<s>
Virtual	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	I-General_Concept
are	O
applications	O
that	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
immersive	O
sensory	O
experience	O
that	O
digitally	O
simulates	O
a	O
virtual	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
domains	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
education	O
,	O
architectural	O
and	O
urban	O
design	O
,	O
digital	O
marketing	O
and	O
activism	O
,	O
engineering	O
and	O
robotics	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
virtual	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
,	O
fine	O
arts	O
,	O
healthcare	O
and	O
clinical	O
therapies	O
,	O
heritage	O
and	O
archaeology	O
,	O
occupational	O
safety	O
,	O
social	O
science	O
and	O
psychology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
recorded	O
uses	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	O
architecture	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
when	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
North	O
Carolina	O
virtually	O
modelled	O
Sitterman	O
Hall	O
,	O
home	O
of	O
its	O
computer	O
science	O
department	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designers	O
wore	O
a	O
headset	O
and	O
used	O
a	O
hand	O
controller	O
to	O
simulate	O
moving	O
around	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
space	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
an	O
Autodesk	B-Application
Revit	I-Application
model	O
they	O
could	O
"	O
walk	O
through	O
"	O
a	O
schematic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
automotive	O
firms	O
like	O
Porsche	O
and	O
BMW	O
to	O
optimize	O
their	O
production	O
chain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technology	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
replicate	O
believable	O
restorative	O
nature	O
experiences	O
,	O
either	O
using	O
360	B-General_Concept
degree	I-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
footage	O
or	O
environments	O
created	O
from	O
3D	O
real-time	O
rendering	O
often	O
developed	O
using	O
game	O
engines	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
or	O
Unity	B-Application
)	O
This	O
is	O
useful	O
for	O
users	O
who	O
are	O
deprived	O
from	O
accessing	O
certain	O
areas	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Restorative	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
are	O
able	O
replicate	O
and	O
mediate	O
real	O
world	O
experiences	O
using	O
video	O
footage	O
,	O
replicate	O
these	O
using	O
3D	O
rendering	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
based	O
loosely	O
on	O
real	O
world	O
environment	O
using	O
real-time	O
3D	O
rendering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
exposure	O
therapy	O
(	O
VRET	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
exposure	O
therapy	O
for	O
treating	O
anxiety	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
post	O
traumatic	O
stress	O
disorder	O
(	O
PTSD	O
)	O
and	O
phobias	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
also	O
tested	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
behavioral	O
activation	O
therapy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
are	O
trying	O
to	O
overcome	O
these	O
challenges	O
by	O
providing	O
BA	O
via	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
reminiscence	O
therapy	O
allows	O
for	O
creating	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
patient	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
remember	O
old	O
memories	O
more	O
easily	O
which	O
may	O
improve	O
overall	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
collaborative	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
surgery	O
was	O
successfully	O
performed	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
in	O
Brazil	O
by	O
paediatric	O
surgeron	O
Noor	O
ul	O
Owase	O
Jeelani	O
,	O
of	O
Great	O
Ormond	O
Street	O
Hospital	O
in	O
London	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
surgery	O
,	O
a	O
separation	O
of	O
conjoined	O
twins	O
,	O
was	O
conducted	O
collaboratively	O
in	O
a	O
'	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
room	O
 '	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Jeelani	O
and	O
Dr.	O
Gabriel	O
Mufarrej	O
,	O
head	O
of	O
paediatric	O
surgery	O
at	O
Instituto	O
Estadual	O
do	O
Cerebro	O
Paulo	O
Niemeyer	O
in	O
Brazil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
presents	O
an	O
opportunity	O
and	O
an	O
alternative	O
channel	O
for	O
digital	O
marketing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	O
Data	O
Corporation	O
expected	O
spending	O
to	O
increase	O
for	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
forecasting	O
a	O
compound	O
annual	O
growth	O
rate	O
of	O
198%	O
in	O
2015	O
–	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
increasing	O
number	O
of	O
companies	O
rely	O
on	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
when	O
it	O
comes	O
to	O
onboarding	O
of	O
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
training	O
,	O
one	O
may	O
simulate	O
the	O
exposure	O
to	O
a	O
real	O
working	O
environment	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
associated	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
are	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
VR	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ventriculostomy	O
catheters	O
insertion	O
,	O
endoscopic	B-Application
and	O
endovascular	O
simulations	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
neurosurgical	O
residency	O
training	O
centers	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
Thomas	O
A	O
.	O
Furness	O
III	O
presented	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Air	O
Force	O
with	O
a	O
working	O
model	O
of	O
his	O
virtual	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Visually	O
Coupled	O
Airborne	O
Systems	O
Simulator	O
(	O
VCASS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
High	O
school	O
classroom	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
help	O
students	O
learn	O
and	O
be	O
immersed	O
in	O
their	O
subject	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
teach	O
students	O
interactive	O
history	O
lessons	O
and	O
STEM	O
subjects	O
such	O
as	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
laboratories	O
have	O
been	O
set	O
in	O
up	O
in	O
schools	O
to	O
provide	O
students	O
with	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
experiences	O
focused	O
on	O
specific	O
curriculum	O
outcomes	O
and	O
subject	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
mediums	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Device
Cardboard	I-Device
,	O
foreign	O
languages	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
taught	O
in	O
the	O
classroom	O
by	O
teachers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
few	O
examples	O
,	O
showcase	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
applications	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
virtual	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	O
the	O
secondary	O
classroom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
also	O
being	O
applied	O
at	O
the	O
collegiate	O
level	O
to	O
help	O
enhance	O
student	O
education	O
in	O
core	O
subjects	O
such	O
as	O
science	O
,	O
geography	O
,	O
and	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-to-late	O
1990s	O
3D	O
computer-aided	B-Application
design	I-Application
(	O
CAD	B-Application
)	O
data	O
took	O
over	O
when	O
video	O
projectors	O
,	O
3D	O
tracking	O
and	O
computer	O
technology	O
enabled	O
its	O
use	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
and	O
multi-surface	O
projection	O
units	O
appeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
automotive	O
,	O
aerospace	O
,	O
and	O
ground	O
transportation	O
original	O
equipment	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
aids	O
prototyping	O
,	O
assembly	O
,	O
service	O
and	O
performance	O
use-cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
can	O
control	O
robots	O
in	O
telepresence	B-Application
,	O
teleoperation	O
and	O
telerobotic	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
experiments	O
that	O
investigate	O
how	O
robots	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
as	O
an	O
intuitive	O
human	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
commercial	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
were	O
released	O
for	O
gaming	O
during	O
the	O
early-mid	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
the	O
Virtual	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
,	O
,	O
Cybermaxx	O
and	O
VFX1	B-Device
Headgear	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
commercial	O
headsets	O
for	O
VR	O
gaming	O
include	O
the	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
,	O
HTC	O
Vive	O
and	O
PlayStation	B-Device
VR	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Samsung	B-Device
Gear	I-Device
VR	I-Device
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
phone-based	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
modern	O
examples	O
of	O
VR	O
for	O
gaming	O
include	O
the	O
Wii	B-Device
Remote	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Kinect	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
PlayStation	O
Move/PlayStation	O
Eye	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
track	O
and	O
send	O
player	O
motions	O
to	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
devices	O
complement	O
VR	O
with	O
controllers	O
or	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Films	O
produced	O
for	O
VR	O
permit	O
the	O
audience	O
to	O
view	B-General_Concept
scenes	I-General_Concept
in	I-General_Concept
360	I-General_Concept
degrees	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
telecasts	O
(	O
which	O
used	O
roughly	O
180	O
degrees	O
of	O
rotation	O
,	O
not	O
the	O
360	O
required	O
for	O
full	O
VR	O
)	O
were	O
made	O
available	O
through	O
paid	O
smartphone	O
apps	O
and	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
music	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
music	O
videos	O
and	O
music	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
or	O
visual	O
music	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
roller	O
coasters	O
and	O
theme	O
parks	O
began	O
to	O
incorporate	O
VR	O
to	O
match	O
visual	O
effects	O
with	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
examples	O
include	O
VRChat	B-Protocol
,	O
Rec	B-Application
Room	I-Application
,	O
and	O
AltspaceVR	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
social	O
virtual	O
worlds	O
that	O
were	O
originally	O
developed	O
without	O
support	O
for	O
VR	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
Roblox	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Canadian	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
film	O
festival	O
was	O
the	O
FIVARS	O
Festival	O
of	O
International	O
Virtual	O
&	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
Stories	O
,	O
founded	O
in	O
2015	O
by	O
Keram	O
Malicki-Sánchez	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
museums	O
have	O
begun	O
making	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
content	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
accessible	O
including	O
the	O
British	O
Museum	O
and	O
the	O
Guggenheim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Great	O
Paintings	O
VR	O
is	O
a	O
fully	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
museum	O
on	O
Steam	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
enables	O
heritage	O
sites	O
to	O
be	O
recreated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perspective	O
,	O
angle	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
and	O
acoustic	O
and	O
haptic	B-Device
properties	O
change	O
according	O
to	O
where	O
the	O
operator	O
is	O
standing	O
and	O
how	O
he	O
or	O
she	O
moves	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
offers	O
social	O
scientists	O
and	O
psychologists	O
a	O
cost-effective	O
tool	O
to	O
study	O
and	O
replicate	O
interactions	O
in	O
a	O
controlled	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
have	O
used	O
immersion	B-Application
to	O
investigate	O
how	O
digital	O
stimuli	O
can	O
alter	O
human	O
perception	O
,	O
emotion	O
and	O
physiological	O
states	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
can	O
change	O
social	B-General_Concept
interactions	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
studying	O
how	O
digital	O
interaction	O
can	O
enact	O
social	O
change	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
considered	O
how	O
the	O
form	O
we	O
take	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
can	O
affect	O
our	O
perception	O
and	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
exploring	O
perception	O
,	O
emotions	O
and	O
physiological	O
responses	O
within	O
VR	O
suggest	O
that	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
can	O
alter	O
how	O
a	O
person	O
responds	O
to	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individuals	O
who	O
embodied	O
old	O
people	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
negative	B-Language
stereotyping	I-Language
when	O
compared	O
with	O
individuals	O
embodying	O
young	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Especially	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
its	O
investigation	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
became	O
an	O
invaluable	O
tool	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
allows	O
to	O
test	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
subjects	O
in	O
an	O
environment	O
which	O
is	O
highly-immersive	O
and	O
controllable	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
newest	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
allow	O
also	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
eye-tracking	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
provides	O
precious	O
insight	O
in	O
cognitive	O
processes	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2020s	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
discussed	O
as	O
a	O
technological	O
setting	O
that	O
may	O
support	O
people	O
's	O
griefing	O
process	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
digital	O
recreations	O
of	O
deceased	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
motion	O
sickness	O
is	O
still	O
a	O
major	O
issue	O
for	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
users	O
remove	O
themselves	O
from	O
the	O
physical	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersion	B-Application
in	O
a	O
virtual	O
world	O
has	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
social	O
exclusion	O
that	O
may	O
decrease	O
positive	O
mood	O
and	O
increase	O
anger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Behavior	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
may	O
have	O
lasting	O
psychological	O
impact	O
when	O
returning	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
