<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
any	O
technology	O
that	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
while	O
worn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
types	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
include	O
smartwatches	B-Application
and	O
smartglasses	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
activity	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
are	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
,	O
since	O
"	O
things	O
"	O
such	O
as	O
electronics	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
and	O
connectivity	O
are	O
effectors	O
that	O
enable	O
objects	O
to	O
exchange	O
data	O
(	O
including	O
data	O
quality	O
)	O
through	O
the	O
internet	O
with	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
operator	O
,	O
and/or	O
other	O
connected	O
devices	O
,	O
without	O
requiring	O
human	O
intervention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
offers	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
possible	O
uses	O
,	O
from	O
communication	O
and	O
entertainment	O
to	O
improving	O
health	O
and	O
fitness	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
worries	O
about	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	O
because	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
collect	O
personal	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
has	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
use	O
cases	O
which	O
is	O
growing	O
as	O
the	O
technology	O
is	O
developed	O
and	O
the	O
market	O
expands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
popular	O
in	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
,	O
most	O
commonly	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
factors	O
of	O
smartwatches	B-Application
,	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
,	O
and	O
implants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
commercial	O
uses	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
being	O
incorporated	O
into	O
navigation	O
systems	O
,	O
advanced	O
textiles	O
(	O
e-textiles	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
healthcare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
being	O
proposed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
critical	O
applications	O
,	O
like	O
other	O
technology	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
vetted	O
for	O
its	O
reliability	O
and	O
security	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
wearable	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
were	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
growing	O
sousveillance	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Fitbit	B-Application
released	O
its	O
first	O
step	O
counter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
which	O
tracks	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
walking	O
and	O
heart	O
rate	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
quantified	O
self	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
McLear	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
NFC	O
Ring	O
,	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
widely	O
used	O
advanced	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
device	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
could	O
pay	O
with	O
bitcoin	O
,	O
unlock	O
other	O
devices	O
,	O
transfer	O
personally	O
identifying	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McLear	O
owns	O
the	O
earliest	O
patent	O
,	O
filed	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
which	O
covers	O
all	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
,	O
with	O
Joe	O
Prencipe	O
of	O
Seattle	O
,	O
WA	O
as	O
the	O
sole	O
inventor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
widely	O
available	O
smartwatches	B-Application
was	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Gear	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
followed	O
in	O
2015	O
with	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
also	O
at	O
the	O
MIT	O
Media	O
Lab	O
,	O
Thad	O
Starner	O
and	O
Alex	O
"	O
Sandy	O
"	O
Pentland	O
develop	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
prototype	O
's	O
glasses	O
are	O
nearly	O
as	O
streamlined	O
as	O
modern	O
smartglasses	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
processor	O
was	O
a	O
computer	O
worn	O
in	O
a	O
backpack	O
–	O
the	O
most	O
lightweight	O
solution	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zach	O
"	O
Hoeken	O
"	O
Smith	O
of	O
MakerBot	B-Device
fame	O
made	O
keyboard	O
pants	O
during	O
a	O
"	O
Fashion	O
Hacking	O
"	O
workshop	O
at	O
a	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
creative	O
collective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
McLear	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
NFC	O
Ring	O
,	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
advanced	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
prototype	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
then	O
fundraised	O
on	O
Kickstarter	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
prototypes	O
for	O
digital	O
eyewear	O
with	O
heads	B-Application
up	I-Application
display	I-Application
(	O
HUD	B-Application
)	O
began	O
to	O
appear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
military	O
employs	O
headgear	O
with	O
displays	O
for	O
soldiers	O
using	O
a	O
technology	O
called	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
optics	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
started	O
developing	O
prototypes	O
of	O
its	O
optical	B-General_Concept
head-mounted	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
,	O
which	O
went	O
into	O
customer	O
beta	O
in	O
March	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
consumer	O
space	O
,	O
sales	O
of	O
smart	O
wristbands	O
(	O
aka	O
activity	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
Jawbone	O
UP	O
and	O
Fitbit	B-Application
Flex	O
)	O
started	O
accelerating	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
in	O
five	O
American	O
adults	O
have	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
device	I-Operating_System
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
2014	O
PriceWaterhouseCoopers	O
Wearable	O
Future	O
Report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
professional	O
sports	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
has	O
applications	O
in	O
monitoring	O
and	O
real-time	O
feedback	O
for	O
athletes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
in	O
sport	O
include	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
pedometers	O
,	O
and	O
GPS	O
's	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
an	O
athlete	O
's	O
energy	O
expenditure	O
and	O
movement	O
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cybersecurity	O
and	O
financial	O
technology	O
,	O
secure	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
have	O
captured	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
security	O
key	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
health	O
informatics	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
have	O
enabled	O
better	O
capturing	O
of	O
human	O
health	O
statics	O
for	O
data	O
driven	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
business	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
helps	O
managers	O
easily	O
supervise	O
employees	O
by	O
knowing	O
their	O
locations	O
and	O
what	O
they	O
are	O
currently	O
doing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
helmets	O
are	O
employee	O
safety	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
that	O
have	O
vibration	O
sensors	O
that	O
can	O
alert	O
employees	O
of	O
possible	O
danger	O
in	O
their	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
monitor	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
started	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
1980	O
where	O
first	O
wireless	O
ECG	B-Application
was	O
invented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
collect	O
data	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
health	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
functions	O
are	O
often	O
bundled	O
together	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
unit	O
,	O
like	O
an	O
activity	B-Device
tracker	I-Device
or	O
a	O
smartwatch	B-Application
like	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
Series	I-Device
2	I-Device
or	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Gear	I-Application
Sport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
for	O
monitoring	O
of	O
glucose	O
,	O
alcohol	O
,	O
and	O
lactate	O
or	O
blood	O
oxygen	O
,	O
breath	O
monitoring	O
,	O
heartbeat	O
,	O
heart	O
rate	O
and	O
its	O
variability	O
,	O
electromyography	O
(	O
EMG	O
)	O
,	O
electrocardiogram	B-Application
(	O
ECG	B-Application
)	O
and	O
electroencephalogram	B-Application
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
,	O
body	O
temperature	O
,	O
pressure	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Days-long	O
continuous	O
imaging	O
of	O
diverse	O
organs	O
via	O
a	O
wearable	O
bioadhesive	O
stretchable	O
high-resolution	O
ultrasound	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
patch	O
or	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
wearable	O
continuous	O
heart	B-Algorithm
ultrasound	I-Algorithm
imager	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
several	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
technological	O
devices	O
better	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
"	O
has	O
improved	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
measure	O
physical	O
activity	O
and	O
has	O
given	O
simple	O
users	O
and	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
are	O
devices	O
that	O
people	O
can	O
wear	O
at	O
all	O
times	O
throughout	O
the	O
day	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
throughout	O
the	O
night	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
has	O
impacted	O
the	O
health	O
and	O
physical	O
activity	O
market	O
an	O
immense	O
amount	O
as	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
ScienceDirect	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
consumer-directed	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
market	O
is	O
rapidly	O
growing	O
and	O
expected	O
to	O
exceed	O
$34B	O
by	O
2020.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
shows	O
how	O
the	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
sector	O
is	O
increasingly	O
becoming	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
approved	O
amongst	O
all	O
people	O
who	O
want	O
to	O
improve	O
their	O
health	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
can	O
come	O
in	O
all	O
forms	O
from	O
watches	O
,	O
pads	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
heart	O
,	O
devices	O
worn	O
around	O
the	O
arms	O
,	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
devices	O
that	O
can	O
measure	O
any	O
amount	O
of	O
data	O
just	O
through	O
touching	O
the	O
receptors	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
cases	O
,	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
connected	O
to	O
an	O
app	O
that	O
can	O
relay	O
the	O
information	O
right	O
away	O
ready	O
to	O
be	O
analyzed	O
and	O
discussed	O
with	O
a	O
cardiologist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
American	O
Journal	O
of	O
Preventive	O
Medicine	O
they	O
state	O
,	O
"	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
may	O
be	O
a	O
low-cost	O
,	O
feasible	O
,	O
and	O
accessible	O
way	O
for	O
promoting	O
PA.	O
"	O
Essentially	O
,	O
this	O
insinuates	O
that	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
beneficial	O
to	O
everyone	O
and	O
really	O
is	O
not	O
cost	O
prohibited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
when	O
consistently	O
seeing	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
being	O
actually	O
utilized	O
and	O
worn	O
by	O
other	O
people	O
,	O
it	O
promotes	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
physical	O
activity	O
and	O
pushes	O
more	O
individuals	O
to	O
take	O
part	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
also	O
helps	O
with	O
chronic	O
disease	O
development	O
and	O
monitoring	O
physical	O
activity	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
American	O
Journal	O
of	O
Preventive	O
Medicine	O
"	O
Wearables	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
across	O
different	O
chronic	O
disease	O
trajectory	O
phases	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
pre	O
-	O
versus	O
post-surgery	O
)	O
and	O
linked	O
to	O
medical	B-Application
record	I-Application
data	I-Application
to	O
obtain	O
granular	O
data	O
on	O
how	O
activity	O
frequency	O
,	O
intensity	O
,	O
and	O
duration	O
changes	O
over	O
the	O
disease	O
course	O
and	O
with	O
different	O
treatments.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
beneficial	O
in	O
tracking	O
and	O
helping	O
analyze	O
data	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
how	O
one	O
is	O
performing	O
as	O
time	O
goes	O
on	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
may	O
be	O
performing	O
with	O
different	O
changes	O
in	O
their	O
diet	O
,	O
workout	O
routine	O
,	O
or	O
sleep	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
not	O
only	O
can	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
be	O
helpful	O
in	O
measuring	O
results	O
pre	O
and	O
post	O
surgery	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
help	O
measure	O
results	O
as	O
someone	O
may	O
be	O
rehabbing	O
from	O
a	O
chronic	O
disease	O
such	O
as	O
cancer	O
,	O
or	O
heart	O
disease	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
and	O
improved	O
ways	O
of	O
how	O
we	O
look	O
at	O
health	O
and	O
how	O
we	O
actually	O
interpret	O
that	O
science	O
behind	O
our	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
extensive	O
research	O
still	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
continued	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
properly	O
integrate	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
into	O
health	O
care	O
and	O
how	O
to	O
best	O
utilize	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
reaping	O
benefits	O
of	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
research	O
still	O
also	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
completed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
start	O
transitioning	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Technology	I-Operating_System
towards	O
very	O
sick	O
high	O
risk	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
can	O
collect	O
data	O
in	O
aggregate	O
form	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
limited	O
in	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
analyze	O
or	O
make	O
conclusions	O
based	O
on	O
this	O
data	O
–	O
thus	O
,	O
most	O
are	O
used	O
primarily	O
for	O
general	O
health	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exception	O
include	O
seizure-alerting	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
continuously	O
analyze	O
the	O
wearer	O
's	O
data	O
and	O
make	O
a	O
decision	O
about	O
calling	O
for	O
help	O
–	O
the	O
data	O
collected	O
can	O
then	O
provide	O
doctors	O
with	O
objective	O
evidence	O
that	O
they	O
may	O
find	O
useful	O
in	O
diagnoses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
can	O
account	O
for	O
individual	O
differences	O
,	O
although	O
most	O
just	O
collect	O
data	O
and	O
apply	O
one-size-fits-all	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
on	O
the	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
may	O
analyze	O
the	O
data	O
directly	O
or	O
send	O
the	O
data	O
to	O
a	O
nearby	O
device(s )	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
smartphone	O
,	O
which	O
processes	O
,	O
displays	O
or	O
uses	O
the	O
data	O
for	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
interest	O
to	O
use	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
not	O
only	O
for	O
individual	O
self-tracking	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
within	O
corporate	O
health	O
and	O
wellness	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
that	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
create	O
a	O
massive	O
data	O
trail	O
which	O
employers	O
could	O
repurpose	O
for	O
objectives	O
other	O
than	O
health	O
,	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
research	O
has	O
begun	O
to	O
study	O
privacy	O
-	O
and	O
security-related	O
issues	O
of	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
for	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
workers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Asha	O
Peta	O
Thompson	O
founded	O
Intelligent	O
Textiles	O
who	O
create	O
woven	O
power	O
banks	O
and	O
circuitry	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
e-uniforms	O
for	O
infantry	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
can	O
exist	O
in	O
multiple	O
different	O
form	O
factors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
smartwatches	B-Application
include	O
the	O
Samsung	O
Galaxy	O
Watch	O
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
popular	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
is	O
the	O
McLear	O
Ring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glasses	O
(	O
including	O
but	O
not	O
only	O
smartglasses	B-General_Concept
)	O
are	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
that	O
are	O
head-worn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Headcaps	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
to	O
measure	O
EEG	B-Application
,	O
are	O
head-worn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
indicates	O
EEG	B-Application
headgear	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
neuroenhancement	O
,	O
concluding	O
that	O
a	O
"	O
visual	O
flicker	O
paradigm	O
to	O
entrain	O
individuals	O
at	O
their	O
own	O
brain	O
rhythm	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
research	O
into	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
neurostimulation	O
,	O
with	O
various	O
approaches	O
including	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Epidermal	O
electronics	O
is	O
an	O
emerging	O
field	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
,	O
termed	O
for	O
their	O
properties	O
and	O
behaviors	O
comparable	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
epidermis	O
,	O
or	O
outermost	O
layer	O
of	O
the	O
skin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
mounted	O
directly	O
onto	O
the	O
skin	O
to	O
continuously	O
monitor	O
physiological	O
and	O
metabolic	O
processes	O
,	O
both	O
dermal	O
and	O
subdermal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
capability	O
is	O
typically	O
achieved	O
through	O
battery	O
,	O
Bluetooth	O
or	O
NFC	O
,	O
making	O
these	O
devices	O
convenient	O
and	O
portable	O
as	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conformal	O
contact	O
and	O
proper	O
adhesion	O
enable	O
the	O
device	O
to	O
bend	O
and	O
stretch	O
without	O
delaminating	O
,	O
deforming	O
or	O
failing	O
,	O
thereby	O
eliminating	O
the	O
challenges	O
with	O
conventional	O
,	O
bulky	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
measurement	O
artifacts	O
,	O
hysteresis	O
,	O
and	O
motion-induced	O
irritation	O
to	O
the	O
skin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
shoes	O
are	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
that	O
incorporate	O
smart	O
features	O
into	O
shoes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
uses	O
include	O
vibrating	O
of	O
the	O
smart	O
phone	O
to	O
tell	O
users	O
when	O
and	O
where	O
to	O
turn	O
to	O
reach	O
their	O
destination	O
via	O
Google	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
or	O
self-lacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-lacing	O
sneaker	O
technology	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Nike	O
Mag	O
in	O
Back	B-Application
to	I-Application
the	I-Application
Future	I-Application
Part	I-Application
II	I-Application
,	O
is	O
another	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
smart	O
shoe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
German	O
footwear	O
company	O
Puma	O
was	O
recognized	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
100	O
Best	O
Inventions	O
of	O
2019	O
"	O
by	O
Time	O
for	O
its	O
Fi	O
laceless	O
shoe	O
that	O
uses	O
micro-motors	O
to	O
adjust	O
the	O
fit	O
from	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
16	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
invited	O
"	O
Glass	O
Explorers	O
"	O
who	O
had	O
pre-ordered	O
its	O
wearable	O
glasses	O
at	O
the	O
2012	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	O
conference	O
to	O
pick	O
up	O
their	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
day	O
marked	O
the	O
official	O
launch	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
,	O
a	O
device	O
intended	O
to	O
deliver	O
rich	O
text	O
and	O
notifications	O
via	O
a	O
heads-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
worn	O
as	O
eyeglasses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
various	O
functions	O
were	O
activated	O
via	O
voice	B-Application
command	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
OK	O
Glass	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
also	O
launched	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Glass	O
companion	O
app	O
,	O
MyGlass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
third-party	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
App	O
came	O
from	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
read	O
out	O
articles	O
and	O
news	O
summaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
stopped	O
selling	O
the	O
beta	O
"	O
explorer	O
edition	O
"	O
of	O
Glass	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
after	O
criticism	O
of	O
its	O
design	O
and	O
the	O
$	O
1,500	O
price	O
tag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
optical	B-General_Concept
head-mounted	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
technology	O
remains	O
a	O
niche	O
,	O
two	O
popular	O
types	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
have	O
taken	O
off	O
:	O
smartwatches	B-Application
and	O
activity	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
ABI	O
Research	O
forecast	O
that	O
sales	O
of	O
smartwatches	B-Application
would	O
hit	O
$1.2	O
million	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
helped	O
by	O
the	O
high	O
penetration	O
of	O
smartphones	O
in	O
many	O
world	O
markets	O
,	O
the	O
wide	O
availability	O
and	O
low	O
cost	O
of	O
MEMS	O
sensors	O
,	O
energy	O
efficient	O
connectivity	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Bluetooth	O
4.0	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
flourishing	O
app	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crowdfunding-backed	O
start-up	O
Pebble	B-Device
reinvented	O
the	O
smartwatch	B-Application
in	O
2013	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
campaign	O
running	O
on	O
Kickstarter	O
that	O
raised	O
more	O
than	O
$10m	O
in	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2014	O
,	O
Pebble	B-Device
announced	O
it	O
had	O
sold	O
a	O
million	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
Pebble	B-Device
went	O
back	O
to	O
its	O
crowdfunding	O
roots	O
to	O
raise	O
a	O
further	O
$20m	O
for	O
its	O
next-generation	O
smartwatch	B-Application
,	O
Pebble	B-Device
Time	O
,	O
which	O
started	O
shipping	O
in	O
May	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crowdfunding-backed	O
start-up	O
McLear	O
invented	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
in	O
2013	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
campaign	O
running	O
on	O
Kickstarter	O
that	O
raised	O
more	O
than	O
$300k	O
in	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McLear	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
mover	O
in	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
technology	O
in	O
introducing	O
payments	O
,	O
bitcoin	O
payments	O
,	O
advanced	O
secure	O
access	O
control	O
,	O
quantified	O
self	O
data	O
collection	O
,	O
biometric	O
data	O
tracking	O
,	O
and	O
monitoring	O
systems	O
for	O
the	O
elderly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2014	O
,	O
Motorola	O
unveiled	O
the	O
Moto	B-Application
360	I-Application
smartwatch	B-Application
powered	O
by	O
Android	B-Application
Wear	I-Application
,	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	O
operating	O
system	O
Android	O
designed	O
specifically	O
for	O
smartwatches	B-Application
and	O
other	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
following	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
year	O
of	O
speculation	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
its	O
own	O
smartwatch	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
,	O
in	O
September	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
popular	O
topic	O
at	O
the	O
trade	O
show	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
event	O
dubbed	O
"	O
The	O
Wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
Appliances	O
,	O
Cars	O
and	O
Bendable	O
TVs	O
Show	O
"	O
by	O
industry	O
commentators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
numerous	O
wearable	O
products	O
showcased	O
were	O
smartwatches	B-Application
,	O
activity	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
,	O
smart	O
jewelry	O
,	O
head-mounted	O
optical	O
displays	O
and	O
earbuds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
are	O
still	O
suffering	O
from	O
limited	O
battery	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
field	O
of	O
application	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
monitoring	O
systems	O
for	O
assisted	O
living	O
and	O
eldercare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	O
sensors	O
have	O
a	O
huge	O
potential	O
in	O
generating	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
great	O
applicability	O
to	O
biomedicine	O
and	O
ambient	O
assisted	O
living	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
researchers	O
are	O
moving	O
their	O
focus	O
from	O
data	O
collection	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
intelligent	O
algorithms	O
able	O
to	O
glean	O
valuable	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
collected	O
data	O
,	O
using	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
classification	I-General_Concept
and	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
can	O
also	O
collect	O
biometric	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
heart	O
rate	O
(	O
ECG	B-Application
and	O
HRV	O
)	O
,	O
brainwave	O
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
muscle	O
bio-signals	O
(	O
EMG	O
)	O
from	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
to	O
provide	O
valuable	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
health	O
care	O
and	O
wellness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
involves	O
virtual	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
have	O
been	O
made	O
by	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
manufacturers	O
for	O
computers	O
,	O
consoles	B-Device
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
their	O
headset	O
,	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Daydream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
commercial	O
applications	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
is	O
being	O
researched	O
and	O
developed	O
for	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
research	O
is	O
being	O
done	O
to	O
improve	O
haptic	B-Device
technology	I-Device
for	O
its	O
integration	O
into	O
next-generation	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
project	O
focuses	O
on	O
using	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
to	O
assist	O
the	O
visually	O
impaired	O
in	O
navigating	O
their	O
surroundings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
continues	O
to	O
grow	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
begun	O
to	O
expand	O
into	O
other	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
integration	O
of	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
into	O
healthcare	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
focus	O
of	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
for	O
various	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
continue	O
to	O
evolve	O
,	O
moving	O
beyond	O
devices	O
and	O
exploring	O
new	O
frontiers	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
fabrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
have	O
expanded	O
into	O
the	O
entertainment	O
space	O
by	O
creating	O
new	O
ways	O
to	O
experience	O
digital	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
have	O
come	O
to	O
exemplify	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
in	O
entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
influence	O
of	O
these	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
are	O
seen	O
mostly	O
in	O
the	O
gaming	O
industry	O
during	O
the	O
initial	O
days	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
now	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
medicine	O
and	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
,	O
HTC	O
Vive	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
Daydream	O
View	O
aim	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
more	O
immersive	O
media	O
experience	O
by	O
either	O
simulating	O
a	O
first-person	O
experience	O
or	O
displaying	O
the	O
media	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
full	O
field	O
of	O
vision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
headphones	O
use	O
Virtual	O
Retinal	O
Display	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
the	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
devices	O
fall	O
under	O
the	O
category	O
of	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
are	O
currently	O
in	O
development	O
by	O
several	O
corporations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snap	O
Inc.	O
'	O
s	O
Spectacles	B-Algorithm
are	O
sunglasses	O
that	O
record	O
video	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
and	O
pair	O
with	O
a	O
phone	O
to	O
post	O
videos	O
on	O
Snapchat	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
also	O
delved	O
into	O
this	O
business	O
,	O
releasing	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
,	O
HoloLens	B-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
explores	O
using	O
digital	O
holography	O
,	O
or	O
holograms	O
,	O
to	O
give	O
the	O
user	O
a	O
first	O
hand	O
experience	O
of	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
has	O
also	O
expanded	O
from	O
small	O
pieces	O
of	O
technology	O
on	O
the	O
wrist	O
to	O
apparel	O
all	O
over	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
other	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
entertainment	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
and	O
need	O
only	O
be	O
devices	O
worn	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
experience	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
technology	O
used	O
for	O
electronic	O
gaming	O
was	O
a	O
controller	O
for	O
Pong	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
most	O
common	O
forms	O
of	O
gaming	O
is	O
either	O
using	O
a	O
controller	O
for	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
or	O
a	O
mouse	O
and	O
keyboard	O
for	O
PC	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
were	O
first	O
conceptualized	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
and	O
officially	O
created	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
can	O
be	O
credited	O
to	O
Cinematographer	O
Morton	O
Heilig	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
numerous	O
different	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
within	O
the	O
gaming	O
industry	O
from	O
gloves	O
to	O
foot	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
Sony	O
debuted	O
its	O
first	O
portable	O
,	O
connectable	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
codenamed	O
Project	O
Morpheus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
2019	O
Microsoft	O
debut	O
their	O
HoloLens	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
that	O
goes	O
beyond	O
just	O
virtual	O
reality	O
into	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Headsets	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
HoloLens	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
see	O
a	O
projected	O
image	O
at	O
multiple	O
angles	O
and	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
within	O
the	O
military	O
ranges	O
from	O
educational	O
purposes	O
,	O
training	O
exercises	O
and	O
sustainability	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
used	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
within	O
the	O
military	O
are	O
mainly	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
that	O
tracks	O
a	O
soldier	O
's	O
vitals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fashionable	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
"	O
designed	O
garments	O
and	O
accessories	O
that	O
combines	O
aesthetics	O
and	O
style	O
with	O
functional	O
technology.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
some	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
that	O
are	O
called	O
E-textiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
textiles(fabric )	O
and	O
electronic	O
components	O
to	O
create	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
within	O
clothing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
made	O
from	O
a	O
functionality	O
perspective	O
or	O
from	O
an	O
aesthetic	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
made	O
from	O
a	O
functionality	O
perspective	O
,	O
designers	O
and	O
engineers	O
create	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
to	O
provide	O
convenience	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
through	O
smartwatches	B-Application
people	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
communicate	O
on	O
the	O
go	O
and	O
track	O
their	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Years	O
ago	O
,	O
fashionable	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
were	O
functional	O
but	O
not	O
very	O
aesthetic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
quickly	O
growing	O
to	O
meet	O
fashion	O
standards	O
through	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
garments	O
that	O
are	O
stylish	O
and	O
comfortable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
when	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
made	O
from	O
an	O
aesthetic	O
perspective	O
,	O
designers	O
explore	O
with	O
their	O
work	O
by	O
using	O
technology	O
and	O
collaborating	O
with	O
engineers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
the	O
Museum	O
of	O
Contemporary	O
Craft	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
held	O
an	O
exhibition	O
named	O
Body	O
Covering	O
which	O
presented	O
the	O
infusion	O
of	O
technological	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
with	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Celebrities	O
walking	O
through	O
the	O
event	O
could	O
make	O
purchases	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
history	O
from	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
device	I-Operating_System
using	O
McLear	O
's	O
NFC	O
Rings	O
by	O
tapping	O
the	O
ring	O
on	O
a	O
purchase	O
terminal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Project	O
Jacquard	O
,	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
project	O
led	O
by	O
Ivan	O
Poupyrev	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
combining	O
clothing	O
with	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
collaborated	O
with	O
Levi	O
Strauss	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
jacket	O
that	O
has	O
touch-sensitive	O
areas	O
that	O
can	O
control	O
a	O
smartphone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
also	O
partnered	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
TAG	O
Heuer	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
smart	B-Application
watch	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Van	O
Herpen	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
designer	O
to	O
incorporate	O
3D	O
printing	O
technology	O
of	O
rapid	B-Device
prototyping	I-Device
into	O
the	O
fashion	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FDA	O
drafted	O
a	O
guidance	O
for	O
low	O
risk	O
devices	O
advises	O
that	O
personal	O
health	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
general	O
wellness	O
products	O
if	O
they	O
only	O
collect	O
data	O
on	O
weight	O
management	O
,	O
physical	O
fitness	O
,	O
relaxation	O
or	O
stress	O
management	O
,	O
mental	O
acuity	O
,	O
self-esteem	O
,	O
sleep	O
management	O
,	O
or	O
sexual	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
an	O
issue	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
that	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
surgeons	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
track	O
vital	O
signs	O
of	O
a	O
patient	O
where	O
it	O
had	O
privacy	O
issues	O
relating	O
to	O
third	O
party	O
use	O
of	O
non-consented	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
is	O
consent	O
as	O
well	O
when	O
it	O
comes	O
to	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
because	O
it	O
gives	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
record	O
and	O
that	O
is	O
an	O
issue	O
when	O
permission	O
is	O
not	O
asked	O
when	O
a	O
person	O
is	O
being	O
recorded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
smartphones	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
pose	O
several	O
new	O
reliability	O
challenges	O
to	O
device	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
software	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limited	O
display	O
area	O
,	O
limited	O
computing	O
power	O
,	O
limited	O
volatile	O
and	O
non-volatile	O
memory	O
,	O
non-conventional	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
,	O
abundance	O
of	O
sensor	O
data	O
,	O
complex	O
communication	O
patterns	O
of	O
the	O
apps	O
,	O
and	O
limited	O
battery	O
size	O
—	O
all	O
these	O
factors	O
can	O
contribute	O
to	O
salient	O
software	B-Error_Name
bugs	I-Error_Name
and	O
failure	O
modes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
,	O
resource	O
starvation	O
or	O
device	O
hangs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
since	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
are	O
used	O
for	O
health	O
purposes	O
(	O
either	O
monitoring	O
or	O
treatment	O
)	O
,	O
their	O
accuracy	O
and	O
robustness	O
issues	O
can	O
give	O
rise	O
to	O
safety	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
tools	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
reliability	O
and	O
the	O
security	O
properties	O
of	O
these	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
