<s>
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
(	O
WoT	O
)	O
describes	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
standards	O
by	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
interoperability	O
of	O
different	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
platforms	O
and	O
application	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
defines	O
an	O
information	O
model	O
of	O
a	O
Thing	O
based	O
on	O
semantic	O
vocabulary	O
and	O
a	O
serialization	O
based	O
on	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
uses	O
a	O
large	O
variety	O
of	O
protocols	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
Things	O
since	O
there	O
does	O
not	O
exist	O
a	O
single	O
protocol	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
suitable	O
for	O
any	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
challenges	O
for	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
is	O
to	O
handle	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
protocols	O
and	O
interaction	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WoT	O
Binding	O
Templates	O
provide	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
communication	O
metadata	O
blueprints	O
to	O
support	O
various	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WoT	O
Scripting	O
API	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
optional	O
building	O
block	O
of	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
eases	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
application	O
development	O
by	O
providing	O
an	O
ECMAScript-based	O
application	O
API	B-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
similar	O
manner	O
to	O
how	O
web	O
browsers	O
provide	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
for	O
web	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
having	O
a	O
universal	O
application	O
runtime	B-Device
system	I-Device
,	O
Scripting	O
API	B-General_Concept
solves	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
heterogeneity	B-General_Concept
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
reference	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
WoT	O
scripting	O
API	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
project	O
called	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
certain	O
explicit	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
public	O
metadata	O
in	O
Thing	O
Descriptions	O
and	O
separation	O
of	O
concerns	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
Scripting	O
API	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
this	O
early	O
work	O
,	O
the	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
started	O
to	O
raise	O
some	O
questions	O
about	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
space	O
focused	O
on	O
network	O
protocols	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
need	O
to	O
think	O
about	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
looking	O
at	O
"	O
one	O
device	O
,	O
one	O
app	O
"	O
,	O
researchers	O
and	O
practitioners	O
started	O
envisioning	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
system	O
where	O
data	O
from	O
various	O
devices	O
could	O
be	O
consumed	O
by	O
Web	O
applications	O
to	O
create	O
innovative	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
Web	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
layer	O
for	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
started	O
to	O
emerge	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amongst	O
them	O
,	O
Dominique	O
Guinard	O
and	O
Vlad	O
Trifa	O
started	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
online	O
community	O
and	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
WoT	O
manifesto	O
,	O
advocating	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Web	O
standards	O
(	O
REST	O
,	O
Lightweight	O
semantics	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
build	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Dave	O
Raggett	O
from	O
W3C	O
started	O
talking	O
about	O
a	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
at	O
various	O
W3C	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
mentions	O
of	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
as	O
a	O
term	O
also	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
paper	O
by	O
Vlad	O
Stirbu	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guinard	O
,	O
Trifa	O
and	O
Wilde	O
ran	O
the	O
first	O
International	O
Workshop	O
in	O
2010	O
on	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
and	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
annual	O
occurrence	O
since	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
workshops	O
morphed	O
into	O
a	O
growing	O
community	O
of	O
researchers	O
and	O
practitioners	O
could	O
discuss	O
the	O
latest	O
findings	O
and	O
ideas	O
in	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
PhD	O
theses	O
on	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
were	O
presented	O
at	O
ETH	O
Zurich	O
:	O
Building	O
Blocks	O
for	O
a	O
Participatory	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
:	O
Devices	O
,	O
Infrastructures	O
,	O
and	O
Programming	O
Frameworks	O
from	O
Vlad	O
Trifa	O
and	O
A	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
Application	O
Architecture	O
–	O
Integrating	O
the	O
Real-World	O
into	O
the	O
Web	O
from	O
Dominique	O
Guinard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
this	O
work	O
,	O
Simon	O
Mayer	O
emphasized	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
REST	O
's	O
uniform	O
interface	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
particular	O
the	O
HATEOAS	B-Operating_System
principle	O
,	O
in	O
his	O
PhD	O
thesis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
W3C	O
showed	O
an	O
increased	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
and	O
organized	O
the	O
W3C	O
Workshop	O
on	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
,	O
under	O
the	O
lead	O
of	O
Dave	O
Raggett	O
together	O
with	O
Siemens	O
and	O
the	O
COMPOSE	O
European	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
workshop	O
leads	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
Interest	O
Group	O
at	O
W3C	O
and	O
the	O
submission	O
of	O
the	O
Web	O
Thing	O
Model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Siemens	O
announced	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
research	O
group	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
.	O
</s>
