<s>
A	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
body-borne	O
computer	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
computing	O
device	O
worn	O
on	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
definition	O
of	O
'	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
 '	O
may	O
be	O
narrow	O
or	O
broad	O
,	O
extending	O
to	O
smartphones	B-Application
or	O
even	O
ordinary	O
wristwatches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
may	O
be	O
for	O
general	O
use	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
they	O
are	O
just	O
a	O
particularly	O
small	O
example	O
of	O
mobile	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
be	O
for	O
specialized	O
purposes	O
such	O
as	O
fitness	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
incorporate	O
special	O
sensors	O
such	O
as	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
heart	O
rate	O
monitors	O
,	O
or	O
on	O
the	O
more	O
advanced	O
side	O
,	O
electrocardiogram	B-Application
(	O
ECG	B-Application
)	O
and	O
blood	O
oxygen	O
saturation	O
(	O
SpO2	O
)	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
,	O
we	O
also	O
include	O
novel	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
,	O
an	O
optical	B-General_Concept
head-mounted	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controlled	O
by	O
gestures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
be	O
that	O
specialized	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
will	O
evolve	O
into	O
general	O
all-in-one	O
devices	O
,	O
as	O
happened	O
with	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
PDAs	B-Application
and	O
mobile	O
phones	O
into	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
are	O
typically	O
worn	O
on	O
the	O
wrist	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
fitness	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
)	O
,	O
hung	O
from	O
the	O
neck	O
(	O
like	O
a	O
necklace	O
)	O
,	O
strapped	O
to	O
the	O
arm	O
or	O
leg	O
(	O
smartphones	B-Application
when	O
exercising	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
on	O
the	O
head	O
(	O
as	O
glasses	O
or	O
a	O
helmet	O
)	O
,	O
though	O
some	O
have	O
been	O
located	O
elsewhere	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
carried	O
in	O
a	O
pocket	O
or	O
bag	O
–	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
before	O
them	O
,	O
pocket	O
calculators	O
and	O
PDAs	B-Application
,	O
may	O
or	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
'	O
worn	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
have	O
various	O
technical	O
issues	O
common	O
to	O
other	O
mobile	O
computing	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
batteries	O
,	O
heat	O
dissipation	O
,	O
software	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
,	O
wireless	O
and	O
personal	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
data	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
are	O
active	O
all	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
are	O
not	O
only	O
limited	O
to	O
computers	O
such	O
as	O
fitness	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
that	O
are	O
worn	O
on	O
wrists	O
;	O
they	O
also	O
include	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
heart	B-Device
pacemakers	I-Device
and	O
other	O
prosthetics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
have	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
active	O
research	O
,	O
especially	O
the	O
form-factor	O
and	O
location	O
on	O
the	O
body	O
,	O
with	O
areas	O
of	O
study	O
including	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
for	O
specific	O
applications	O
,	O
for	O
compensating	O
disabilities	O
or	O
supporting	O
elderly	O
people	O
steadily	O
increases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dominant	O
operating	O
systems	O
for	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
FreeRTOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
real-time	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
for	O
embedded	O
devices	O
;	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
Smartband	O
that	O
is	O
currently	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
FreeRTOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
include	O
Huawei/Honor	O
,	O
Lenovo	O
,	O
realme	O
,	O
TCL	O
and	O
Xiaomi	O
smartbands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LiteOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
lightweight	O
open	O
source	O
real-time	O
operating	O
system	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Huawei	O
's	O
"	O
1+2+1	O
"	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tizen	B-Application
OS	I-Application
from	O
Samsung	B-Application
(	O
there	O
was	O
an	O
announcement	O
in	O
May	O
2021	O
that	O
Wear	B-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
Tizen	B-Application
OS	I-Application
will	O
merge	O
and	O
will	O
be	O
called	O
simply	O
Wear	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
watchOS	B-Device
watchOS	B-Device
is	O
a	O
proprietary	O
mobile	O
operating	O
system	O
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wear	B-Application
OS	I-Application
Wear	B-Application
OS	I-Application
(	O
previously	O
known	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
Wear	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
smartwatch	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
varied	O
definitions	O
of	O
wearable	O
and	O
computer	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
could	O
be	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
abacus	B-Application
on	O
a	O
necklace	O
,	O
a	O
16th-century	O
abacus	B-Application
ring	O
,	O
a	O
wristwatch	O
and	O
'	O
finger-watch	O
'	O
owned	O
by	O
Queen	O
Elizabeth	O
I	O
of	O
England	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
covert	O
timing	O
devices	O
hidden	O
in	O
shoes	O
to	O
cheat	O
at	O
roulette	O
by	O
Thorp	O
and	O
Shannon	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
computer	O
is	O
not	O
merely	O
a	O
time-keeping	O
or	O
calculating	O
device	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
a	O
user-programmable	O
item	O
for	O
arbitrary	O
complex	O
algorithms	O
,	O
interfacing	B-Application
,	O
and	O
data	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
this	O
definition	O
,	O
the	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Steve	O
Mann	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Qing	O
dynasty	O
saw	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
a	O
fully	O
functional	O
abacus	B-Application
on	O
a	O
ring	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
while	O
it	O
was	O
being	O
worn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thorp	O
refers	O
to	O
himself	O
as	O
the	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
"	O
In	O
other	O
variations	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
a	O
concealed	O
cigarette-pack-sized	O
analog	O
computer	O
designed	O
to	O
predict	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
roulette	O
wheels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
because	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
re-purposed	O
during	O
use	O
;	O
rather	O
it	O
was	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
task-specific	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
followed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
,	O
being	O
somewhat	O
more	O
general-purpose	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collins	O
in	O
1977	O
,	O
converted	O
images	O
into	O
a	O
1024-point	O
,	O
ten-inch	O
square	O
tactile	B-Device
grid	I-Device
on	O
a	O
vest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1980s	O
saw	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
more	O
general-purpose	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mann	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
early	O
and	O
active	O
researcher	O
in	O
the	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
field	O
,	O
especially	O
known	O
for	O
his	O
1994	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
Wearable	O
Wireless	O
Webcam	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
first	O
example	O
of	O
Lifelogging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seiko	O
Epson	O
released	O
the	O
RC-20	O
Wrist	B-Application
Computer	I-Application
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
smartwatch	B-Application
,	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
on	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Reflection	O
Technology	O
marketed	O
the	O
Private	O
Eye	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
scans	O
a	O
vertical	O
array	O
of	O
LEDs	O
across	O
the	O
visual	O
field	O
using	O
a	O
vibrating	O
mirror	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
display	O
gave	O
rise	O
to	O
several	O
hobbyist	O
and	O
research	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
Gerald	O
"	O
Chip	O
"	O
Maguire	O
's	O
IBM/Columbia	O
University	O
Student	O
Electronic	O
Notebook	B-Device
,	O
Doug	O
Platt	O
's	O
Hip-PC	O
,	O
and	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
's	O
VuMan	O
1	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Student	O
Electronic	O
Notebook	B-Device
consisted	O
of	O
the	O
Private	O
Eye	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
diskless	O
AIX	O
notebook	B-Device
computers	I-Device
(	O
prototypes	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
stylus	O
based	O
input	O
system	O
and	O
a	O
virtual	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
direct-sequence	B-Device
spread	I-Device
spectrum	I-Device
radio	O
links	O
to	O
provide	O
all	O
the	O
usual	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
based	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
NFS	B-Protocol
mounted	O
file	O
systems	O
and	O
X11	O
,	O
which	O
all	O
ran	O
in	O
the	O
Andrew	O
Project	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hip-PC	O
included	O
an	O
Agenda	O
palmtop	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
chording	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
attached	O
to	O
the	O
belt	O
and	O
a	O
1.44	O
megabyte	O
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
was	O
an	O
8MHz	O
80188	O
processor	O
with	O
0.5	O
MB	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
PDAs	B-Application
became	O
widely	O
used	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1999	O
were	O
combined	O
with	O
mobile	O
phones	O
in	O
Japan	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
first	O
mass-market	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
the	O
Private	O
Eye	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
Thad	O
Starner	O
's	O
wearable	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
Doug	O
Platt	O
's	O
system	O
and	O
built	O
from	O
a	O
kit	O
from	O
Park	O
Enterprises	O
,	O
a	O
Private	O
Eye	O
display	O
on	O
loan	O
from	O
Devon	O
Sean	O
McCullough	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Twiddler	O
chording	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
made	O
by	O
Handykey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
iterations	O
later	O
this	O
system	O
became	O
the	O
MIT	O
"	O
Tin	O
Lizzy	O
"	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
design	O
,	O
and	O
Starner	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
become	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
MIT	O
's	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1993	O
also	O
saw	O
Columbia	O
University	O
's	O
augmented-reality	B-General_Concept
system	O
known	O
as	O
KARMA	O
(	O
Knowledge-based	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
for	O
Maintenance	O
Assistance	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
system	O
presented	O
an	O
alternative	O
approach	O
to	O
the	O
emerging	O
head-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
plus	O
chord	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
wearable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
Mik	O
Lamming	O
and	O
Mike	O
Flynn	O
at	O
Xerox	O
EuroPARC	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
Forget-Me-Not	O
,	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
device	I-Operating_System
that	O
would	O
record	O
interactions	O
with	O
people	O
and	O
devices	O
and	O
store	O
this	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
for	O
later	O
query	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
the	O
Toronto	O
system	O
,	O
Forget-Me-Not	O
was	O
not	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
1996	O
,	O
DARPA	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
host	O
the	O
"	O
Wearables	B-Operating_System
in	O
2005	O
"	O
workshop	O
,	O
bringing	O
together	O
industrial	O
,	O
university	O
,	O
and	O
military	O
visionaries	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
common	O
theme	O
of	O
delivering	O
computing	O
to	O
the	O
individual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
follow-up	O
conference	O
was	O
hosted	O
by	O
Boeing	O
in	O
August	O
1996	O
,	O
where	O
plans	O
were	O
finalized	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
academic	O
conference	O
on	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
1997	O
,	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
,	O
MIT	O
,	O
and	O
Georgia	O
Tech	O
co-hosted	O
the	O
IEEE	O
International	O
Symposium	O
on	O
Wearables	B-Operating_System
Computers	O
(	O
ISWC	O
)	O
in	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
symposium	O
was	O
a	O
full	O
academic	O
conference	O
with	O
published	O
proceedings	O
and	O
papers	O
ranging	O
from	O
sensors	O
and	O
new	O
hardware	O
to	O
new	O
applications	O
for	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
382	O
people	O
registered	O
for	O
the	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
Microelectronic	O
and	O
Computer	O
Technology	O
Corporation	O
created	O
the	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
consortial	O
program	O
for	O
industrial	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
to	O
rapidly	O
develop	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
Steve	O
Mann	O
invented	O
and	O
built	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
smartwatch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
featured	O
on	O
the	O
cover	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
Journal	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
and	O
demonstrated	O
at	O
ISSCC	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Bruce	O
H	O
.	O
Thomas	O
and	O
Dr.	O
Wayne	O
Piekarski	O
developed	O
the	O
Tinmith	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
system	O
to	O
support	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
work	O
was	O
carried	O
out	O
at	O
the	O
Wearable	B-Operating_System
Computer	I-Operating_System
Lab	O
in	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
South	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
Xybernaut	O
released	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
called	O
the	O
Xybernaut	O
Poma	O
Wearable	O
PC	O
,	O
Poma	O
for	O
short	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
would	O
wear	O
a	O
head-mounted	O
optical	O
piece	O
,	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
that	O
could	O
be	O
clipped	O
onto	O
clothing	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
mini	O
keyboard	O
that	O
was	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
arm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GoPro	B-Device
released	O
their	O
first	O
product	O
,	O
the	O
GoPro	B-Device
HERO	O
35mm	O
,	O
which	O
began	O
a	O
successful	O
franchise	O
of	O
wearable	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GoPro	B-Device
cameras	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
athletes	O
and	O
extreme	O
sports	O
enthusiasts	O
,	O
a	O
trend	O
that	O
became	O
very	O
apparent	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
,	O
various	O
Chinese	O
companies	O
began	O
producing	O
mobile	O
phones	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
wristwatches	O
,	O
the	O
descendants	O
of	O
which	O
as	O
of	O
2013	O
include	O
the	O
i5	O
and	O
i6	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
GSM	O
phones	O
with	O
1.8-inch	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ZGPAX	B-Application
s5	I-Application
Android	B-Application
wristwatch	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
)	O
lead	O
to	O
more	O
various	O
interfacing	B-Application
under	O
the	O
WPAN	B-General_Concept
(	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
personal	I-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
led	O
the	O
WBAN	B-Device
(	O
Wireless	B-Device
body	I-Device
area	I-Device
network	I-Device
)	O
to	O
offer	O
new	O
classification	O
of	O
designs	O
for	O
interfacing	B-Application
and	O
networking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
6th-generation	O
iPod	O
Nano	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
2010	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
wristband	O
attachment	O
available	O
to	O
convert	O
it	O
into	O
a	O
wearable	O
wristwatch	B-Application
computer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
spread	O
to	O
encompass	O
rehabilitation	O
engineering	O
,	O
ambulatory	O
intervention	O
treatment	O
,	O
life	O
guard	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
defense	O
wearable	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
produced	O
a	O
wristwatch	O
called	O
Sony	B-Application
SmartWatch	I-Application
that	O
must	O
be	O
paired	O
with	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
phone	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fitbit	B-Application
released	O
several	O
wearable	O
fitness	B-Device
trackers	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Fitbit	B-Application
Surge	O
,	O
a	O
full	O
smartwatch	B-Application
that	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
11	O
April	O
2012	O
,	O
Pebble	B-Device
launched	O
a	O
Kickstarter	O
campaign	O
to	O
raise	O
$	O
100,000	O
for	O
their	O
initial	O
smartwatch	B-Application
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pebble	B-Device
released	O
several	O
smartwatches	B-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
Pebble	B-Device
Time	O
and	O
the	O
Pebble	B-Device
Round	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
launched	O
their	O
optical	B-General_Concept
head-mounted	I-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
OHMD	O
)	O
to	O
a	O
test	O
group	O
of	O
users	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
before	O
it	O
became	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
15	O
May	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
's	O
mission	O
was	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
mass-market	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
that	O
displays	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
smartphone-like	O
hands-free	O
format	O
that	O
can	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
via	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
voice	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
received	O
criticism	O
over	O
privacy	O
and	O
safety	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
15	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
stop	O
producing	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
prototype	O
but	O
would	O
continue	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Google	O
,	O
Project	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
was	O
ready	O
to	O
"	O
graduate	O
"	O
from	O
Google	O
X	O
,	O
the	O
experimental	O
phase	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thync	B-Device
,	O
a	O
headset	O
launched	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
wearable	O
that	O
stimulates	O
the	O
brain	O
with	O
mild	O
electrical	O
pulses	O
,	O
causing	O
the	O
wearer	O
to	O
feel	O
energized	O
or	O
calm	O
based	O
on	O
input	O
into	O
a	O
phone	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macrotellect	O
launched	O
two	O
portable	O
brainwave	O
(	O
EEG	B-Application
)	O
sensing	O
devices	O
,	O
BrainLink	O
Pro	O
and	O
BrainLink	O
Lite	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
families	O
and	O
meditation	O
students	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
mental	O
fitness	O
and	O
stress	O
relief	O
with	O
20+	O
brain	O
fitness	O
enhancement	O
Apps	O
on	O
Apple	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
App	O
Stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
the	O
sub-miniature	O
Intel	O
Curie	O
for	O
wearable	O
applications	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
Intel	B-Device
Quark	I-Device
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
small	O
as	O
a	O
button	O
,	O
it	O
features	O
a	O
six-axis	O
accelerometer	O
,	O
a	O
DSP	O
sensor	O
hub	O
,	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
LE	O
unit	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
battery	O
charge	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
24	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
their	O
take	O
on	O
the	O
smartwatch	B-Application
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
features	O
a	O
touchscreen	O
,	O
many	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
heart-rate	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
commercialization	O
of	O
general-purpose	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
led	O
by	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Xybernaut	O
,	O
CDI	O
and	O
ViA	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
has	O
thus	O
far	O
been	O
met	O
with	O
limited	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Publicly	O
traded	O
Xybernaut	O
tried	O
forging	O
alliances	O
with	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
IBM	O
and	O
Sony	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
make	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
widely	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
managed	O
to	O
get	O
their	O
equipment	O
seen	O
on	O
such	O
shows	O
as	O
The	O
X-Files	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
2005	O
their	O
stock	O
was	O
delisted	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
filed	O
for	O
Chapter	O
11	O
bankruptcy	O
protection	O
amid	O
financial	O
scandal	O
and	O
federal	O
investigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
Seiko	O
marketed	O
the	O
Ruputer	B-Application
,	O
a	O
computer	O
in	O
a	O
(	O
fairly	O
large	O
)	O
wristwatch	O
,	O
to	O
mediocre	O
returns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
IBM	O
developed	O
and	O
publicly	O
displayed	O
two	O
prototypes	O
for	O
a	O
wristwatch	B-Application
computer	I-Application
running	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
Fossil	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
announced	O
the	O
Fossil	B-Application
Wrist	I-Application
PDA	I-Application
,	O
which	O
ran	O
the	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Timex	B-Application
Datalink	I-Application
is	O
another	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
practical	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hitachi	O
launched	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
called	O
Poma	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eurotech	O
offers	O
the	O
ZYPAD	B-Application
,	O
a	O
wrist-wearable	O
touch	O
screen	O
computer	O
with	O
GPS	O
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
connectivity	O
and	O
which	O
can	O
run	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
custom	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
device	O
on	O
the	O
wrist	O
to	O
control	O
body	O
temperature	O
was	O
developed	O
at	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
has	O
specialized	O
in	O
mobile	O
computing	O
with	O
their	O
Toughbook	B-Operating_System
line	O
since	O
1996	O
and	O
has	O
extensive	O
market	O
research	O
into	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
portable	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Brick	O
"	O
Computer	O
is	O
the	O
CF-07	O
Toughbook	B-Operating_System
,	O
dual	O
batteries	O
,	O
screen	O
used	O
same	O
batteries	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
,	O
800	O
x	O
600	O
resolution	O
,	O
optional	O
GPS	O
and	O
WWAN	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	B-General_Concept
used	O
is	O
a	O
600MHz	O
Pentium	O
3	O
factory	O
under	O
clocked	O
to	O
300MHz	O
so	O
it	O
can	O
stay	O
cool	O
passively	O
as	O
it	O
has	O
no	O
fan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wearable	O
brick	O
was	O
quietly	O
pulled	O
from	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
screen	O
evolved	O
to	O
a	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
touchscreen	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
handstrap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
has	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
head-mounted	O
display-based	O
wearable	O
"	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
"	O
device	O
called	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
LG	O
and	O
iriver	O
produce	O
earbud	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
measuring	O
heart	O
rate	O
and	O
other	O
biometrics	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
various	O
activity	O
metrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WSS1000	O
is	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
designed	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
inventory	O
employees	O
easier	O
and	O
more	O
efficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
technologies	O
for	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
derive	O
their	O
ideas	O
from	O
science	O
fiction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
that	O
display	O
usable	O
,	O
tactile	O
interfaces	B-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
manipulated	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
Tron	B-Language
and	O
its	O
sequel	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
many	O
sci-fi	O
military	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
Terminator	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
'	O
Threep	O
 '	O
Technology	O
in	O
Lock-In	O
,	O
and	O
Kill	O
switch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
numerous	O
Iron	B-Application
Man	I-Application
suits	O
,	O
the	O
Predator	O
suit	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
Samus	O
Aran	O
's	O
Power	O
Suit	O
and	O
Fusion	O
Suit	O
in	O
the	O
Metroid	B-Device
video	O
game	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
Robocop	B-Application
's	I-Application
special	O
eye	O
system	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
some	O
more	O
advanced	O
visors	O
that	O
Samus	O
Aran	O
uses	O
in	O
the	O
Metroid	B-Device
Prime	I-Device
trilogy	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
included	O
are	O
the	O
Pip-Boy	O
3000	O
from	O
the	O
Fallout	B-Application
games	I-Application
and	O
Leela	O
's	O
Wrist	O
Device	O
from	O
the	O
Futurama	B-Application
TV	O
sitcom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
form-factor	O
of	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
shown	O
in	O
many	O
sci-fi	O
movies	O
,	O
including	O
Prometheus	O
and	O
Iron	B-Application
Man	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
has	O
advanced	O
with	O
continuous	O
change	O
in	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
are	O
increasingly	O
used	O
in	O
healthcare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
think	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
new	O
trend	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
companies	O
have	O
been	O
trying	O
to	O
develop	O
or	O
design	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
for	O
decades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
comes	O
with	O
many	O
challenges	O
,	O
like	O
data	O
security	O
,	O
trust	O
issues	O
,	O
and	O
regulatory	O
and	O
ethical	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
2010	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
have	O
been	O
seen	O
more	O
as	O
a	O
technology	O
focused	O
mostly	O
on	O
fitness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
,	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	O
issues	O
can	O
be	O
very	O
important	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
it	O
comes	O
to	O
health	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
FDA	O
considers	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
general	O
wellness	O
products	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
are	O
not	O
under	O
any	O
Federal	O
laws	O
,	O
but	O
regulatory	O
law	O
like	O
Protected	O
Health	O
Information	O
(	O
PHI	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
subject	O
to	O
regulation	O
which	O
is	O
handled	O
by	O
the	O
Office	O
for	O
Civil	O
Rights	O
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
specific	O
regulations	O
for	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
,	O
specifically	O
medical	O
devices	O
,	O
increases	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
threats	O
and	O
other	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
raised	O
major	O
privacy	O
risks	O
with	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
technology	O
;	O
Congress	O
investigated	O
the	O
privacy	O
risks	O
related	O
to	O
consumers	O
using	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
and	O
how	O
they	O
use	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
all	O
the	O
data	O
captured	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
was	O
then	O
stored	O
on	O
Google	O
's	O
cloud	O
servers	O
,	O
giving	O
them	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
like	O
smart	B-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
raise	O
cultural	O
and	O
social	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technologies	I-Operating_System
can	O
make	O
life	O
easier	O
and	O
more	O
enjoyable	O
,	O
some	O
devices	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
headphones	O
)	O
can	O
make	O
people	O
more	O
dependent	O
on	O
technology	O
than	O
on	O
interaction	O
with	O
nearby	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
wearing	O
a	O
smart	B-Application
watch	I-Application
can	O
be	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
fit	O
in	O
with	O
standards	O
in	O
male-dominated	O
fields	O
,	O
where	O
femininity	O
may	O
be	O
perceived	O
as	O
unprofessional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
ranges	O
from	O
$249	O
to	O
$1	O
,	O
749	O
,	O
which	O
for	O
a	O
normal	O
consumer	O
can	O
be	O
prohibitively	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
allows	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
are	O
quite	O
massive	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Hololens	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
headsets	O
are	O
autonomous	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Oculus	B-General_Concept
Quest	I-General_Concept
2	I-General_Concept
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
(	O
SBC	O
)	O
are	O
improving	O
in	O
performance	O
and	O
becoming	O
cheaper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
boards	O
are	O
cheap	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
Zero	I-Operating_System
and	O
Pi	O
4	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
more	O
expensive	O
but	O
more	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
normal	O
PC	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Hackboard	O
and	O
LattePanda	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
of	O
gesture	O
controls	O
is	O
evolving	O
from	O
image	O
control	O
(	O
Leap	B-General_Concept
Motion	I-General_Concept
camera	O
)	O
to	O
integrated	O
capture	O
(	O
ex-prototype	O
AI	O
data	O
glove	O
from	O
Zack	O
Freedman	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computer	I-Operating_System
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
Army	O
in	O
1989	O
as	O
a	O
small	O
computer	O
that	O
was	O
meant	O
to	O
assist	O
soldiers	O
in	O
battle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
has	O
grown	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
Land	B-Application
Warrior	I-Application
program	O
and	O
proposal	O
for	O
future	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
extensive	O
military	O
program	O
in	O
the	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
arena	O
is	O
the	O
US	O
Army	O
's	O
Land	B-Application
Warrior	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
which	O
will	O
eventually	O
be	O
merged	O
into	O
the	O
Future	O
Force	O
Warrior	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
F-INSAS	O
is	O
an	O
Indian	O
military	O
project	O
,	O
designed	O
largely	O
with	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
