<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
is	O
an	O
outgrowth	O
of	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
and	O
scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
that	O
focuses	O
on	O
analytical	O
reasoning	O
facilitated	O
by	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
visual	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
is	O
"	O
the	O
science	O
of	O
analytical	O
reasoning	O
facilitated	O
by	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
visual	O
interfaces.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
advances	O
science	O
and	O
technology	O
developments	O
in	O
analytical	O
reasoning	O
,	O
interaction	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
transformations	I-General_Concept
and	O
representations	O
for	O
computation	O
and	O
visualization	O
,	O
analytic	O
reporting	O
,	O
and	O
technology	O
transition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
research	O
agenda	O
,	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
brings	O
together	O
several	O
scientific	O
and	O
technical	O
communities	O
from	O
computer	O
science	O
,	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
cognitive	O
and	O
perceptual	O
sciences	O
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
design	O
,	O
graphic	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
social	O
sciences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
integrates	O
new	O
computational	O
and	O
theory-based	O
tools	O
with	O
innovative	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
techniques	O
and	O
visual	O
representations	O
to	O
enable	O
human-information	O
discourse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
science	O
of	O
analytical	O
reasoning	O
provides	O
the	O
reasoning	O
framework	O
upon	O
which	O
one	O
can	O
build	O
both	O
strategic	O
and	O
tactical	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
technologies	O
for	O
threat	O
analysis	O
,	O
prevention	O
,	O
and	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
has	O
some	O
overlapping	O
goals	O
and	O
techniques	O
with	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
and	O
scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
deals	O
with	O
data	O
that	O
has	O
a	O
natural	O
geometric	O
structure	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
MRI	O
data	O
,	O
wind	O
flows	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
handles	O
abstract	O
data	O
structures	O
such	O
as	O
trees	O
or	O
graphs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
is	O
especially	O
concerned	O
with	O
coupling	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
visual	O
representations	O
with	O
underlying	O
analytical	O
processes	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
statistical	O
procedures	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
techniques	O
)	O
such	O
that	O
high-level	O
,	O
complex	O
activities	O
can	O
be	O
effectively	O
performed	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
sense	O
making	O
,	O
reasoning	O
,	O
decision	O
making	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
seeks	O
to	O
marry	O
techniques	O
from	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
with	O
techniques	O
from	O
computational	O
transformation	B-General_Concept
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
forms	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
direct	O
interface	O
between	O
user	O
and	O
machine	O
,	O
amplifying	O
human	O
cognitive	O
capabilities	O
in	O
six	O
basic	O
ways	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
capabilities	O
of	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
combined	O
with	O
computational	O
data	O
analysis	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
analytic	O
reasoning	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
sense-making	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
is	O
a	O
multidisciplinary	O
field	O
that	O
includes	O
the	O
following	O
focus	O
areas	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	O
representations	O
and	O
interaction	B-Application
techniques	I-Application
that	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
eye	O
’s	O
broad	O
bandwidth	O
pathway	O
into	O
the	O
mind	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
see	O
,	O
explore	O
,	O
and	O
understand	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
information	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
must	O
facilitate	O
high-quality	O
human	O
judgment	O
with	O
a	O
limited	O
investment	O
of	O
the	O
analysts’	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
tools	O
must	O
enable	O
diverse	O
analytical	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
must	O
enable	O
hypothesis-based	O
and	O
scenario-based	O
analytical	O
techniques	O
,	O
providing	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
analyst	O
to	O
reason	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
available	O
evidence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
representations	I-Application
are	O
structured	O
forms	O
suitable	O
for	O
computer-based	O
transformations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structures	O
of	O
underlying	O
data	B-Application
representations	I-Application
are	O
generally	O
neither	O
accessible	O
nor	O
intuitive	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
the	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
structures	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-Application
representations	I-Application
may	O
contain	O
hundreds	O
or	O
thousands	O
of	O
dimensions	O
and	O
be	O
unintelligible	O
to	O
a	O
person	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
must	O
be	O
transformable	O
into	O
lower-dimensional	O
representations	O
for	O
visualization	O
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
input	O
for	O
the	O
data	O
sets	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
process	O
are	O
heterogeneous	O
data	O
sources	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
newspapers	O
,	O
books	O
,	O
scientific	O
experiments	O
,	O
expert	B-Application
systems	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
these	O
rich	O
sources	O
,	O
the	O
data	O
sets	O
S	O
=	O
S1	O
,	O
...	O
,	O
Sm	O
are	O
chosen	O
,	O
whereas	O
each	O
Si	O
,	O
i	O
∈	O
(	O
1	O
,	O
...	O
,	O
m	O
)	O
consists	O
of	O
attributes	B-General_Concept
Ai1	O
,	O
...	O
,	O
Aik	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
formalization	O
of	O
the	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
process	O
is	O
illustrated	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
figure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
formally	O
the	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
process	O
is	O
a	O
transformation	B-General_Concept
F	O
:	O
S	O
→	O
I	O
,	O
whereas	O
F	O
is	O
a	O
concatenation	O
of	O
functions	O
f	O
∈	O
{	O
DW	O
,	O
VX	O
,	O
HY	O
,	O
UZ}	O
defined	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
DW	O
describes	O
the	O
basic	O
data	O
pre-processing	B-Application
functionality	O
with	O
DW	O
:	O
S	O
→	O
S	O
and	O
W	O
∈	O
{	O
T	O
,	O
C	O
,	O
SL	O
,	O
I}	O
including	O
data	B-General_Concept
transformation	I-General_Concept
functions	O
DT	O
,	O
data	O
cleaning	O
functions	O
DC	O
,	O
data	O
selection	O
functions	O
DSL	O
and	O
data	O
integration	O
functions	O
DI	O
that	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
make	O
analysis	O
functions	O
applicable	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
user	O
interactions	O
UZ	O
,	O
Z	O
∈	O
{	O
V	O
,	O
H	O
,	O
CV	O
,	O
CH}	O
are	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
typical	O
data	O
pre-processing	B-Application
applying	O
data	O
cleaning	O
,	O
data	O
integration	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
transformation	I-General_Concept
functions	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
DP	O
=	O
DT( DI( DC( S1	O
,	O
...	O
,	O
Sn	O
)	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
pre-processing	B-Application
step	O
either	O
automated	O
analysis	O
methods	O
HS	O
=	O
{	O
fs1	O
,	O
...	O
,	O
fsq}	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
