<s>
Visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
generic	O
term	O
for	O
all	O
computer	O
science	O
disciplines	O
dealing	O
with	O
images	O
and	O
3D	O
models	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
visualization	B-Application
,	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
virtual	O
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
video	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
also	O
includes	O
aspects	O
of	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
,	O
human	O
computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
digital	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
areas	O
include	O
industrial	O
quality	O
control	O
,	O
medical	B-Application
image	I-Application
processing	I-Application
and	O
visualization	B-Application
,	O
surveying	O
,	O
robotics	O
,	O
multimedia	O
systems	O
,	O
virtual	O
heritage	O
,	O
special	O
effects	O
in	O
movies	O
and	O
television	O
,	O
and	O
computer	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
fairly	O
new	O
term	O
,	O
which	O
got	O
its	O
current	O
meaning	O
around	O
2005	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
International	O
Symposium	O
on	O
Visual	B-Algorithm
Computing	I-Algorithm
first	O
convened	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
computer	O
scientists	O
working	O
in	O
computer	O
science	O
disciplines	O
that	O
involve	O
images	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
noticed	O
that	O
their	O
methods	O
and	O
applications	O
increasingly	O
overlapped	O
,	O
they	O
began	O
using	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
"	O
to	O
describe	O
these	O
fields	O
collectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
generate	O
very	O
detailed	O
models	O
of	O
complex	O
objects	O
you	O
need	O
image	O
recognition	O
,	O
3D	O
sensors	O
and	O
reconstruction	B-Algorithm
algorithms	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
to	O
display	O
these	O
models	O
believably	O
you	O
need	O
realistic	O
rendering	O
techniques	O
with	O
complex	O
lighting	O
simulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	B-General_Concept
graphics	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
usable	O
virtual	O
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
good	O
segmentation	O
of	O
the	O
organs	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
interactive	O
manipulation	O
of	O
3D	B-Application
visualizations	I-Application
of	O
medical	O
scans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
many	O
problems	O
are	O
considered	O
solved	O
within	O
the	O
scientific	O
communities	O
of	O
the	O
sub-disciplines	O
making	O
up	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
(	O
mostly	O
under	O
idealistic	O
assumptions	O
)	O
,	O
one	O
major	O
challenge	O
of	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
whole	O
is	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
these	O
partial	O
solutions	O
into	O
applicable	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
respect	O
,	O
Visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
is	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
the	O
sum	O
of	O
its	O
sub-disciplines	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
next	O
step	O
towards	O
systems	O
fit	O
for	O
real	O
use	O
in	O
all	O
areas	O
using	O
images	O
or	O
3D	O
objects	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
least	O
the	O
following	O
disciplines	O
are	O
sub-fields	O
of	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Techniques	O
that	O
can	O
extract	O
content	O
information	O
from	O
images	O
are	O
called	O
image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
is	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
computers	O
(	O
or	O
of	O
robots	O
)	O
to	O
recognize	O
their	O
environment	O
and	O
to	O
interpret	O
it	O
correctly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visualization	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
images	O
that	O
shall	O
communicate	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
describes	O
the	O
discipline	O
of	O
interactive	O
visual	O
analysis	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
also	O
described	O
as	O
“	O
the	O
science	O
of	O
analytical	O
reasoning	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
interactive	O
visual	O
interface	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
represent	O
objects	O
for	O
rendering	O
it	O
needs	O
special	O
methods	O
and	O
data	O
structures	O
,	O
which	O
subsumed	O
with	O
the	O
term	O
geometric	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Algorithms	O
for	O
the	O
efficient	O
control	O
of	O
3D	O
printers	O
also	O
belong	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
manipulates	O
images	O
to	O
produce	O
better	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
discriminated	O
from	O
image	B-Application
editing	I-Application
which	O
describes	O
interactive	O
manipulation	O
(	O
or	O
automated	O
through	O
computer	O
algorithms	O
)	O
of	O
images	O
based	O
on	O
human	O
validation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Techniques	O
that	O
produce	O
the	O
feeling	O
of	O
immersion	O
into	O
a	O
fictive	O
world	O
are	O
called	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Requirements	O
for	O
VR	O
include	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
,	O
real-time	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
high-quality	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
rendering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
real	O
environment	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
virtual	O
objects	O
,	O
which	O
augment	O
this	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accuracy	O
requirements	O
on	O
rendering	O
speed	O
and	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
precision	O
are	O
significantly	O
higher	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
visual	O
channel	O
(	O
eye	O
)	O
,	O
images	O
are	O
also	O
a	O
preferred	O
part	O
of	O
ergonomic	O
user	O
interfaces	O
in	O
any	O
system	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
