<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	I-Application
telerehabilitation	I-Application
is	O
a	O
method	O
used	O
first	O
in	O
the	O
training	O
of	O
musculoskeletal	O
patients	O
using	O
asynchronous	O
patient	O
data	O
uploading	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
internet	O
video	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
therapists	O
using	O
virtual	O
reality-based	O
telerehabilitation	B-Application
prescribe	O
exercise	O
routines	O
via	O
the	O
web	O
which	O
are	O
then	O
accessed	O
and	O
executed	O
by	O
patients	O
through	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
technology	O
that	O
allows	O
development	O
three-dimensional	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
both	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
popular	O
,	O
technical	O
,	O
and	O
scientific	O
interest	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
is	O
inspired	O
,	O
in	O
large	O
part	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
advent	O
and	O
availability	O
of	O
increasingly	O
powerful	O
and	O
affordable	O
visually	O
oriented	O
,	O
interactive	O
,	O
graphical	O
display	O
systems	O
and	O
techniques	O
lacking	O
only	O
sense	O
and	O
sensibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
traditional	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
world	O
is	O
typically	O
constructed	O
using	O
simplistic	O
,	O
artificially	O
created	O
computer-aided	B-Application
design	I-Application
(	O
CAD	B-Application
)	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
a	O
practical	O
,	O
affordable	O
technology	O
for	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
clinical	O
medicine	O
,	O
and	O
modern	O
,	O
high-fidelity	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
have	O
practical	O
applications	O
in	O
areas	O
ranging	O
from	O
psychiatry	O
to	O
surgical	O
planning	O
and	O
telemedicine	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Korean	O
researchers	O
developed	O
and	O
assessed	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
rehabilitation	O
training	O
system	O
to	O
improve	O
postural	O
balance	O
control	O
by	O
combining	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technology	O
with	O
an	O
unfixed	O
bicycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
were	O
applied	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
training	O
of	O
inexperienced	O
powered	O
wheelchair	O
users	O
and	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
the	O
two	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
represent	O
a	O
potentially	O
useful	O
means	O
of	O
assessing	O
and	O
training	O
novice	O
powered	O
wheelchair	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
recently	O
completed	O
project	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Strathclyde	O
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
wheelchair	O
motion	O
platform	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
facility	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
address	O
issues	O
of	O
accessibility	O
in	O
the	O
built	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cases	O
have	O
applied	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technology	O
to	O
telemedicine	B-Application
and	O
telerehabilitation	B-Application
service	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
telemedicine	B-Application
focuses	O
principally	O
on	O
transmitting	O
medical	O
information	O
,	O
VR	O
has	O
potential	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
State	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
of	O
VR-based	O
telemedicine	B-Application
applications	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
remote	O
or	O
augmented	O
surgery	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
surgical	O
training	O
,	O
both	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
critically	O
dependent	O
on	O
eye	O
–	O
hand	O
coordination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
different	O
researchers	O
have	O
tried	O
to	O
use	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
in	O
medical	O
visualization	O
and	O
for	O
assessment	O
and	O
rehabilitation	O
in	O
neuropsychology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
investigated	O
face	O
gaze	O
behavior	O
in	O
autism	O
and	O
right	O
hemisphere	O
stroke	O
,	O
using	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
gaze	O
sensing	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
at-home	O
stroke	O
telerehabilitation	B-Application
service	O
was	O
developed	O
using	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
haptics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
from	O
Rutgers	O
University	O
and	O
Stanford	O
University	O
developed	O
a	O
virtual	O
reality-based	O
orthopedic	O
telerehabilitation	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
rehabilitation	O
of	O
patients	O
with	O
vestibular	O
system	O
disorders	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
remote	O
medical	O
consultation	O
for	O
those	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
