<s>
Visual	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
applications	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
cloud	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
,	O
cloud	O
scale	O
processing	O
and	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
ubiquitous	O
broadband	O
connectivity	O
between	O
connected	B-Device
devices	I-Device
,	O
network	O
edge	B-Device
devices	I-Device
and	O
cloud	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
providing	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
services	O
to	O
consumers	O
and	O
business	O
users	O
,	O
while	O
allowing	O
service	O
providers	O
to	O
realize	O
the	O
general	O
benefits	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
such	O
as	O
low	O
cost	O
,	O
elastic	O
scalability	O
,	O
and	O
high	O
availability	O
while	O
providing	O
optimized	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
application	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
was	O
enabled	O
by	O
a	O
convergence	O
of	O
powerful	O
,	O
low-cost	O
computer	O
hardware	O
,	O
high-capacity	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
advances	O
in	O
hardware	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
satisfy	O
high	O
consumer	O
demand	O
for	O
visually-based	O
entertainment	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
and	O
gaming	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
online	O
social	O
interaction	O
,	O
service	O
providers	O
began	O
to	O
deploy	O
visually	O
oriented	O
applications	O
in	O
centralized	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
use	O
distributed	O
content	B-Operating_System
delivery	I-Operating_System
networks	I-Operating_System
to	O
make	O
that	O
content	O
accessible	O
to	O
their	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
generation	O
of	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
were	O
mostly	O
oriented	O
around	O
streaming	O
media	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mid-2000s	O
saw	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
professional	O
and	O
user	O
generated	O
video-on-demand	B-Application
services	O
like	O
Netflix	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
multiplayer	B-Application
online	I-Application
games	I-Application
(	O
MOGs	O
)	O
like	O
Call	B-Application
of	I-Application
Duty	I-Application
and	O
massively	B-Application
multiplayer	I-Application
online	I-Application
games	I-Application
(	O
MMOGs	B-Application
)	O
like	O
World	B-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
Warcraft	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
common	O
usage	O
of	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
that	O
emerged	O
during	O
this	O
timeframe	O
is	O
desktop	B-Protocol
virtualization	I-Protocol
based	O
on	O
remote	O
desktop	O
instances	O
that	O
are	O
hosted	O
using	O
cloud	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
technology	O
has	O
become	O
more	O
capable	O
,	O
more	O
demanding	O
usages	O
have	O
begun	O
to	O
emerge	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
for	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
3D	O
scene	O
understanding	O
and	O
interactivity	O
,	O
and	O
immersive	O
live	O
experiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
applications	O
can	O
be	O
roughly	O
divided	O
into	O
four	O
primary	O
domains	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Processing	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
that	O
content	O
may	O
increasingly	O
be	O
addressed	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
the	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadcasting	B-Operating_System
of	O
linear	O
,	O
live	O
,	O
and	O
on-demand	O
content	O
by	O
traditional	O
communications	O
service	O
providers	O
such	O
as	O
Comcast	O
and	O
DirecTV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
trends	O
in	O
this	O
model	O
include	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
DVRs	B-Application
and	O
virtual	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
that	O
enable	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
content	O
to	O
be	O
watched	O
on	O
other	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
Top	O
:	O
Video	B-Application
on	I-Application
Demand	I-Application
(	O
VOD	O
)	O
of	O
professional	O
content	O
from	O
cloud	O
media	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Amazon	B-Application
Video	I-Application
and	O
Netflix	O
and	O
user-generated	O
content	O
hosted	O
on	O
platforms	O
like	O
Netflix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compute-intensive	O
visual	O
workloads	O
in	O
the	O
media	O
content	O
creation	O
and	O
delivery	O
segment	O
include	O
media	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
compression	O
and	O
transcoding	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
enhancement	O
,	O
restoration	O
,	O
and	O
compositing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	O
3D	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
virtual	B-Protocol
desktop	I-Protocol
infrastructure	I-Protocol
)	O
and	O
batch	O
rendering	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Renderman	B-Application
)	O
operations	O
may	O
be	O
performed	O
at	O
scale	O
in	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
usages	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
remote	O
from	O
the	O
site	O
of	O
the	O
rendering	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	O
desktops	O
allow	O
end-user	O
virtualized	B-General_Concept
computing	O
environments	O
to	O
be	O
centrally	O
hosted	O
,	O
stored	O
and	O
managed	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
,	O
for	O
content	O
access	O
with	O
consistent	O
user	O
experiences	O
on	O
multiple	O
types	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
tablets	O
and	O
phablets	B-Application
with	O
limited	O
footprints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
remote	O
desktop	O
applications	O
include	O
Citrix	B-Application
,	O
VMware	O
,	O
and	O
Xen	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Render	B-Operating_System
farms	I-Operating_System
operated	O
by	O
Pixar	O
and	O
LucasFilm	O
are	O
established	O
examples	O
of	O
this	O
usage	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Application
game	I-Application
streaming	I-Application
stores	O
,	O
executes	O
,	O
and	O
renders	O
the	O
game	O
itself	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
,	O
transmitting	O
an	O
encoded	O
video	B-Application
stream	I-Application
to	O
user	O
PCs	O
,	O
consoles	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
devices	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
game	O
video	O
is	O
displayed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
pioneers	O
in	O
this	O
space	O
included	O
OnLive	B-Application
and	O
Gaikai	O
(	O
both	O
acquired	O
by	O
Sony	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
providers	O
such	O
as	O
Sony	B-General_Concept
and	O
NVIDIA	O
and	O
smaller	O
companies	O
like	O
GameFly	O
,	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
developing	O
cloud	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
products	O
and	O
services	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compute-intensive	O
visual	O
workloads	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
graphics	O
segment	O
include	O
computer	O
graphics	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
ray	B-Algorithm
and	O
raster	B-Algorithm
rendering	O
,	O
3D	O
design	O
,	O
3D	O
modeling	O
,	O
and	O
visual	B-General_Concept
simulation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphics	O
workload	O
is	O
manipulated	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
,	O
with	O
final	O
rendering	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
this	O
kind	O
of	O
workload	O
include	O
Petrel	B-Application
(	O
a	O
software	O
platform	O
used	O
in	O
petroleum	O
exploration	O
and	O
production	O
)	O
and	O
Autodesk	B-Language
3ds	I-Language
Max	I-Language
(	O
a	O
computer	O
graphics	O
application	O
for	O
making	O
3D	O
animations	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
infrastructure	O
to	O
support	O
remote	O
desktops	O
would	O
likely	O
be	O
configured	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
supporting	O
the	O
greatest	O
practical	O
number	O
of	O
desktop	O
instances	O
per	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Application
game	I-Application
streaming	I-Application
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
requires	O
far	O
greater	O
attention	O
to	O
meeting	O
peak	O
graphics	O
performance	O
,	O
likely	O
requiring	O
lower	O
density	O
per	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computations	O
based	O
on	O
media	O
in	O
the	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
manipulate	O
or	O
provide	O
deeper	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
media	O
content	O
itself	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
provide	O
insights	O
based	O
on	O
how	O
users	O
interact	O
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Media	O
analytics	O
treats	O
visual	O
information	O
as	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
to	O
be	O
processed	O
and	O
fed	O
into	O
analytics	O
engines	O
for	O
interpretation	O
of	O
images	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
or	O
video	O
to	O
implement	O
usages	O
such	O
as	O
web	B-General_Concept
visual	I-General_Concept
search	I-General_Concept
,	O
autonomous	O
transportation	O
,	O
surveillance	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
,	O
and	O
robotics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	B-Algorithm
computing	I-Algorithm
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
media	O
analytics	O
segment	O
include	O
three	O
subdomains	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Media	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
required	O
to	O
prepare	O
visual	O
content	O
for	O
analysis	O
include	O
transcoding	B-Algorithm
,	O
decoding	O
,	O
enhancement	O
,	O
restoration	O
,	O
edge	O
detection	O
,	O
and	O
segmentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Media	O
analytics	O
often	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
“	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
”	O
frameworks	O
,	O
which	O
involve	O
training	O
an	O
algorithm	O
using	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
source	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Making	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
capabilities	O
in	O
the	O
three	O
usage	O
areas	O
described	O
above	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
media	O
content	O
creation	O
and	O
delivery	O
,	O
cloud	O
graphics	O
,	O
and	O
media	O
analytics	O
)	O
,	O
visual	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
manipulated	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
contents	O
to	O
support	O
emerging	O
usages	O
such	O
as	O
live	O
panoramic	O
video	O
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
or	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
visible	O
usages	O
of	O
these	O
technologies	O
include	O
Google	B-Application
Street	I-Application
View	I-Application
and	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
commercially	O
available	O
examples	O
of	O
immersive	O
media	O
include	O
live	O
streaming	O
,	O
virtual	O
replay	O
technology	O
,	O
,	O
and	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
and	O
Microsoft	B-General_Concept
Hololens	I-General_Concept
VR	O
goggles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
all	O
visual	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
applications	O
,	O
workloads	O
will	O
be	O
distributed	O
between	O
end	O
devices	O
and	O
the	O
cloud	O
.	O
</s>
