<s>
The	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
is	O
an	O
illustrated	O
codex	O
hand-written	O
in	O
an	O
unknown	O
script	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
'	O
Voynichese	B-Library
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hypotheses	O
suggest	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
script	O
for	O
a	O
natural	O
language	O
or	O
constructed	O
language	O
;	O
an	O
unread	O
code	O
,	O
cypher	B-Application
,	O
or	O
other	O
form	O
of	O
cryptography	O
;	O
or	O
a	O
meaningless	O
hoax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
has	O
been	O
studied	O
by	O
professional	O
and	O
amateur	O
cryptographers	O
,	O
including	O
American	O
and	O
British	O
codebreakers	B-Device
from	O
both	O
World	O
War	O
I	O
and	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codebreakers	B-Device
Prescott	O
Currier	O
,	O
William	O
Friedman	O
,	O
Elizabeth	O
Friedman	O
and	O
John	O
Tiltman	O
were	O
unsuccessful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Protein	O
testing	O
in	O
2014	O
revealed	O
that	O
the	O
parchment	O
was	O
made	O
from	O
calf	O
skin	O
,	O
and	O
multispectral	O
analysis	O
showed	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
written	O
on	O
before	O
the	O
manuscript	O
was	O
created	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
palimpsest	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
modern	O
analysis	O
using	O
polarized	O
light	O
microscopy	O
(	O
PLM	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
determined	O
that	O
a	O
quill	B-Application
pen	O
and	O
iron	O
gall	O
ink	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
text	O
and	O
figure	O
outlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ductus	O
flows	O
smoothly	O
,	O
giving	O
the	O
impression	O
that	O
the	O
symbols	O
were	O
not	O
enciphered	B-Application
;	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
delay	O
between	O
characters	O
,	O
as	O
would	O
normally	O
be	O
expected	O
in	O
written	O
encoded	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
major	O
one	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
"	O
First	O
Study	O
Group	O
"	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
cryptographer	O
William	O
F	O
.	O
Friedman	O
in	O
the	O
1940s	O
,	O
where	O
each	O
line	O
of	O
the	O
manuscript	O
was	O
transcribed	O
to	O
an	O
IBM	O
punch	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
to	O
make	O
it	O
machine	B-General_Concept
readable	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stephan	O
Vonfelt	O
studied	O
statistical	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
letters	O
and	O
their	O
correlations	O
(	O
properties	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
vaguely	O
characterized	O
as	O
rhythmic	O
resonance	O
,	O
alliteration	O
,	O
or	O
assonance	O
)	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
under	O
that	O
respect	O
Voynichese	B-Library
is	O
more	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Mandarin	O
Chinese	O
pinyin	O
text	O
of	O
the	O
Records	O
of	O
the	O
Grand	O
Historian	O
than	O
to	O
the	O
text	O
of	O
works	O
from	O
European	O
languages	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
numerical	O
differences	O
between	O
Voynichese	B-Library
and	O
Mandarin	O
Chinese	O
pinyin	O
look	O
larger	O
than	O
those	O
between	O
Mandarin	O
Chinese	O
pinyin	O
and	O
European	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linguists	O
Claire	O
Bowern	O
and	O
have	O
applied	O
statistical	O
methods	O
to	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
,	O
comparing	O
it	O
to	O
other	O
languages	O
and	O
encodings	O
of	O
languages	O
,	O
and	O
have	O
found	O
both	O
similarities	O
and	O
differences	O
in	O
statistical	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural	O
languages	O
tend	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
h2	O
between	O
3	O
and	O
4	O
,	O
but	O
Voynichese	B-Library
has	O
much	O
more	O
predictable	O
character	O
sequences	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
h2	O
around	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
at	O
higher	O
levels	O
of	O
organization	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
displays	O
properties	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
natural	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bowern	O
also	O
concludes	O
that	O
the	O
statistical	O
properties	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
are	O
not	O
consistent	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
substitution	O
cipher	B-Application
or	O
polyalphabetic	B-Algorithm
cipher	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
predictability	O
of	O
certain	O
letters	O
in	O
a	O
relatively	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
combinations	O
in	O
certain	O
parts	O
of	O
words	O
appears	O
to	O
explain	O
the	O
low	O
entropy	O
(	O
h2	O
)	O
of	O
Voynichese	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
interpretation	O
remains	O
speculative	O
,	O
apart	O
from	O
the	O
obvious	O
Zodiac	B-Algorithm
symbols	O
and	O
one	O
diagram	O
possibly	O
showing	O
the	O
classical	O
planets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
confirmed	O
owner	O
was	O
Georg	O
Baresch	O
,	O
a	O
17th-century	O
alchemist	B-Language
from	O
Prague	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Baresch	O
was	O
apparently	O
puzzled	O
about	O
this	O
"	O
Sphynx	B-Application
"	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
"	O
taking	O
up	O
space	O
uselessly	O
in	O
his	O
library	O
"	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kircher	O
's	O
correspondence	O
was	O
among	O
those	O
books	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
,	O
apparently	O
,	O
was	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
,	O
as	O
it	O
still	O
bears	O
the	O
ex	O
libris	O
of	O
Petrus	O
Beckx	O
,	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
Jesuit	O
order	O
and	O
the	O
university	O
's	O
rector	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
timeline	O
of	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
is	O
given	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
people	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
as	O
possible	O
authors	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
,	O
among	O
them	O
Roger	O
Bacon	O
,	O
John	O
Dee	O
or	O
Edward	O
Kelley	O
,	O
Giovanni	O
Fontana	O
,	O
and	O
Voynich	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
Bacon	O
did	O
not	O
create	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
,	O
a	O
supposed	O
connection	O
to	O
Dee	O
is	O
much	O
weakened	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Baresch	O
's	O
letter	O
and	O
Marci	O
's	O
letter	O
only	O
establish	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
a	O
manuscript	O
,	O
not	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
is	O
the	O
same	O
one	O
mentioned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fontana	O
was	O
familiar	O
with	O
cryptography	O
and	O
used	O
it	O
in	O
his	O
books	O
,	O
although	O
he	O
did	O
not	O
use	O
the	O
Voynich	O
script	O
but	O
a	O
simple	O
substitution	O
cipher	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
book	O
Secretum	O
de	O
thesauro	O
experimentorum	O
ymaginationis	O
hominum	O
(	O
Secret	O
of	O
the	O
treasure-room	O
of	O
experiments	O
in	O
man	O
's	O
imagination	O
)	O
,	O
written	O
c.1430	O
,	O
Fontana	O
described	O
mnemonic	O
machines	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
his	O
cypher	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
book	O
and	O
his	O
Bellicorum	O
instrumentorum	O
liber	O
both	O
used	O
a	O
cryptographic	O
system	O
,	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
rational	O
cipher	B-Application
,	O
based	O
on	O
signs	O
without	O
letters	O
or	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voynich	O
(	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
people	O
after	O
him	O
)	O
concluded	O
that	O
Jacobus	O
owned	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
prior	O
to	O
Baresch	O
,	O
and	O
he	O
drew	O
a	O
link	O
from	O
that	O
to	O
Rudolf	O
's	O
court	O
,	O
in	O
confirmation	O
of	O
Mnishovsky	O
's	O
story	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jacobus	O
's	O
name	O
has	O
faded	O
further	O
since	O
Voynich	O
saw	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
still	O
legible	O
under	O
ultraviolet	B-Application
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raphael	O
Mnishovsky	O
,	O
the	O
friend	O
of	O
Marci	O
who	O
was	O
the	O
reputed	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
Bacon	O
story	O
,	O
was	O
himself	O
a	O
cryptographer	O
and	O
apparently	O
invented	O
a	O
cipher	B-Application
which	O
he	O
claimed	O
was	O
uncrackable	O
(	O
c.1618	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
speculation	O
that	O
Mnishovsky	O
might	O
have	O
produced	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
as	O
a	O
practical	O
demonstration	O
of	O
his	O
cipher	B-Application
and	O
made	O
Baresch	O
his	O
unwitting	O
test	O
subject	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
the	O
disclaimer	O
in	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
cover	O
letter	O
could	O
mean	O
that	O
Marci	O
suspected	O
some	O
kind	O
of	O
deception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
2006	O
book	O
,	O
Nick	O
Pelling	O
proposed	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
was	O
written	O
by	O
15th-century	O
North	O
Italian	O
architect	O
Antonio	O
Averlino	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Filarete	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
theory	O
broadly	O
consistent	O
with	O
the	O
radiocarbon	O
dating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
hypotheses	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
about	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
's	O
"	O
language	O
"	O
,	O
called	O
Voynichese	B-Library
:	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
letter-based	O
cipher	B-Application
"	O
theory	O
,	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
contains	O
a	O
meaningful	O
text	O
in	O
some	O
European	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
intentionally	O
rendered	O
obscure	O
by	O
mapping	O
it	O
to	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
"	O
alphabet	O
"	O
through	O
a	O
cipher	B-Application
of	O
some	O
sort	O
—	O
an	O
algorithm	O
that	O
operated	O
on	O
individual	O
letters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
counterargument	O
is	O
that	O
almost	O
all	O
cipher	B-Application
systems	O
consistent	O
with	O
that	O
era	O
fail	O
to	O
match	O
what	O
is	O
seen	O
in	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
simple	O
substitution	O
ciphers	B-Application
would	O
be	O
excluded	O
because	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
letter	O
frequencies	O
does	O
not	O
resemble	O
that	O
of	O
any	O
known	O
language	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
letter	O
shapes	O
used	O
implies	O
that	O
nomenclator	O
and	O
homophonic	O
ciphers	B-Application
should	O
be	O
ruled	O
out	O
,	O
because	O
these	O
typically	O
employ	O
larger	O
cipher	B-Application
alphabets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polyalphabetic	B-Algorithm
ciphers	I-Algorithm
were	O
invented	O
by	O
Alberti	O
in	O
the	O
1460s	O
and	O
included	O
the	O
later	O
Vigenère	B-Algorithm
cipher	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
they	O
usually	O
yield	O
ciphertexts	O
where	O
all	O
cipher	B-Application
shapes	O
occur	O
with	O
roughly	O
equal	O
probability	O
,	O
quite	O
unlike	O
the	O
language-like	O
letter	O
distribution	O
which	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
appears	O
to	O
have	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
many	O
tightly	O
grouped	O
shapes	O
in	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
(	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
ar	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
ol	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
al	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
an	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
ain	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
aiin	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
air	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
aiir	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
am	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
ee	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
eee	O
"	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
does	O
suggest	O
that	O
its	O
cipher	B-Application
system	O
may	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
verbose	O
cipher	B-Application
"	O
,	O
where	O
single	O
letters	O
in	O
a	O
plaintext	O
get	O
enciphered	B-Application
into	O
groups	O
of	O
fake	O
letters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
lines	O
of	O
page	O
f15v	O
(	O
seen	O
above	O
)	O
contain	O
""	O
and	O
""	O
,	O
which	O
strongly	O
resemble	O
how	O
Roman	O
numerals	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
CCC	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
XXXX	O
"	O
would	O
look	O
if	O
verbosely	O
enciphered	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
theory	O
holds	O
that	O
the	O
text	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
is	O
mostly	O
meaningless	O
,	O
but	O
contains	O
meaningful	O
information	O
hidden	O
in	O
inconspicuous	O
details	O
—	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
letter	O
of	O
every	O
word	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
letters	O
in	O
each	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2013	O
)	O
argued	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
"	O
is	O
mostly	O
compatible	O
with	O
natural	O
languages	O
and	O
incompatible	O
with	O
random	O
texts	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
linguist	O
Jacques	O
Guy	O
once	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
text	O
could	O
be	O
some	O
little-known	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
written	O
plaintext	O
with	O
an	O
invented	O
alphabet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
morphemes	O
generally	O
have	O
only	O
one	O
syllable	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tucker	O
&	O
Talbert	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
claiming	O
a	O
positive	O
identification	O
of	O
37plants	O
,	O
6animals	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
mineral	O
referenced	O
in	O
the	O
manuscript	O
to	O
plant	O
drawings	O
in	O
the	O
Libellus	O
de	O
Medicinalibus	O
Indorum	O
Herbis	O
or	O
Badianus	O
manuscript	O
,	O
a	O
fifteenth-century	O
Aztec	B-Application
herbal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
with	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
atacamite	O
in	O
the	O
paint	O
,	O
they	O
argue	O
that	O
the	O
plants	O
were	O
from	O
colonial	O
New	O
Spain	O
and	O
the	O
text	O
represented	O
Nahuatl	O
,	O
the	O
language	O
of	O
the	O
Aztecs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
date	O
the	O
manuscript	O
to	O
between	O
1521	O
(	O
the	O
date	O
of	O
the	O
Spanish	O
conquest	O
of	O
the	O
Aztec	B-Application
Empire	O
)	O
and	O
circa	O
1576	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analysis	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
by	O
other	O
Voynich	B-Library
manuscript	I-Library
researchers	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
peculiar	O
internal	O
structure	O
of	O
Voynich	B-Library
manuscript	I-Library
words	O
led	O
William	O
F	O
.	O
Friedman	O
to	O
conjecture	O
that	O
the	O
text	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
constructed	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
constructed	O
language	O
is	O
quite	O
old	O
,	O
as	O
attested	O
by	O
John	O
Wilkins	O
's	O
Philosophical	O
Language	O
(	O
1668	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
still	O
postdates	O
the	O
generally	O
accepted	O
origin	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
by	O
two	O
centuries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
no	O
one	O
has	O
been	O
able	O
yet	O
to	O
assign	O
a	O
plausible	O
meaning	O
to	O
any	O
prefix	O
or	O
suffix	O
in	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Gordon	O
Rugg	O
showed	O
that	O
text	O
with	O
characteristics	O
similar	O
to	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
could	O
have	O
been	O
produced	O
using	O
a	O
table	O
of	O
word	O
prefixes	O
,	O
stems	O
,	O
and	O
suffixes	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
selected	O
and	O
combined	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
perforated	O
paper	O
overlay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
device	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
Cardan	O
grille	O
,	O
was	O
invented	O
around	O
1550	O
as	O
an	O
encryption	O
tool	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
100years	O
after	O
the	O
estimated	O
creation	O
date	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
maintain	O
that	O
the	O
similarity	O
between	O
the	O
pseudo-texts	O
generated	O
in	O
Gordon	O
Rugg	O
's	O
experiments	O
and	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
is	O
superficial	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
grille	O
method	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
emulate	O
any	O
language	O
to	O
a	O
certain	O
degree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
evidence	O
,	O
he	O
believes	O
it	O
unlikely	O
that	O
these	O
features	O
were	O
intentionally	O
"	O
incorporated	O
"	O
into	O
the	O
text	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
hoax	O
more	O
realistic	O
,	O
as	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
required	O
academic	O
knowledge	O
of	O
these	O
structures	O
did	O
not	O
exist	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
would	O
have	O
been	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
conclusion	O
is	O
that	O
clusters	O
derived	O
by	O
computation	O
match	O
with	O
the	O
topics	O
of	O
the	O
illustrations	O
to	O
some	O
degree	O
,	O
thus	O
providing	O
evidence	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
contains	O
meaningful	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
computer	O
simulation	O
of	O
this	O
process	O
,	O
they	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
reproduce	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
statistical	O
characteristics	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
resulting	O
text	O
was	O
often	O
highly	O
non-random	O
and	O
exhibited	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
unusual	O
statistical	O
properties	O
as	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
,	O
supporting	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
some	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
text	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
produced	O
in	O
a	O
hoax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
2004	O
book	O
,	O
Gerry	O
Kennedy	O
and	O
Rob	O
Churchill	O
suggest	O
the	O
possibility	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
may	O
be	O
a	O
case	O
of	O
glossolalia	O
(	O
speaking-in-tongues	O
)	O
,	O
channelling	O
,	O
or	O
outsider	O
art	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kennedy	O
and	O
Churchill	O
use	O
Hildegard	O
von	O
Bingen	O
's	O
works	O
to	O
point	O
out	O
similarities	O
between	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
and	O
the	O
illustrations	O
that	O
she	O
drew	O
when	O
she	O
was	O
suffering	O
from	O
severe	O
bouts	O
of	O
migraine	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
induce	O
a	O
trance-like	O
state	O
prone	O
to	O
glossolalia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1943	O
,	O
Joseph	O
Martin	O
Feely	O
published	O
Roger	O
Bacon	O
's	O
Cipher	B-Application
:	O
The	O
Right	O
Key	O
Found	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
he	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
book	O
was	O
a	O
scientific	O
diary	O
written	O
by	O
Roger	O
Bacon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Feely	O
's	O
method	O
posited	O
that	O
the	O
text	O
was	O
a	O
highly	O
abbreviated	O
medieval	O
Latin	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
simple	O
substitution	O
cipher	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leonell	O
C	O
.	O
Strong	O
,	O
a	O
cancer	O
research	O
scientist	O
and	O
amateur	O
cryptographer	O
,	O
believed	O
that	O
the	O
solution	O
to	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
was	O
a	O
"	O
peculiar	O
double	O
system	O
of	O
arithmetical	O
progressions	O
of	O
a	O
multiple	O
alphabet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strong	O
published	O
a	O
translation	O
of	O
two	O
pages	O
in	O
1947	O
,	O
and	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
plaintext	O
revealed	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
to	O
be	O
written	O
by	O
the	O
16th-century	O
English	O
author	O
Anthony	O
Ascham	O
,	O
whose	O
works	O
include	O
A	O
Little	O
Herbal	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
1550	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1978	O
,	O
Robert	O
Brumbaugh	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
of	O
classical	O
and	O
medieval	O
philosophy	O
at	O
Yale	O
University	O
,	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
manuscript	O
was	O
a	O
forgery	O
intended	O
to	O
fool	O
Emperor	O
Rudolf	O
II	O
into	O
purchasing	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
text	O
is	O
Latin	O
enciphered	B-Application
with	O
a	O
complex	O
,	O
two-step	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1978	O
,	O
John	O
Stojko	O
published	O
Letters	O
to	O
God	O
's	O
Eye	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
he	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
Manuscript	I-Library
was	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
letters	O
written	O
in	O
vowelless	O
Ukrainian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
applied	O
linguistics	O
Professor	O
Stephen	O
Bax	O
self-published	O
a	O
paper	O
proposing	O
a	O
"	O
provisional	O
,	O
partial	O
decoding	O
"	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
Manuscript	I-Library
,	O
proposing	O
a	O
translation	O
for	O
ten	O
proper	O
nouns	O
and	O
fourteen	O
letters	O
from	O
the	O
manuscript	O
using	O
techniques	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
used	O
to	O
successfully	O
translate	O
Egyptian	O
hieroglyphs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Ahmet	O
Ardıç	O
,	O
an	O
electrical	O
engineer	O
with	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
Turkic	O
languages	O
,	O
claimed	O
in	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
that	O
the	O
Voynich	O
script	O
is	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
Old	O
Turkic	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
poetic	O
"	O
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copies	O
of	O
the	O
manuscript	O
pages	O
were	O
made	O
by	O
alchemist	B-Language
Georgius	O
Barschius	O
(	O
the	O
Latinized	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
Georg	O
Baresch	O
;	O
cf	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Beinecke	O
Library	O
and	O
Yale	O
University	O
Press	O
co-published	O
a	O
facsimile	O
,	O
The	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
Manuscript	I-Library
,	O
with	O
scholarly	O
essays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1976	O
and	O
1978	O
,	O
Italian	O
artist	O
Luigi	O
Serafini	O
created	O
the	O
Codex	O
Seraphinianus	O
containing	O
false	O
writing	O
and	O
pictures	O
of	O
imaginary	O
plants	O
in	O
a	O
style	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contemporary	O
classical	O
composer	O
Hanspeter	O
Kyburz	O
's	O
1995	O
chamber	O
work	O
The	O
Voynich	O
Cipher	B-Application
Manuscript	O
,	O
for	O
chorus	O
&	O
ensemble	O
is	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
manuscript	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
500th	O
strip	O
of	O
the	O
webcomic	O
Sandra	O
and	O
Woo	O
,	O
entitled	O
The	O
Book	O
of	O
Woo	O
and	O
published	O
on	O
29	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
writer	O
Oliver	O
Knörzer	O
and	O
artist	O
Puri	O
Andini	O
created	O
four	O
illustrated	O
pages	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	B-Library
Voynich	I-Library
manuscript	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
four	O
pages	O
show	O
strange	O
illustrations	O
next	O
to	O
a	O
cipher	B-Application
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
strip	O
was	O
mentioned	O
in	O
MTV	O
Geek	O
and	O
discussed	O
in	O
the	O
Cipher	B-Application
Mysteries	O
blog	O
of	O
cryptology	O
expert	O
Nick	O
Pelling	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Klausis	O
Krypto	O
Kolumne	O
of	O
cryptology	O
expert	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
about	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
famous	O
ciphers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
