<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
began	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
when	O
Ward	O
Cunningham	O
gave	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
"	O
to	O
the	O
knowledge	O
base	O
,	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
his	O
company	O
's	O
website	O
at	O
c2.com,	O
and	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
that	O
powered	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wiki	B-Protocol
went	O
public	O
in	O
March	O
1995	O
,	O
the	O
date	O
used	O
in	O
anniversary	O
celebrations	O
of	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
's	O
origins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
c2.com	B-Language
is	O
thus	O
the	O
first	O
true	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
a	O
website	O
with	O
pages	O
and	O
links	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
edited	O
via	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
reliable	O
version	O
history	O
for	O
each	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
chose	O
"	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
"	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
based	O
on	O
his	O
memories	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Wiki	B-Protocol
Shuttle	O
"	O
at	O
Honolulu	O
International	O
Airport	O
,	O
and	O
because	O
"	O
wiki	B-Protocol
"	O
is	O
the	O
Hawaiian	O
word	O
for	O
"	O
quick	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
has	O
some	O
conceptual	O
origins	O
in	O
the	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
and	O
hypertext	O
systems	O
used	O
for	O
documentation	O
and	O
software	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
actualized	O
origins	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
"	O
Journal	O
"	O
feature	O
of	O
NLS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
distant	O
ancestors	O
include	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
's	O
proposed	O
"	O
memex	B-General_Concept
"	O
system	O
in	O
1945	O
,	O
the	O
collaborative	O
hypertext	O
database	O
ZOG	B-Application
in	O
1972	O
,	O
the	O
NoteCards	B-Application
system	O
from	O
Xerox	O
,	O
the	O
Apple	O
hypertext	O
system	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
alternative	O
wiki	B-Protocol
applications	I-Protocol
and	O
websites	O
appeared	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
five	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
meantime	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
WardsWiki	B-Language
"	O
,	O
evolved	O
as	O
features	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
software	O
and	O
as	O
the	O
growing	O
body	O
of	O
users	O
developed	O
a	O
unique	O
"	O
wiki	B-Protocol
culture	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2000	O
,	O
WardsWiki	B-Language
had	O
developed	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
content	O
outside	O
its	O
original	O
stated	O
purpose	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
spinoff	O
of	O
content	O
into	O
sister	O
sites	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
MeatballWiki	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
website	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
a	O
free	O
content	O
encyclopedia	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
January	O
2001	O
,	O
and	O
quickly	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
it	O
remains	O
to	O
this	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
rise	O
in	O
popularity	O
(	O
it	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
ten	O
most	O
popular	O
sites	O
in	O
2007	O
)	O
played	O
a	O
large	O
part	O
in	O
introducing	O
wikis	B-Protocol
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
now	O
exist	O
at	O
least	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
wiki	B-Protocol
websites	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
have	O
become	O
increasingly	O
prevalent	O
in	O
corporations	O
and	O
other	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distant	O
precursor	O
of	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
concept	O
was	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
's	O
vision	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
memex	B-General_Concept
,	O
"	O
a	O
microfilm	O
reader	O
which	O
would	O
create	O
automated	O
links	O
between	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
when	O
numerous	O
items	O
have	O
been	O
thus	O
joined	O
together	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
trail	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
reviewed	O
in	O
turn	O
…	O
"	O
This	O
vision	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
predicting	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
resembles	O
wikis	B-Protocol
more	O
than	O
the	O
web	O
in	O
one	O
important	O
way	O
:	O
the	O
system	O
being	O
described	O
is	O
self-contained	O
,	O
not	O
a	O
loose	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
Kristo	O
Ivanov	O
published	O
a	O
PhD	O
dissertation	O
on	O
Quality-control	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
containing	O
a	O
theoretical	O
basis	O
for	O
what	O
corresponds	O
to	O
the	O
wiki-idea	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
systemic	O
social	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
indirect	O
precursor	O
of	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
concept	O
was	O
the	O
ZOG	B-Application
multi-user	O
database	O
system	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
1972	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
Carnegie-Mellon	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZOG	B-Application
interface	O
consisted	O
of	O
text-only	O
frames	O
,	O
each	O
containing	O
a	O
title	O
,	O
a	O
description	O
,	O
a	O
line	O
with	O
standard	O
ZOG	B-Application
commands	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
selections	O
(	O
hypertext	O
links	O
)	O
leading	O
to	O
other	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
ZOG	B-Application
team	O
,	O
Donald	O
McCracken	O
and	O
Robert	O
Akscyn	O
,	O
spun	O
off	O
a	O
company	O
from	O
CMU	O
in	O
1981	O
and	O
developed	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
ZOG	B-Application
called	O
Knowledge	O
Management	O
System	O
(	O
KMS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KMS	O
was	O
a	O
collaborative	B-Application
tool	I-Application
based	O
on	O
direct	O
manipulation	O
,	O
permitting	O
users	O
to	O
modify	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
frames	O
,	O
freely	O
intermixing	O
text	O
,	O
graphics	O
and	O
images	O
,	O
any	O
of	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
linked	O
to	O
other	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
notable	O
hypertext-based	O
systems	O
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
that	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
inspired	O
by	O
ZOG	B-Application
,	O
KMS	O
and/or	O
one	O
another	O
:	O
the	O
NoteCards	B-Application
system	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
1984	O
and	O
released	O
by	O
Xerox	O
in	O
1985	O
;	O
Janet	O
Walker	O
's	O
Symbolics	B-General_Concept
Document	I-General_Concept
Examiner	I-General_Concept
,	O
created	O
in	O
1985	O
for	O
the	O
operation	O
manuals	O
of	O
Symbolics	O
computers	O
;	O
and	O
Bill	O
Atkinson	O
's	O
WildCard	O
application	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
he	O
began	O
work	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
and	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1987	O
as	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ward	O
Cunningham	O
has	O
stated	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
idea	O
was	O
influenced	O
by	O
his	O
experience	O
using	O
HyperCard	B-Application
:	O
he	O
was	O
shown	O
the	O
software	O
by	O
fellow	O
programmer	O
Kent	O
Beck	O
,	O
before	O
its	O
official	O
release	O
(	O
it	O
was	O
still	O
called	O
"	O
WildCard	O
"	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
his	O
words	O
,	O
was	O
"	O
blown	O
away	O
"	O
by	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cunningham	O
used	O
HyperCard	B-Application
to	O
make	O
a	O
stack	O
holding	O
three	O
kinds	O
of	O
information	O
:	O
ideas	O
,	O
people	O
who	O
hold	O
ideas	O
,	O
and	O
projects	O
where	O
people	O
share	O
ideas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
He	O
would	O
later	O
use	O
this	O
same	O
architecture	O
for	O
the	O
Patterns	O
,	O
People	O
and	O
Projects	O
listed	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
page	O
of	O
his	O
original	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
he	O
posted	O
a	O
short	O
summary	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
project	O
on	O
the	O
alt.hypertext	O
newsgroup	B-Application
,	O
marking	O
the	O
debut	O
of	O
the	O
Web	O
as	O
a	O
publicly	O
available	O
service	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1992	O
appeared	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
graphical	O
browser	B-Application
providing	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
embedded	O
graphics	O
,	O
scripting	O
,	O
and	O
animation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
turning	O
point	O
for	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
was	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Mosaic	B-Application
graphical	O
browser	B-Application
in	O
1993	O
,	O
which	O
gained	O
wide	O
popularity	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
strong	O
support	O
of	O
integrated	O
multimedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ward	O
Cunningham	O
started	O
developing	O
the	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
in	O
1994	O
as	O
a	O
supplement	O
to	O
the	O
Portland	B-Application
Pattern	I-Application
Repository	I-Application
,	O
a	O
website	O
containing	O
documentation	O
about	O
software	O
design	O
patterns	O
,	O
a	O
particular	O
approach	O
to	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
was	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
collaborative	O
database	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
ideas	O
between	O
programmers	O
easier	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
dedicated	O
to	O
"	O
People	O
,	O
Projects	O
and	O
Patterns.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Cunningham	O
wrote	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
run	O
it	O
using	O
the	O
Perl	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
considered	O
calling	O
the	O
software	O
"	O
quick-web	O
,	O
"	O
but	O
instead	O
named	O
it	O
using	O
the	O
Hawaiian	O
word	O
"	O
wiki-wiki	O
,	O
"	O
which	O
means	O
"	O
quick-quick	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
very	O
quick	O
,	O
"	O
based	O
on	O
his	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Wiki	B-Protocol
Shuttle	O
at	O
Honolulu	O
International	O
Airport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cunningham	O
installed	O
a	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
on	O
his	O
company	O
Cunningham	B-Language
&	I-Language
Cunningham	I-Language
's	O
website	O
c2.com	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cunningham	O
dates	O
the	O
official	O
start	O
of	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
as	O
March	O
25	O
,	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
note	O
was	O
posted	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Patterns	O
"	O
listserv	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
software	O
developers	O
gathered	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
The	O
Hillside	O
Group	O
"	O
to	O
develop	O
Erich	O
Gamma	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
object-oriented	B-Language
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cunningham	O
had	O
noticed	O
that	O
the	O
older	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
listserv	B-Protocol
tended	O
to	O
get	O
buried	O
under	O
the	O
more	O
recent	O
posts	O
,	O
and	O
he	O
proposed	O
instead	O
to	O
collect	O
ideas	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
pages	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
collectively	O
edited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
Cunningham	O
's	O
innovations	O
in	O
creating	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
was	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
easily	O
link	O
internally	O
between	O
pages	O
;	O
something	O
that	O
was	O
often	O
cumbersome	O
to	O
do	O
in	O
previous	O
intranet	B-General_Concept
and	O
document	O
management	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
CamelCase	O
convention	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
most	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
for	O
the	O
first	O
few	O
years	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
 '	O
existence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
UseModWiki	B-Language
,	O
which	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
was	O
in	O
use	O
on	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
switched	O
to	O
allow	O
internal	O
links	O
to	O
be	O
done	O
using	O
standard	O
spelling	O
and	O
double	O
square	O
bracket	O
instead	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
usability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
square	O
bracket	O
syntax	B-Application
has	O
since	O
become	O
more	O
of	O
a	O
default	O
convention	O
for	O
internal	O
links	O
within	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
in	O
general	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ward	O
Cunningham	O
wrote	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
his	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
meant	O
for	O
public	O
usage	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Base	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
announcement	O
,	O
he	O
wrote	O
:	O
"	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
is	O
almost	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
I	O
've	O
translated	O
almost	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
wiki	B-Protocol
script	O
into	O
HyperPerl	O
,	O
a	O
wiki-literate	O
programming	O
system	O
that	O
I	O
think	O
you	O
will	O
like.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Visitors	O
were	O
requested	O
to	O
register	O
on	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
before	O
they	O
took	O
the	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Base	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternate	O
applications	O
for	O
wikis	B-Protocol
began	O
to	O
emerge	O
,	O
usually	O
imitating	O
the	O
look-and-feel	O
of	O
WikiWikiWeb/Wiki	O
Base	O
;	O
such	O
applications	O
were	O
originally	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
WikiWikiClones.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
one	O
was	O
most	O
likely	O
created	O
by	O
IBM	O
programmer	O
Patrick	O
Mueller	O
,	O
who	O
wrote	O
his	O
in	O
the	O
REXX	B-Language
language	O
,	O
even	O
before	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Base	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
the	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
,	O
programmers	O
soon	O
started	O
several	O
other	O
wikis	B-Protocol
to	O
build	O
knowledge	O
bases	O
about	O
programming	O
topics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikis	B-Protocol
became	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
(	O
FOSS	B-License
)	O
community	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
collaboratively	O
discussing	O
and	O
documenting	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
being	O
used	O
only	O
by	O
specialists	O
,	O
these	O
early	O
software-focused	O
wikis	B-Protocol
failed	O
to	O
attract	O
widespread	O
public	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
website	O
approximately	O
doubled	O
in	O
size	O
every	O
year	O
1995	O
to	O
2000	O
,	O
with	O
disk	O
usage	O
rising	O
from	O
around	O
2	O
megabytes	O
in	O
1995	O
to	O
around	O
60	O
megabytes	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
In	O
most	O
modern	O
wikis	B-Protocol
the	O
conflict	O
between	O
these	O
two	O
modes	O
has	O
been	O
resolved	O
by	O
putting	O
all	O
document	O
text	O
on	O
the	O
main	O
page	O
of	O
an	O
article	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
discussion	O
text	O
on	O
a	O
talk	O
page	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
Silver	O
had	O
proposed	O
both	O
categories	O
and	O
topics	O
:	O
categories	O
denoted	O
the	O
specific	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
page	O
's	O
subject	O
(	O
a	O
book	O
,	O
a	O
person	O
,	O
a	O
pattern	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
topics	O
denoted	O
the	O
theme	O
of	O
the	O
page	O
(	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
extreme	O
programming	O
,	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
early	O
1998	O
and	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2000	O
participation	O
in	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
snowballed	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
disk	O
space	O
consumed	O
by	O
wiki	B-Protocol
pages	O
more	O
than	O
quadrupled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
DesignPatterns	O
people	O
left	O
to	O
discuss	O
patterns	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
began	O
to	O
be	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
WardsWiki	B-Language
"	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
PortlandPatternRepository.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
1999	O
,	O
user	O
Sam	O
Gentile	O
posted	O
the	O
comment	O
"	O
I	O
'm	O
through	O
here	O
"	O
on	O
his	O
user	O
page	O
,	O
and	O
began	O
systematically	O
removing	O
his	O
text	O
from	O
all	O
pages	O
on	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
that	O
he	O
had	O
contributed	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gentile	O
worked	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
had	O
been	O
hurt	O
by	O
what	O
he	O
perceived	O
as	O
anti-Microsoft	O
bias	O
on	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2000	O
,	O
four	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
users	O
independently	O
tried	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
text	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
via	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
deletions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
mainly	O
tried	O
to	O
delete	O
material	O
that	O
was	O
related	O
to	O
wikis	B-Protocol
and	O
not	O
software	O
design	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
longer-term	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
deletions	O
was	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
"	O
sister	O
sites	O
"	O
later	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sunir	O
Shah	O
created	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
called	O
MeatballWiki	O
,	O
intended	O
strictly	O
for	O
wiki-based	O
documentation	O
and	O
discussions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
wiki	B-Protocol
to	O
host	O
discussion	O
of	O
Christian	O
issues	O
,	O
and	O
Peter	O
Merel	O
created	O
GreenCheeseWiki	O
and	O
The	O
Reform	O
Society	O
to	O
host	O
,	O
respectively	O
,	O
whimsical	O
and	O
political	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
pages	O
were	O
moved	O
from	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
to	O
these	O
alternative	O
sites	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
stub	O
of	O
the	O
moved	O
page	O
left	O
on	O
the	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
,	O
containing	O
a	O
link	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
page	O
and	O
the	O
message	O
"	O
This	O
page	O
exists	O
only	O
on	O
SisterSites.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Cunningham	O
and	O
user	O
Bo	O
Leuf	O
published	O
a	O
book	O
,	O
The	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Way	O
,	O
which	O
distilled	O
the	O
lessons	O
learned	O
during	O
the	O
collective	O
experience	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
wiki	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
early	O
wiki	B-Protocol
websites	O
were	O
devoted	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
open	O
source	O
software	O
,	O
one	O
early	O
wiki	B-Protocol
was	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
FoxPro	B-Application
user	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FoxPro	B-Application
Wiki	B-Protocol
was	O
founded	O
in	O
1999	O
by	O
Steven	O
Black	O
and	O
evolved	O
into	O
a	O
popular	O
site	O
with	O
many	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wiki	B-Protocol
forum	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
1999	O
for	O
discussion	O
of	O
the	O
newly	O
created	O
PhpWiki	B-Language
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
larger	O
software-related	O
wikis	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sensei	O
's	O
Library	O
,	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
dedicated	O
to	O
discussion	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
of	O
Go	O
,	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Morten	O
G	O
.	O
Pahle	O
and	O
Arno	O
Hollosi	O
in	O
October	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
its	O
first	O
few	O
years	O
of	O
operation	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
and	O
most	O
active	O
wikis	B-Protocol
outside	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clones	O
of	O
the	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
software	O
began	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
Ward	O
Cunningham	O
made	O
the	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
Base	O
software	O
available	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
clones	O
was	O
CvWiki	B-Language
,	O
developed	O
in	O
1997	O
by	O
Peter	O
Merel	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
wiki	B-Protocol
application	I-Protocol
to	O
have	O
functioning	O
transclusion	O
,	O
backlinks	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
WayBackMode.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
JWiki	O
(	O
short	O
for	O
JavaWiki	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
implementation	O
of	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
in	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
be	O
back-ended	O
by	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
early	O
wiki	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
was	O
JosWiki	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
an	O
international	O
group	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
programmers	O
who	O
were	O
trying	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
free	O
and	O
open	O
"	O
Java	B-Language
Operating	O
System	O
"	O
(	O
JOS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TWiki	B-Language
was	O
created	O
in	O
Perl	B-Language
by	O
Peter	B-Language
Thoeny	I-Language
in	O
1998	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
JosWiki	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TWiki	B-Language
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
large	O
corporate	O
intranets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
PikiPiki	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Martin	O
Pool	O
in	O
1999	O
as	O
a	O
rewrite	O
of	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
in	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
small	O
program	O
,	O
using	O
flat	O
files	O
and	O
doing	O
away	O
with	O
versioning	O
(	O
Pool	O
felt	O
that	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
is	O
not	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
document-management	O
system	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PhpWiki	B-Language
,	O
created	O
by	O
Steve	O
Wainstead	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
written	O
in	O
PHP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
version	O
was	O
a	O
feature-for-feature	O
reimplementation	O
of	O
the	O
WikiWikiWeb	B-Language
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequent	O
versions	O
adopted	O
many	O
features	O
from	O
UseModWiki	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swiki	B-Protocol
was	O
written	O
in	O
Squeak	B-Operating_System
by	O
Mark	O
Guzdial	O
and	O
Jochen	O
Rick	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zwiki	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
in	O
1999	O
,	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Zope	B-Language
web	O
application	O
server	O
(	O
it	O
could	O
also	O
co-exist	O
with	O
the	O
Plone	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traction	B-Protocol
TeamPage	I-Protocol
was	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
1999	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
proprietary	B-Application
wiki	B-Protocol
application	I-Protocol
aimed	O
at	O
enterprise	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UseModWiki	B-Language
was	O
developed	O
from	O
1999	O
to	O
2000	O
by	O
Clifford	B-Language
Adams	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
UseModWiki	B-Language
is	O
a	O
flat-file	O
wiki	B-Protocol
written	O
in	O
Perl	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
Markus	O
Denker	O
's	O
AtisWiki	B-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
in	O
turn	O
based	O
on	O
CvWiki	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
the	O
square	O
bracket	O
syntax	B-Application
for	O
linking	O
words	O
that	O
was	O
later	O
adopted	O
by	O
many	O
other	O
wiki	B-Protocol
engines	I-Protocol
,	O
such	O
as	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MoinMoin	B-Application
,	O
created	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
by	O
Jürgen	O
Hermann	O
and	O
Thomas	O
Waldmann	O
in	O
mid-2000	O
,	O
was	O
initially	O
based	O
on	O
PikiPiki	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
flat-file	O
wiki	B-Protocol
with	O
a	O
simple	O
code	O
base	O
but	O
many	O
possible	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MoinMoin	B-Application
uses	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
separating	O
the	O
parsers	O
(	O
for	O
parsing	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
syntax	B-Application
)	O
from	O
the	O
formatters	O
(	O
for	O
outputting	O
HTML	O
code	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
interface	O
between	O
them	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
new	O
parsers	O
and	O
output	O
formatters	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2001	O
,	O
wikis	B-Protocol
were	O
virtually	O
unknown	O
outside	O
the	O
restricted	O
circles	O
of	O
computer	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikis	B-Protocol
were	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
by	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
a	O
free	O
content	O
encyclopedia	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
edited	O
by	O
anyone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	O
of	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
concept	O
,	O
Wales	O
and	O
Sanger	O
decided	O
to	O
try	O
creating	O
a	O
collaborative	O
website	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
additional	O
source	O
of	O
rapidly	O
produced	O
draft	O
articles	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
polished	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
Nupedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nupedia	O
's	O
editors	O
and	O
reviewers	O
resisted	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
associating	O
Nupedia	O
with	O
a	O
wiki-style	O
website	O
,	O
so	O
Wikipedia	O
was	O
launched	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
domain	O
,	O
wikipedia.com,	O
on	O
January	O
15	O
,	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
initially	O
ran	O
on	O
UseModWiki	B-Language
software	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
text	O
stored	O
in	O
flat-files	O
rather	O
than	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
articles	O
named	O
using	O
the	O
CamelCase	O
convention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UseModWiki	B-Language
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
PHP	B-Language
wiki	I-Language
engine	O
in	O
January	O
2002	O
and	O
by	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
in	O
July	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wales	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Wikipedia	O
user	O
community	O
,	O
founded	O
Wikipedia	O
's	O
first	O
"	O
sister	O
site	O
,	O
"	O
"	O
In	O
Memoriam	O
:	O
September	O
11	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
"	O
in	O
October	O
2002	O
;	O
it	O
detailed	O
the	O
September	O
11	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MeatballWiki	O
rapidly	O
became	O
a	O
popular	O
wiki	B-Protocol
for	O
discussions	O
of	O
wiki-related	O
topics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
users	O
of	O
MeatballWiki	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
several	O
ideas	O
on	O
the	O
linking	O
together	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
WikiIndex	O
,	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
that	O
lists	O
other	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
MetaWiki	O
and	O
SwitchWiki	O
ideas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Javapedia	O
was	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
inspired	O
by	O
Wikipedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2003	O
during	O
the	O
JavaOne	O
developer	O
conference	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
cover	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
Alpha	O
is	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
devoted	O
to	O
the	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
fictional	O
universe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
its	O
first	O
several	O
years	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
wiki	B-Protocol
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
period	O
also	O
saw	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
several	O
other	O
general	O
wiki	B-Protocol
encyclopedias	O
,	O
created	O
either	O
independently	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
or	O
meant	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Wikipedia	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
fix	O
some	O
perceived	O
weakness	O
in	O
it	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Susning.nu	O
was	O
a	O
Swedish-language	O
wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
created	O
in	O
October	O
2001	O
,	O
meant	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
an	O
encyclopedia	O
,	O
dictionary	O
,	O
and	O
discussion	O
forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WikiZnanie	O
is	O
a	O
Russian-language	O
wiki	B-Protocol
encyclopedia	O
created	O
in	O
2003	O
;	O
it	O
took	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
content	O
from	O
the	O
Russian	O
Brockhaus	O
and	O
Efron	O
Encyclopedic	O
Dictionary	O
of	O
1906	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSPWiki	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
Janne	O
Jalkanen	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
is	O
flat-file	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
built	O
around	O
JavaServer	B-Language
Pages	I-Language
(	O
JSP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSPWiki	O
adapted	O
and	O
extended	O
the	O
PhpWiki	B-Language
markup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
primarily	O
used	O
for	O
company	O
and	O
university	O
intranets	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
project	O
wiki	B-Protocol
or	O
a	O
knowledge	O
management	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
manager	I-Application
(	O
PIM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MediaWiki	B-Application
was	O
written	O
for	O
Wikipedia	O
in	O
2002	O
by	O
Lee	O
Daniel	O
Crocker	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
design	O
of	O
an	O
earlier	O
PHP	B-Language
wiki	I-Language
engine	O
developed	O
by	O
Magnus	O
Manske	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manske	O
's	O
PHP-based	O
software	O
suffered	O
load	O
problems	O
due	O
to	O
increased	O
use	O
,	O
so	O
Crocker	O
re-wrote	O
the	O
software	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
scalable	O
MySQL	B-Application
database	O
backend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internationalization	B-General_Concept
was	O
also	O
a	O
major	O
concern	O
(	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
has	O
been	O
translated	O
into	O
more	O
than	O
70	O
languages	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
differences	O
between	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
and	O
other	O
wiki	B-Protocol
engines	I-Protocol
was	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
freely	O
formatted	O
links	O
instead	O
of	O
links	O
in	O
CamelCase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MediaWiki	B-Application
provides	O
specialized	O
syntax	B-Application
to	O
support	O
rich	O
content	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
rendering	O
mathematical	O
formulas	O
using	O
LaTeX	B-Application
,	O
graphical	O
plotting	O
,	O
image	O
galleries	O
and	O
thumbnails	O
,	O
and	O
Exif	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MediaWiki	B-Application
lacks	O
native	O
WYSIWYG	O
support	O
,	O
but	O
comes	O
with	O
a	O
graphical	O
toolbar	O
to	O
simplify	O
editing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
innovation	O
for	O
structuring	O
content	O
is	O
"	O
namespaces.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
PmWiki	B-Language
was	O
created	O
in	O
PHP	B-Application
by	O
Patrick	O
Michaud	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
flat-file	O
wiki	B-Protocol
engine	I-Protocol
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
easy	O
to	O
install	O
and	O
customize	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PmWiki	B-Language
offers	O
a	O
template	O
scheme	O
that	O
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
look	O
and	O
feel	O
of	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customization	O
is	O
made	O
easy	O
through	O
a	O
wide	O
selection	O
of	O
custom	O
extensions	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
recipes	O
"	O
available	O
from	O
the	O
PmWiki	B-Language
Cookbook	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TikiWiki	B-Protocol
was	O
created	O
in	O
PHP	B-Application
by	O
Luis	O
Argerich	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
renamed	O
"	O
Tiki	B-Protocol
Wiki	I-Protocol
CMS	I-Protocol
Groupware	I-Protocol
"	O
,	O
or	O
simply	O
"	O
Tiki	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
gained	O
additional	O
CMS	B-Protocol
and	O
groupware	B-Application
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TikiWiki	B-Protocol
is	O
modular	O
with	O
components	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
individually	O
enabled	O
and	O
customized	O
by	O
the	O
administrator	O
,	O
and	O
extends	O
customization	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
selectable	O
skins	O
and	O
themes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Socialtext	O
launched	O
in	O
2002	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
second	O
proprietary	B-Application
enterprise-focused	O
wiki	B-Protocol
application	I-Protocol
,	O
after	O
Traction	B-Protocol
TeamPage	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
they	O
developed	O
,	O
wikis	B-Protocol
incorporated	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
used	O
on	O
other	O
websites	O
and	O
blogs	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
period	O
from	O
2004	O
to	O
2006	O
saw	O
an	O
explosion	O
in	O
interest	O
in	O
both	O
wikis	B-Protocol
generally	O
and	O
Wikipedia	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
and	O
both	O
started	O
to	O
become	O
household	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Corporations	O
,	O
organizations	O
and	O
other	O
communities	O
began	O
to	O
make	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
wiki-based	O
sites	O
,	O
technologies	O
and	O
events	O
that	O
dominate	O
today	O
were	O
started	O
during	O
that	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XWiki	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
Java	B-Language
wiki	B-Protocol
application	I-Protocol
that	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Ludovic	O
Dubost	O
in	O
December	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dubost	O
set	O
up	O
hosting	O
of	O
XWiki-based	O
wikis	B-Protocol
on	O
the	O
domain	O
xwiki.com	B-Application
in	O
January	O
2004	O
—	O
xwiki.com	B-Application
thus	O
became	O
an	O
early	O
(	O
and	O
possibly	O
the	O
first	O
)	O
wiki	B-Protocol
hosting	O
service	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
wiki	B-Protocol
farm.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
hosting	O
service	O
Wikicities	O
launched	O
,	O
co-founded	O
by	O
Wikipedia	O
founder	O
Jimmy	O
Wales	O
and	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
board	O
member	O
Angela	O
Beesley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikia	O
remains	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
and	O
most	O
popular	O
wiki	B-Protocol
farms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
notable	O
wiki	B-Protocol
farms	O
were	O
released	O
soon	O
afterward	O
,	O
including	O
Wikispaces	O
(	O
launched	O
March	O
2005	O
)	O
,	O
PBwiki	O
(	O
launched	O
June	O
2005	O
,	O
later	O
renamed	O
PBworks	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Wetpaint	O
(	O
launched	O
October	O
2005	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2005	O
marked	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
large-scale	O
wiki-related	O
meetings	O
and	O
conferences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WikiSym	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
academic	O
annual	O
symposium	O
about	O
wikis	B-Protocol
in	O
general	O
,	O
was	O
first	O
held	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
2005	O
,	O
in	O
San	O
Diego	O
,	O
California	O
;	O
in	O
2014	O
it	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
OpenSym	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RecentChangesCamp	O
,	O
an	O
unconference	O
dedicated	O
to	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
was	O
first	O
held	O
in	O
February	O
2006	O
in	O
Portland	O
,	O
Oregon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikimania	O
and	O
OpenSym	O
remain	O
the	O
two	O
largest	O
wiki-related	O
gatherings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
2005	O
wikis	B-Protocol
began	O
to	O
be	O
massively	O
confronted	O
with	O
"	O
wiki	B-Protocol
spam	O
,	O
"	O
produced	O
by	O
spammers	O
who	O
enter	O
website	O
addresses	O
onto	O
wikis	B-Protocol
in	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
ranking	O
of	O
the	O
displayed	O
websites	O
by	O
search	O
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
strategies	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
counter	O
wiki	B-Protocol
spam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2004	O
,	O
OpenStreetMap	O
,	O
a	O
website	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
open-source	O
street	O
map	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
using	O
wiki	B-Protocol
functionality	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
parody-based	O
wikis	B-Protocol
launched	O
at	O
around	O
this	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stupidedia	O
,	O
a	O
German-language	O
wiki	B-Protocol
intended	O
as	O
a	O
direct	O
spoof	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
was	O
also	O
founded	O
in	O
December	O
2004	O
,	O
a	O
week	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uncyclopedia	O
,	O
an	O
English-language	O
wiki	B-Protocol
also	O
intended	O
to	O
parody	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
was	O
founded	O
the	O
next	O
month	O
,	O
in	O
January	O
2005	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
later	O
extended	O
to	O
dozens	O
of	O
other	O
languages	O
,	O
and	O
merged	O
in	O
other	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
including	O
Stupidedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
wikiHow	O
was	O
created	O
as	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
how-to	O
website	O
eHow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purchase	O
of	O
WikiTravel	O
by	O
a	O
commercial	O
entity	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
non-commercial	O
travel	O
wiki	B-Protocol
Wikivoyage	O
by	O
some	O
former	O
WikiTravel	O
authors	O
and	O
administrators	O
in	O
December	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
major	O
Chinese	O
wiki	B-Protocol
encyclopedias	O
began	O
in	O
2006	O
:	O
Baidu	O
Baike	O
in	O
April	O
and	O
Hudong	O
in	O
November	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
are	O
for-profit	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
that	O
,	O
unlike	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
hold	O
the	O
copyright	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
period	O
saw	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
many	O
wiki	B-Protocol
applications	I-Protocol
geared	O
toward	O
corporate/enterprise	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
software	O
was	O
usually	O
proprietary	B-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
usually	O
included	O
additional	O
functionality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
blogs	O
and	O
project	B-Application
management	I-Application
tools	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
launched	O
during	O
this	O
time	O
includes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Trac	B-Language
(	O
February	O
2004	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
Edgewall	O
Software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trac	B-Language
is	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
bug	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
and	O
project	B-Application
management	I-Application
application	I-Application
,	O
with	O
wiki	B-Protocol
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Confluence	B-Protocol
(	O
March	O
2004	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
Atlassian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DokuWiki	B-Protocol
(	O
July	O
2004	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	O
application	O
intended	O
for	O
small	O
companies	O
 '	O
documentation	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Written	O
primarily	O
by	O
David	O
Ornstein	O
,	O
FlexWiki	O
used	O
.NET	B-Application
technology	O
and	O
had	O
an	O
integrated	O
scripting	O
language	O
called	O
WikiTalk	B-Language
(	O
based	O
on	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
stored	O
content	O
in	O
either	O
text	O
files	O
or	O
a	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JotSpot	B-Application
(	O
October	O
2004	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
JotSpot	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
JotSpot	B-Application
was	O
bought	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2006	O
for	O
an	O
undisclosed	O
amount	O
;	O
Google	B-Application
would	O
later	O
release	O
the	O
technology	O
,	O
in	O
modified	O
form	O
,	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Sites	I-Application
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SamePage	B-Application
(	O
April	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
eTouch	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Redmine	B-Operating_System
(	O
June	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
application	O
similar	O
to	O
Trac	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
started	O
as	O
a	O
fork	O
of	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
,	O
but	O
was	O
then	O
significantly	O
rewritten	O
before	O
its	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clearspace	B-Protocol
(	O
December	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
Jive	B-Protocol
Software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clearspace	B-Protocol
was	O
later	O
renamed	O
"	O
Jive	B-Protocol
SBS	I-Protocol
,	O
"	O
then	O
"	O
Jive	B-Protocol
Engage	I-Protocol
"	O
and	O
then	O
Jive	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
wikiCalc	B-Language
,	O
a	O
wiki-based	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
application	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
November	O
2005	O
by	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
pioneer	O
Dan	O
Bricklin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2006	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
Office	I-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
2007	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
included	O
wiki	B-Protocol
and	O
blog	O
functionality	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
period	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
semantic	O
wiki	B-Protocol
applications	I-Protocol
were	O
launched	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
currently	O
most	O
popular	O
one	O
,	O
Semantic	B-Protocol
MediaWiki	I-Protocol
(	O
which	O
was	O
first	O
announced	O
at	O
Wikimania	O
2005	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
milestone	O
in	O
public	O
acceptance	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
was	O
reached	O
in	O
March	O
2007	O
when	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
wiki	B-Protocol
"	O
entered	O
the	B-Application
Oxford	I-Application
English	I-Application
Dictionary	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
released	O
Amapedia	O
,	O
a	O
product-review	O
wiki	B-Protocol
on	O
its	O
own	O
website	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
in	O
June	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
ShoutWiki	O
,	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
farm	O
,	O
was	O
founded	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Wikia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
MediaWiki-based	O
wiki	B-Protocol
farm	O
,	O
MyWikis	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2007	O
,	O
Penguin	O
Books	O
launched	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
to	O
create	O
the	O
planned	O
novel	O
A	O
Million	O
Penguins	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
well-publicized	O
experiment	O
at	O
creating	O
a	O
crowd-generated	O
novel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wiki	B-Protocol
was	O
shut	O
down	O
a	O
month	O
later	O
,	O
not	O
having	O
created	O
a	O
coherent	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
,	O
Larry	O
Sanger	O
,	O
co-founder	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
launched	O
Citizendium	O
,	O
an	O
"	O
expert-guided	O
"	O
encyclopedia	O
wiki	B-Protocol
requiring	O
participants	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
real	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
site	O
was	O
initially	O
a	O
true	O
wiki	B-Protocol
editable	O
by	O
anyone	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
application	O
,	O
though	O
in	O
2010	O
had	O
its	O
permissions	O
changed	O
so	O
that	O
only	O
its	O
administrators	O
could	O
edit	O
pages	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
it	O
moved	O
off	O
of	O
MediaWiki	B-Application
and	O
was	O
no	O
longer	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
proposal	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
Wikimedia	O
Foundation	O
host	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
containing	O
travel	O
advice	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
discussion	O
and	O
vote	O
lasting	O
several	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
community	O
proposal	O
to	O
host	O
a	O
travel	O
guide	O
wiki	B-Protocol
was	O
successful	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
decision	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
incorporate	O
Wikivoyage	O
,	O
a	O
Wikitravel	O
spinoff	O
site	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBpedia	B-Application
,	O
launched	O
in	O
January	O
2007	O
;	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
publish	O
structured	O
data	O
from	O
Wikipedia	O
in	O
machine-readable	O
,	O
queriable	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
a	O
major	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
Linked	B-Operating_System
Data	I-Operating_System
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metaweb	O
and	O
Freebase	O
were	O
bought	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
July	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
later	O
provided	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
behind	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Knowledge	B-Application
Graph	I-Application
,	O
launched	O
in	O
May	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Powerset	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
company	O
founded	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
in	O
May	O
2008	O
released	O
a	O
search	O
engine	O
that	O
used	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
English	O
Wikipedia	O
to	O
answer	O
natural-language	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
July	O
2008	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
improving	O
results	O
for	O
the	O
Bing	B-Application
search	I-Application
engine	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
period	O
saw	O
consolidation	O
in	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
wiki	B-Protocol
engines	I-Protocol
ended	O
development	O
during	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
including	O
FlexWiki	O
,	O
MojoMojo	B-Language
,	O
UseModWiki	B-Language
and	O
Zwiki	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
most	O
developers	O
of	O
TWiki	B-Language
left	O
the	O
project	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
fork	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
,	O
Foswiki	B-Language
,	O
after	O
creator	O
Peter	B-Language
Thoeny	I-Language
took	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
TWiki	B-Language
code	O
and	O
trademark	O
via	O
his	O
company	O
,	O
TWiki.net	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2009	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
Google	B-Application
Wave	I-Application
platform	O
(	O
and	O
its	O
associated	O
Federation	O
protocol	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
combine	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
with	O
e-mail	O
,	O
instant	O
messaging	O
and	O
social	O
networking	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
collaborative	O
,	O
real-time	O
,	O
server-hosted	O
communication	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Wave	I-Application
was	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
in	O
May	O
2010	O
,	O
but	O
development	O
on	O
it	O
was	O
ended	O
several	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
August	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
transferred	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
's	O
development	O
to	O
the	O
Apache	O
Foundation	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
renamed	O
"	O
Apache	O
Wave.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2010	O
,	O
wiki	B-Protocol
functionality	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
NetWeaver	I-Application
Portal	I-Application
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
application	I-Protocol
,	O
named	O
Phriction	B-Language
,	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
open-source	O
collaboration	O
suite	O
Phabricator	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
MindTouch	O
Inc	O
.	O
abandoned	O
its	O
open-source	O
product	O
and	O
moved	O
to	O
MindTouch	O
being	O
only	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
,	O
hosted	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
Wetpaint	O
sold	O
off	O
its	O
wiki	B-Protocol
service	O
to	O
WikiFoundry	O
,	O
having	O
changed	O
its	O
business	O
model	O
to	O
the	O
hosting	O
of	O
professionally	O
generated	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
period	O
starting	O
in	O
2014	O
saw	O
a	O
further	O
decrease	O
in	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
offerings	O
,	O
as	O
applications	O
and	O
hosted	O
solutions	O
including	O
Apache	B-Application
Wave	I-Application
,	O
MindTouch	O
,	O
SamePage	B-Application
,	O
TWiki	B-Language
and	O
Wikispaces	O
stopped	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
proprietary	B-Application
hosted	O
knowledge-management	O
solutions	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
component	O
,	O
were	O
launched	O
,	O
including	O
Notion	B-Protocol
and	O
Nuclino	B-Protocol
,	O
both	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MediaWiki-based	O
hosting	O
site	O
Miraheze	O
launched	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
site	O
Everipedia	O
,	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
Wikipedia	O
that	O
stores	O
its	O
information	O
on	O
a	O
blockchain	B-Application
,	O
launched	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
