<s>
A	O
vocoder	B-Application
(	O
,	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
voice	O
and	O
encoder	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
category	O
of	O
speech	B-Application
coding	I-Application
that	O
analyzes	O
and	O
synthesizes	B-Application
the	O
human	O
voice	O
signal	O
for	O
audio	O
data	O
compression	O
,	O
multiplexing	B-Architecture
,	O
voice	O
encryption	O
or	O
voice	O
transformation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vocoder	B-Application
was	O
invented	O
in	O
1938	O
by	O
Homer	O
Dudley	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
synthesizing	O
human	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
work	O
was	O
developed	O
into	O
the	O
channel	B-Application
vocoder	I-Application
which	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
voice	B-Application
codec	I-Application
for	O
telecommunications	O
for	O
speech	B-Application
coding	I-Application
to	O
conserve	O
bandwidth	O
in	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
method	O
of	O
encryption	O
is	O
that	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
signal	O
is	O
sent	O
,	O
only	O
envelopes	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
bandpass	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vocoder	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
extensively	O
as	O
an	O
electronic	O
musical	O
instrument	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decoder	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
,	O
called	O
a	O
voder	B-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
independently	O
for	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
human	O
voice	O
consists	O
of	O
sounds	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
opening	O
and	O
closing	O
of	O
the	O
glottis	B-Application
by	O
the	O
vocal	O
cords	O
,	O
which	O
produces	O
a	O
periodic	O
waveform	O
with	O
many	O
harmonics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
basic	O
sound	O
is	O
then	O
filtered	O
by	O
the	O
nose	O
and	O
throat	O
(	O
a	O
complicated	O
resonant	B-Application
piping	O
system	O
)	O
to	O
produce	O
differences	O
in	O
harmonic	O
content	O
(	O
formants	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
controlled	O
way	O
,	O
creating	O
the	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
sounds	O
used	O
in	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vocoder	B-Application
examines	O
speech	O
by	O
measuring	O
how	O
its	O
spectral	O
characteristics	O
change	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
recreate	O
speech	O
,	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
simply	O
reverses	O
the	O
process	O
,	O
processing	O
a	O
broadband	O
noise	O
source	O
by	O
passing	O
it	O
through	O
a	O
stage	O
that	O
filters	O
the	O
frequency	O
content	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
originally	O
recorded	O
series	O
of	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
encoder	O
,	O
the	O
input	O
is	O
passed	O
through	O
a	O
multiband	O
filter	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
each	O
band	O
is	O
measured	O
using	O
an	O
envelope	B-Algorithm
follower	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
signals	O
from	O
the	O
envelope	B-Algorithm
followers	I-Algorithm
are	O
transmitted	O
to	O
the	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
about	O
the	O
instantaneous	O
frequency	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
voice	O
signal	O
(	O
as	O
distinct	O
from	O
its	O
spectral	O
characteristic	O
)	O
is	O
discarded	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
important	O
to	O
preserve	O
this	O
for	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
's	O
original	O
use	O
as	O
an	O
encryption	O
aid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
this	O
dehumanizing	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
vocoding	B-Application
process	O
that	O
has	O
made	O
it	O
useful	O
in	O
creating	O
special	O
voice	O
effects	O
in	O
popular	O
music	O
and	O
audio	O
entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
a	O
point-by-point	O
recreation	O
of	O
the	O
waveform	O
,	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
process	O
sends	O
only	O
the	O
parameters	O
of	O
the	O
vocal	O
model	O
over	O
the	O
communication	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analog	O
vocoders	B-Application
typically	O
analyze	O
an	O
incoming	O
signal	O
by	O
splitting	O
the	O
signal	O
into	O
multiple	O
tuned	O
frequency	O
bands	O
or	O
ranges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
amplitude	B-Application
of	O
the	O
modulator	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
individual	O
analysis	O
bands	O
generates	O
a	O
voltage	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
amplifiers	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
corresponding	O
carrier	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
is	O
that	O
frequency	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
modulating	O
signal	O
are	O
mapped	O
onto	O
the	O
carrier	O
signal	O
as	O
discrete	O
amplitude	B-Application
changes	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
frequency	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vocoders	B-Application
often	O
include	O
a	O
second	O
system	O
for	O
generating	O
unvoiced	O
sounds	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
noise	O
generator	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
fundamental	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
channel	B-Application
vocoder	I-Application
algorithm	O
,	O
among	O
the	O
two	O
components	O
of	O
an	O
analytic	O
signal	O
,	O
considering	O
only	O
the	O
amplitude	B-Application
component	O
and	O
simply	O
ignoring	O
the	O
phase	O
component	O
tends	O
to	O
result	O
in	O
an	O
unclear	O
voice	O
;	O
on	O
methods	O
for	O
rectifying	O
this	O
,	O
see	O
phase	B-Application
vocoder	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
was	O
started	O
in	O
1928	O
by	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
engineer	O
Homer	O
Dudley	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
granted	O
patents	O
for	O
it	O
on	O
March	O
21	O
,	O
1939	O
,	O
and	O
Nov	O
16	O
,	O
1937	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
ability	O
of	O
its	O
decoder	O
section	O
,	O
the	B-Application
voder	I-Application
(	O
voice	O
operating	O
demonstrator	O
)	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
at	O
the	O
AT&T	O
building	O
at	O
the	O
1939	O
–	O
1940	O
New	O
York	O
World	O
's	O
Fair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
voder	I-Application
consisted	O
of	O
an	O
electronic	O
oscillator	O
a	O
sound	O
source	O
of	O
pitched	O
tone	O
and	O
noise	O
generator	O
for	O
hiss	O
,	O
a	O
10-band	O
resonator	O
filters	O
with	O
variable-gain	O
amplifiers	O
as	O
a	O
vocal	O
tract	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
manual	O
controllers	O
including	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
pressure-sensitive	O
keys	O
for	O
filter	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
foot	O
pedal	O
for	O
pitch	O
control	O
of	O
tone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dudley	O
's	O
vocoder	B-Application
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
SIGSALY	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
built	O
by	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
engineers	O
in	O
1943	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
KO-6	O
voice	B-Application
coder	I-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
1949	O
in	O
limited	O
quantities	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
close	O
approximation	O
to	O
the	O
SIGSALY	O
at	O
1200bit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1953	O
,	O
KY-9	O
THESEUS	O
1650bit/s	O
voice	B-Application
coder	I-Application
used	O
solid-state	O
logic	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
weight	O
to	O
from	O
SIGSALY	O
's	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1961	O
the	O
HY-2	O
voice	B-Application
coder	I-Application
,	O
a	O
16-channel	O
2400bit/s	O
system	O
,	O
weighed	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
last	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
channel	B-Application
vocoder	I-Application
in	O
a	O
secure	O
speech	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
work	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
has	O
since	O
used	O
digital	O
speech	B-Application
coding	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
speech	B-Application
coding	I-Application
technique	O
is	O
linear	B-Algorithm
predictive	I-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
LPC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
speech	B-Application
coding	I-Application
technique	O
,	O
adaptive	B-Algorithm
differential	I-Algorithm
pulse-code	I-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
(	O
ADPCM	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
P.Cummiskey	O
,	O
Nikil	O
S	O
.	O
Jayant	O
and	O
James	O
L	O
.	O
Flanagan	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1973	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cochlear	O
implants	O
:	O
noise	O
and	O
tone	O
vocoding	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
cochlear	O
implants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
with	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
record	O
several	O
frequencies	O
,	O
and	O
additional	O
unvoiced	O
sounds	O
,	O
the	O
compression	O
of	O
vocoder	B-Application
systems	O
is	O
impressive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sampling	O
resolution	O
is	O
typically	O
8	O
or	O
more	O
bits	O
per	O
sample	O
resolution	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
data	O
rate	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
64kbit/s	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
good	O
vocoder	B-Application
can	O
provide	O
a	O
reasonably	O
good	O
simulation	O
of	O
voice	O
with	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
5kbit/s	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toll	O
quality	O
voice	B-Application
coders	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
ITU	O
G.729	B-Algorithm
,	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
telephone	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
G.729	B-Algorithm
in	O
particular	O
has	O
a	O
final	O
data	O
rate	O
of	O
8kbit/s	O
with	O
superb	O
voice	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
voice	O
vocoder	B-Application
systems	O
use	O
lower	O
data	O
rates	O
,	O
but	O
below	O
5kbit/s	O
voice	O
quality	O
begins	O
to	O
drop	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
vocoder	B-Application
systems	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
NSA	O
encryption	O
systems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Continuously	B-Algorithm
variable	I-Algorithm
slope	I-Algorithm
delta	I-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
(	O
CVSD	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
16kbit/s	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
wide	O
band	O
encryptors	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
KY-57	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mixed-excitation	B-Algorithm
linear	I-Algorithm
prediction	I-Algorithm
(	O
MELP	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
MIL	O
STD	O
3005	O
,	O
2400bit/s	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Future	O
Narrowband	O
Digital	O
Terminal	O
FNBDT	B-Protocol
,	O
NSA	O
's	O
21st	O
century	O
secure	O
telephone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
vocoders	B-Application
that	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
communication	O
equipment	O
and	O
in	O
voice	O
storage	O
devices	O
today	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
following	O
algorithms	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Vocoders	B-Application
are	O
also	O
currently	O
used	O
in	O
psychophysics	O
,	O
linguistics	O
,	O
computational	O
neuroscience	O
and	O
cochlear	O
implant	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
,	O
most	O
non-musical	O
vocoders	B-Application
have	O
been	O
implemented	O
using	O
linear	O
prediction	O
,	O
whereby	O
the	O
target	O
signal	O
's	O
spectral	O
envelope	B-Algorithm
(	O
formant	O
)	O
is	O
estimated	O
by	O
an	O
all-pole	O
IIR	O
filter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
linear	B-Algorithm
prediction	I-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
all-pole	O
filter	O
replaces	O
the	O
bandpass	O
filter	O
bank	O
of	O
its	O
predecessor	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
at	O
the	O
encoder	O
to	O
whiten	O
the	O
signal	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
flatten	O
the	O
spectrum	O
)	O
and	O
again	O
at	O
the	O
decoder	O
to	O
re-apply	O
the	O
spectral	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
speech	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
in	O
contrast	O
with	O
vocoders	B-Application
realized	O
using	O
fixed-width	O
filter	O
banks	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
spectral	O
peaks	O
is	O
constrained	O
by	O
the	O
available	O
fixed	O
frequency	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
restriction	O
is	O
the	O
primary	O
reason	O
that	O
LP	O
coding	O
is	O
almost	O
always	O
used	O
in	O
tandem	O
with	O
other	O
methods	O
in	O
high-compression	O
voice	B-Application
coders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Waveform-interpolative	O
(	O
WI	O
)	O
vocoder	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
in	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
Laboratories	O
around	O
1995	O
by	O
W.B.	O
</s>
<s>
Kleijn	O
,	O
and	O
subsequently	O
,	O
a	O
low	O
-	O
complexity	O
version	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
AT&T	O
for	O
the	O
DoD	O
secure	O
vocoder	B-Application
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Werner	O
Meyer-Eppler	O
,	O
a	O
German	O
scientist	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
interest	O
in	O
electronic	O
voice	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
,	O
published	O
a	O
thesis	O
in	O
1948	O
on	O
electronic	O
music	O
and	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
from	O
the	O
viewpoint	O
of	O
sound	O
synthesis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
attempts	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
in	O
creating	O
music	O
was	O
the	O
"	O
Siemens	O
Synthesizer	O
"	O
at	O
the	O
Siemens	O
Studio	O
for	O
Electronic	O
Music	O
,	O
developed	O
between	O
1956	O
and	O
1959	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
Robert	O
Moog	O
developed	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
solid-state	O
musical	O
vocoders	B-Application
for	O
the	O
electronic	O
music	O
studio	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
at	O
Buffalo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
Bruce	O
Haack	O
built	O
a	O
prototype	O
vocoder	B-Application
,	O
named	O
Farad	O
after	O
Michael	O
Faraday	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1970	O
,	O
Wendy	O
Carlos	O
and	O
Robert	O
Moog	O
built	O
another	O
musical	O
vocoder	B-Application
,	O
a	O
ten-band	O
device	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
designs	O
of	O
Homer	O
Dudley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
originally	O
called	O
a	O
spectrum	O
encoder-decoder	O
and	O
later	O
referred	O
to	O
simply	O
as	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
carrier	O
signal	O
came	O
from	O
a	O
Moog	O
modular	O
synthesizer	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
modulator	O
from	O
a	O
microphone	B-Application
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
ten-band	O
vocoder	B-Application
was	O
fairly	O
intelligible	O
but	O
relied	O
on	O
specially	O
articulated	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
vocoders	B-Application
use	O
a	O
high-pass	O
filter	O
to	O
let	O
some	O
sibilance	O
through	O
from	O
the	O
microphone	B-Application
;	O
this	O
ruins	O
the	O
device	O
for	O
its	O
original	O
speech-coding	O
application	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
makes	O
the	O
talking	O
synthesizer	O
effect	O
much	O
more	O
intelligible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
Isao	O
Tomita	O
's	O
first	O
electronic	O
music	O
album	O
Electric	O
Samurai	O
:	O
Switched	O
on	O
Rock	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
attempt	O
at	O
applying	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
technique	O
in	O
electronic	O
rock	O
and	O
pop	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1973	O
,	O
the	O
british	O
band	O
Emerson	O
,	O
Lake	O
and	O
Palmer	O
used	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
on	O
their	O
album	O
Brain	O
Salad	O
Surgery	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
song	O
"	O
Karn	O
Evil	O
9	O
:	O
3rd	O
Impression	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1975	O
song	O
"	O
The	O
Raven	O
"	O
from	O
the	O
album	O
Tales	O
of	O
Mystery	O
and	O
Imagination	O
by	O
The	O
Alan	O
Parsons	O
Project	O
features	O
Alan	O
Parsons	O
performing	O
vocals	O
through	O
an	O
EMI	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
album	O
's	O
liner	O
notes	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Raven	O
"	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
rock	O
song	O
to	O
feature	O
a	O
digital	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pink	O
Floyd	O
also	O
used	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
on	O
three	O
of	O
their	O
albums	O
,	O
first	O
on	O
their	O
1977	O
Animals	O
for	O
the	O
songs	O
"	O
Sheep	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Pigs	O
(	O
Three	O
Different	O
Ones	O
)	O
"	O
,	O
then	O
on	O
A	O
Momentary	O
Lapse	O
of	O
Reason	O
on	O
"	O
A	O
New	O
Machine	O
Part	O
1	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
A	O
New	O
Machine	O
Part	O
2	O
"	O
(	O
1987	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
on	O
1994	O
's	O
The	O
Division	O
Bell	O
,	O
on	O
"	O
Keep	O
Talking	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Electric	O
Light	O
Orchestra	O
was	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
in	O
a	O
commercial	O
context	O
,	O
with	O
their	O
1977	O
album	O
Out	O
of	O
the	O
Blue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
,	O
French	O
duo	O
Space	O
Art	O
used	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
during	O
the	O
recording	O
of	O
their	O
second	O
album	O
,	O
Trip	O
in	O
the	O
Centre	O
Head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phil	O
Collins	O
used	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
a	O
vocal	O
effect	O
for	O
his	O
1981	O
international	O
hit	O
single	O
"	O
In	O
the	O
Air	O
Tonight	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vocoders	B-Application
have	O
appeared	O
on	O
pop	O
recordings	O
from	O
time	O
to	O
time	O
,	O
most	O
often	O
simply	O
as	O
a	O
special	O
effect	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
featured	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
experimental	O
electronic	O
artists	O
of	O
the	O
new-age	O
music	O
genre	O
often	O
utilize	O
vocoder	B-Application
in	O
a	O
more	O
comprehensive	O
manner	O
in	O
specific	O
works	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Jean-Michel	O
Jarre	O
(	O
on	O
Zoolook	O
,	O
1984	O
)	O
and	O
Mike	O
Oldfield	O
(	O
on	O
QE2	O
,	O
1980	O
and	O
Five	O
Miles	O
Out	O
,	O
1982	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vocoder	B-Application
module	O
and	O
use	O
by	O
M	O
.	O
Oldfield	O
can	O
be	O
clearly	O
seen	O
on	O
his	O
Live	O
At	O
Montreux	O
1981	O
DVD	O
(	O
Track	O
"	O
Sheba	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
some	O
artists	O
who	O
have	O
made	O
vocoders	B-Application
an	O
essential	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
music	O
,	O
overall	O
or	O
during	O
an	O
extended	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
Neil	O
Young	O
used	O
a	O
Sennheiser	O
Vocoder	B-Application
VSM201	O
on	O
six	O
of	O
the	O
nine	O
tracks	O
on	O
Trans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
features	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
(	O
"	O
Pretty	O
young	O
thing/You	O
make	O
me	O
sing	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
courtesy	O
of	O
session	O
musician	O
Michael	O
Boddicker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coldplay	O
have	O
used	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
in	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
songs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
"	O
Major	O
Minus	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Hurts	O
Like	O
Heaven	O
"	O
,	O
both	O
from	O
the	O
album	O
Mylo	O
Xyloto	O
(	O
2011	O
)	O
,	O
Chris	O
Martin	O
's	O
vocals	O
are	O
mostly	O
vocoder-processed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Midnight	O
"	O
,	O
from	O
Ghost	O
Stories	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
features	O
Martin	O
singing	O
through	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hidden	O
track	O
"	O
X	O
Marks	O
the	O
Spot	O
"	O
from	O
A	O
Head	O
Full	O
of	O
Dreams	O
was	O
also	O
recorded	O
through	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noisecore	O
band	O
Atari	O
Teenage	O
Riot	O
have	O
used	O
vocoders	B-Application
in	O
variety	O
of	O
their	O
songs	O
and	O
live	O
performances	O
such	O
as	O
Live	O
at	O
the	O
Brixton	O
Academy	O
(	O
2002	O
)	O
alongside	O
other	O
digital	O
audio	O
technology	O
both	O
old	O
and	O
new	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Red	O
Hot	O
Chili	O
Peppers	O
song	O
"	O
By	O
the	O
Way	O
"	O
uses	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
effect	O
on	O
Anthony	O
Kiedis	O
 '	O
vocals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
most	O
consistent	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
vocoder	B-Application
in	O
emulating	O
the	O
human	O
voice	O
are	O
Daft	O
Punk	O
,	O
who	O
have	O
used	O
this	O
instrument	O
from	O
their	O
first	O
album	O
Homework	O
(	O
1997	O
)	O
to	O
their	O
latest	O
work	O
Random	B-Architecture
Access	I-Architecture
Memories	I-Architecture
(	O
2013	O
)	O
and	O
consider	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
technological	O
and	O
human	O
voice	O
"	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
their	O
musical	O
project	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
lyrics	O
of	O
"	O
Around	O
the	O
World	O
"	O
(	O
1997	O
)	O
are	O
integrally	O
vocoder-processed	O
,	O
"	O
Get	O
Lucky	O
"	O
(	O
2013	O
)	O
features	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
natural	O
and	O
processed	O
human	O
voices	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
Instant	O
Crush	O
"	O
(	O
2013	O
)	O
features	O
Julian	O
Casablancas	O
singing	O
into	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Producer	O
Zedd	O
,	O
American	O
country	O
singer	O
Maren	O
Morris	O
and	O
American	O
musical	O
duo	O
Grey	O
made	O
a	O
song	O
titled	O
"	O
The	O
Middle	O
"	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
vocoder	B-Application
and	O
reached	O
the	O
top	O
ten	O
of	O
the	O
charts	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
vocoders	B-Application
,	O
several	O
other	O
methods	O
of	O
producing	O
variations	O
on	O
this	O
effect	O
include	O
:	O
the	O
Sonovox	O
,	O
Talk	O
box	O
,	O
and	O
Auto-Tune	O
,	O
linear	O
prediction	O
vocoders	B-Application
,	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
,	O
ring	O
modulation	O
and	O
comb	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vocoders	B-Application
are	O
used	O
in	O
television	O
production	O
,	O
filmmaking	O
and	O
games	O
,	O
usually	O
for	O
robots	O
or	O
talking	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
robot	O
voices	O
of	O
the	O
Cylons	O
in	O
Battlestar	O
Galactica	O
were	O
created	O
with	O
an	O
EMS	O
Vocoder	B-Application
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1980	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Doctor	O
Who	O
theme	O
,	O
as	O
arranged	O
and	O
recorded	O
by	O
Peter	O
Howell	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
melody	O
generated	O
by	O
a	O
Roland	O
SVC-350	O
vocoder	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
Roland	O
VP-330	O
vocoder	B-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
voice	O
of	O
Soundwave	O
,	O
a	O
character	O
from	O
the	O
Transformers	B-Application
series	O
.	O
</s>
