a	O
candidate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
working	O
group	O
led	O
by	O
Peter	O
Stone	O
(	O
formed	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Stanford-based	O
project	O
One	O
Hundred	O
Year	O
Study	O
on	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
)	O
in	O
its	O
report	O
called	O
Wikipedia	O
"	O
the	O
best-known	O
example	O
of	O
crowdsourcing	O
...	O
that	O
far	O
exceeds	O
traditionally-compiled	O
information	O
sources	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
encyclopedias	O
and	O
dictionaries	O
,	O
in	O
scale	O
and	O
depth	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Derakhshan	O
,	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
goal	O
as	O
an	O
encyclopedia	O
represents	O
the	O
Age	O
of	O
Enlightenment	O
tradition	O
of	O
rationality	O
triumphing	O
over	O
emotions	O
,	O
a	O
trend	O
which	O
he	O
considers	O
"	O
endangered	O
"	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
gradual	O
shift	O
from	O
a	O
typographic	B-Application
culture	O
to	O
a	O
photographic	O
one	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
mean[s]	O
a	O
shift	O
from	O
rationality	O
to	O
emotions	O
,	O
exposition	O
to	O
entertainment	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
the	O
challenge	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
those	O
who	O
use	O
it	O
is	O
to	O
"	O
save	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
its	O
promise	O
of	O
a	O
free	B-Application
and	O
open	O
collection	O
of	O
all	O
human	O
knowledge	O
amid	O
the	O
conquest	O
of	O
new	O
and	O
old	O
television	O
—	O
how	O
to	O
collect	O
and	O
preserve	O
knowledge	O
when	O
nobody	O
cares	O
to	O
know.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
has	O
spawned	O
several	O
sister	O
projects	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
also	O
wikis	B-Protocol
run	O
by	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
other	O
Wikimedia	O
projects	O
include	O
Wiktionary	O
,	O
a	O
dictionary	O
project	O
launched	O
in	O
December	O
2002	O
,	O
Wikiquote	O
,	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
quotations	O
created	O
a	O
week	O
after	O
Wikimedia	O
launched	O
,	O
Wikibooks	O
,	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
collaboratively	O
written	O
free	B-Application
textbooks	O
and	O
annotated	O
texts	O
,	O
Wikimedia	O
Commons	O
,	O
a	O
site	O
devoted	O
to	O
free-knowledge	O
multimedia	O
,	O
Wikinews	O
,	O
for	O
collaborative	O
journalism	O
,	O
and	O
Wikiversity	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
free	B-Application
learning	O
materials	O
and	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
online	O
learning	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
obvious	O
economic	O
effect	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
death	O
of	O
commercial	O
encyclopedias	O
,	O
especially	O
printed	O
versions	O
like	O
Encyclopædia	O
Britannica	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
unable	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
a	O
product	O
that	O
is	O
essentially	O
free	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nicholas	O
Carr	O
's	O
2005	O
essay	O
"	O
The	O
amorality	O
of	O
Web	O
2.0	O
"	O
criticizes	O
websites	O
with	O
user-generated	O
content	O
(	O
like	O
Wikipedia	O
)	O
for	O
possibly	O
leading	O
to	O
professional	O
(	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
his	O
view	O
,	O
superior	O
)	O
content	O
producers	O
 '	O
going	O
out	O
of	O
business	O
,	O
because	O
"	O
free	B-Application
trumps	O
quality	O
all	O
the	O
time	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Carr	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
Implicit	O
in	O
the	O
ecstatic	O
visions	O
of	O
Web	O
2.0	O
is	O
the	O
hegemony	B-Application
of	O
the	O
amateur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
has	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
corpus	O
for	O
linguistic	O
research	O
in	O
computational	O
linguistics	O
,	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
and	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
it	O
commonly	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
target	O
knowledge	O
base	O
for	O
the	O
entity	B-General_Concept
linking	I-General_Concept
problem	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
then	O
called	O
"	O
wikification	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
related	O
problem	O
of	O
word-sense	B-General_Concept
disambiguation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
PageRank	B-Algorithm
,	O
CheiRank	B-Application
and	O
similar	O
algorithms	O
"	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
appearances	O
in	O
the	O
24	O
different	O
language	O
editions	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
(	O
descending	O
order	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
century	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
were	O
founded	O
(	O
ascending	O
order	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
related	O
to	O
Wikipedia	O
have	O
been	O
using	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
support	O
various	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
of	O
these	O
was	O
the	O
1986	O
BBC	B-Device
Domesday	I-Device
Project	I-Device
,	O
which	O
included	O
text	O
(	O
entered	O
on	O
BBC	B-Device
Micro	I-Device
computers	O
)	O
and	O
photographs	O
from	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
million	O
contributors	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
and	O
covered	O
the	O
geography	O
,	O
art	O
,	O
and	O
culture	O
of	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
Domesday	B-Device
Project	I-Device
were	O
emulated	O
on	O
a	O
website	O
until	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
free-content	O
,	O
collaborative	O
encyclopedias	O
were	O
created	O
around	O
the	O
same	O
period	O
as	O
Wikipedia	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
use	O
more	O
traditional	O
peer	O
review	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Encyclopedia	O
of	O
Life	O
and	O
the	O
online	O
wiki	B-Protocol
encyclopedias	O
Scholarpedia	O
and	O
Citizendium	O
.	O
</s>
