<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
simulated	O
experience	O
that	O
employs	O
pose	B-Operating_System
tracking	I-Operating_System
and	O
3D	B-Algorithm
near-eye	I-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
to	O
give	O
the	O
user	O
an	O
immersive	O
feel	O
of	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
virtual	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
include	O
entertainment	O
(	O
particularly	O
video	O
games	O
)	O
,	O
education	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
medical	O
or	O
military	O
training	O
)	O
and	O
business	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
virtual	O
meetings	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
distinct	O
types	O
of	O
VR-style	O
technology	O
include	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
extended	O
reality	O
or	O
XR	O
,	O
although	O
definitions	O
are	O
currently	O
changing	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
nascence	O
of	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
standard	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
use	O
either	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
or	O
multi-projected	O
environments	O
to	O
generate	O
some	O
realistic	O
images	O
,	O
sounds	O
and	O
other	O
sensations	O
that	O
simulate	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
physical	O
presence	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
person	O
using	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
equipment	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
look	O
around	O
the	O
artificial	O
world	O
,	O
move	O
around	O
in	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
interact	O
with	O
virtual	O
features	O
or	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effect	O
is	O
commonly	O
created	O
by	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
small	O
screen	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
eyes	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
created	O
through	O
specially	O
designed	O
rooms	O
with	O
multiple	O
large	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
typically	O
incorporates	O
auditory	O
and	O
video	O
feedback	O
,	O
but	O
may	O
also	O
allow	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
sensory	O
and	O
force	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
through	O
haptic	B-Device
technology	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1938	O
,	O
French	O
avant-garde	O
playwright	O
Antonin	O
Artaud	O
described	O
the	O
illusory	O
nature	O
of	O
characters	O
and	O
objects	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
theatre	O
as	O
"	O
la	O
réalité	O
virtuelle	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
essays	O
,	O
Le	O
Théâtre	O
et	O
son	O
double	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
English	O
translation	O
of	O
this	O
book	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
1958	O
as	O
The	O
Theater	O
and	O
its	O
Double	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
earliest	O
published	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
artificial	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
coined	O
by	O
Myron	O
Krueger	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
in	O
use	O
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
"	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
science	O
fiction	O
context	O
in	O
The	O
Judas	O
Mandala	O
,	O
a	O
1982	O
novel	O
by	O
Damien	O
Broderick	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
"	O
in	O
the	O
popular	O
media	O
is	O
attributed	O
to	O
Jaron	O
Lanier	O
,	O
who	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
designed	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
business-grade	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
hardware	O
under	O
his	O
firm	O
VPL	O
Research	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
1992	O
film	O
Lawnmower	O
Man	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
use	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
method	O
by	O
which	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
can	O
be	O
realized	O
is	O
simulation-based	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
avatar	B-Application
image-based	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
people	O
can	O
join	O
the	O
virtual	O
environment	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
real	O
video	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
avatar	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
3D	O
distributed	O
virtual	O
environment	O
as	O
form	O
of	O
either	O
a	O
conventional	O
avatar	B-Application
or	O
a	O
real	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
projector-based	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
modeling	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
environment	O
plays	O
a	O
vital	O
role	O
in	O
various	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
robot	O
navigation	O
,	O
construction	O
modeling	O
,	O
and	O
airplane	O
simulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image-based	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
have	O
been	O
gaining	O
popularity	O
in	O
computer	O
graphics	O
and	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
generating	O
realistic	O
models	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
essential	O
to	O
accurately	O
register	O
acquired	O
3D	O
data	O
;	O
usually	O
,	O
a	O
camera	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
modeling	O
small	O
objects	B-Algorithm
at	O
a	O
short	O
distance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop-based	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
involves	O
displaying	O
a	O
3D	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
on	O
a	O
regular	O
desktop	B-Device
display	I-Device
without	O
use	O
of	O
any	O
specialized	O
VR	B-Operating_System
positional	I-Operating_System
tracking	I-Operating_System
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
modern	O
first-person	O
video	O
games	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
,	O
using	O
various	O
triggers	O
,	O
responsive	O
characters	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
such	O
interactive	O
devices	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
user	O
feel	O
as	O
though	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
HMD	O
)	O
more	O
fully	O
immerses	O
the	O
user	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
typically	O
includes	O
two	O
small	O
high	O
resolution	O
OLED	B-Device
or	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
which	O
provide	O
separate	O
images	O
for	O
each	O
eye	O
for	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
graphics	O
rendering	O
a	O
3D	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
,	O
a	O
binaural	B-Application
audio	I-Application
system	O
,	O
positional	O
and	O
rotational	O
real-time	O
head	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
for	O
six	O
degrees	O
of	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Options	O
include	O
motion	B-Device
controls	I-Device
with	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
for	O
physically	O
interacting	O
within	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
in	O
an	O
intuitive	O
way	O
with	O
little	O
to	O
no	O
abstraction	O
and	O
an	O
omnidirectional	B-General_Concept
treadmill	I-General_Concept
for	O
more	O
freedom	O
of	O
physical	O
movement	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
perform	O
locomotive	O
motion	O
in	O
any	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technology	O
that	O
blends	O
what	O
the	O
user	O
sees	O
in	O
their	O
real	O
surroundings	O
with	O
digital	O
content	O
generated	O
by	O
computer	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	B-General_Concept
systems	O
layer	O
virtual	O
information	O
over	O
a	O
camera	O
live	O
feed	O
into	O
a	O
headset	O
or	O
smartglasses	B-General_Concept
or	O
through	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
giving	O
the	O
user	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
view	O
three-dimensional	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
MR	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
merging	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
to	O
produce	O
new	O
environments	O
and	O
visualizations	O
where	O
physical	O
and	O
digital	O
objects	B-Algorithm
co-exist	O
and	O
interact	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
is	O
sometimes	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
networked	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulated	B-Architecture
reality	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
hypothetical	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
as	O
truly	O
immersive	O
as	O
the	O
actual	O
reality	O
,	O
enabling	O
an	O
advanced	O
lifelike	O
experience	O
or	O
even	O
virtual	O
eternity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
perspective	B-Architecture
in	O
Renaissance	O
European	O
art	O
and	O
the	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
invented	O
by	O
Sir	O
Charles	O
Wheatstone	O
were	O
both	O
precursors	O
to	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
references	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
modern	O
concept	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
came	O
from	O
science	O
fiction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
built	O
a	O
prototype	O
of	O
his	O
vision	O
dubbed	O
the	O
Sensorama	B-General_Concept
in	O
1962	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
five	O
short	O
films	O
to	O
be	O
displayed	O
in	O
it	O
while	O
engaging	O
multiple	O
senses	O
(	O
sight	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
smell	O
,	O
and	O
touch	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Predating	O
digital	O
computing	O
,	O
the	O
Sensorama	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
mechanical	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
Ivan	O
Sutherland	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
his	O
students	O
including	O
Bob	O
Sproull	O
,	O
created	O
what	O
was	O
widely	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
system	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
immersive	O
simulation	O
applications	O
,	O
called	O
The	B-Device
Sword	I-Device
of	I-Device
Damocles	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
primitive	O
both	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
visual	O
realism	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
HMD	O
to	O
be	O
worn	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
was	O
so	O
heavy	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
suspended	O
from	O
the	O
ceiling	O
,	O
which	O
gave	O
the	O
device	O
a	O
formidable	O
appearance	O
and	O
inspired	O
its	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technically	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
was	O
an	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
device	O
due	O
to	O
optical	O
passthrough	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphics	O
comprising	O
the	O
virtual	O
environment	O
were	O
simple	O
wire-frame	B-Algorithm
model	I-Algorithm
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
industry	O
mainly	O
provided	O
VR	O
devices	O
for	O
medical	O
,	O
flight	O
simulation	O
,	O
automobile	O
industry	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
military	O
training	O
purposes	O
from	O
1970	O
to	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Em	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
artist	O
to	O
produce	O
navigable	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
at	O
NASA	O
's	O
Jet	O
Propulsion	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
JPL	O
)	O
from	O
1977	O
to	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aspen	B-General_Concept
Movie	I-General_Concept
Map	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
crude	O
virtual	O
tour	O
in	O
which	O
users	O
could	O
wander	O
the	O
streets	O
of	O
Aspen	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
modes	O
(	O
summer	O
,	O
winter	O
,	O
and	O
polygons	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
was	O
created	O
at	O
MIT	O
in	O
1978	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
Eric	O
Howlett	O
developed	O
the	O
Large	O
Expanse	O
,	O
Extra	O
Perspective	B-Architecture
(	O
LEEP	O
)	O
optical	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combined	O
system	O
created	O
a	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
wide	O
enough	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
convincing	O
sense	O
of	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
LEEP	O
system	O
was	O
redesigned	O
for	O
NASA	O
's	O
Ames	O
Research	O
Center	O
in	O
1985	O
for	O
their	O
first	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
installation	O
,	O
the	O
VIEW	O
(	O
Virtual	O
Interactive	O
Environment	O
Workstation	O
)	O
by	O
Scott	O
Fisher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LEEP	O
system	O
provides	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
"	O
was	O
popularized	O
by	O
Jaron	O
Lanier	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
pioneers	O
of	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VPL	O
Research	O
has	O
developed	O
several	O
VR	O
devices	O
like	O
the	O
DataGlove	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
EyePhone	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
AudioSphere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VPL	O
licensed	O
the	O
DataGlove	B-General_Concept
technology	O
to	O
Mattel	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
it	O
to	O
make	O
the	B-General_Concept
Power	I-General_Concept
Glove	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
early	O
affordable	O
VR	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atari	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
founded	O
a	O
research	O
lab	O
for	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	O
1982	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
lab	O
was	O
closed	O
after	O
two	O
years	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
Atari	O
Shock	O
(	O
video	O
game	O
crash	O
of	O
1983	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
Cyberspace	B-General_Concept
Project	O
at	O
Autodesk	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
implement	O
VR	O
on	O
a	O
low-cost	O
personal	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
leader	O
Eric	O
Gullichsen	O
left	O
in	O
1990	O
to	O
found	O
Sense8	O
Corporation	O
and	O
develop	O
the	O
WorldToolKit	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
SDK	O
,	O
which	O
offered	O
the	O
first	O
real	O
time	O
graphics	O
with	O
Texture	O
mapping	O
on	O
a	O
PC	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
widely	O
used	O
throughout	O
industry	O
and	O
academia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
Sega	O
announced	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
VR	I-Device
headset	O
for	O
the	O
Mega	B-Operating_System
Drive	I-Operating_System
home	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
in	O
the	O
visor	O
,	O
stereo	O
headphones	O
,	O
and	O
inertial	O
sensors	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
and	O
react	O
to	O
the	O
movements	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Virtuality	B-Application
launched	O
and	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
first	O
mass-produced	O
,	O
networked	O
,	O
multiplayer	O
VR	O
entertainment	O
system	O
that	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
dedicated	O
VR	O
arcade	O
at	O
Embarcadero	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Costing	O
up	O
to	O
$	O
73,000	O
per	O
multi-pod	O
Virtuality	B-Application
system	O
,	O
they	O
featured	O
headsets	O
and	O
exoskeleton	O
gloves	O
that	O
gave	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
immersive	O
"	O
VR	O
experiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Carolina	O
Cruz-Neira	O
,	O
Daniel	O
J	O
.	O
Sandin	O
and	O
Thomas	O
A	O
.	O
DeFanti	O
from	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Visualization	O
Laboratory	O
created	O
the	O
first	O
cubic	O
immersive	O
room	O
,	O
the	O
Cave	B-General_Concept
automatic	I-General_Concept
virtual	I-General_Concept
environment	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAVE	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
as	O
Cruz-Neira	O
'	O
s	O
PhD	O
thesis	O
,	O
it	O
involved	O
a	O
multi-projected	O
environment	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
holodeck	B-Algorithm
,	O
allowing	O
people	O
to	O
see	O
their	O
own	O
bodies	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
others	O
in	O
the	O
room	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Antonio	O
Medina	O
,	O
a	O
MIT	O
graduate	O
and	O
NASA	O
scientist	O
,	O
designed	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
system	O
to	O
"	O
drive	O
"	O
Mars	O
rovers	O
from	O
Earth	O
in	O
apparent	O
real	O
time	O
despite	O
the	O
substantial	O
delay	O
of	O
Mars-Earth-Mars	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
Nicole	O
Stenger	O
created	O
Angels	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
real-time	O
interactive	O
immersive	O
movie	O
where	O
the	O
interaction	O
was	O
facilitated	O
with	O
a	O
dataglove	B-General_Concept
and	O
high-resolution	O
goggles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Louis	O
Rosenberg	O
created	O
the	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
fixtures	I-General_Concept
system	O
at	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Air	O
Force	O
's	O
Armstrong	O
Labs	O
using	O
a	O
full	O
upper-body	O
exoskeleton	O
,	O
enabling	O
a	O
physically	O
realistic	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
in	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
enabled	O
the	O
overlay	O
of	O
physically	O
real	O
3D	O
virtual	O
objects	B-Algorithm
registered	O
with	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
direct	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
,	O
producing	O
the	O
first	O
true	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
experience	O
enabling	O
sight	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
and	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
July	O
1994	O
,	O
Sega	O
had	O
released	O
the	O
VR-1	B-Device
motion	O
simulator	O
ride	O
attraction	O
in	O
Joypolis	O
indoor	O
theme	B-Application
parks	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
Dennou	O
Senki	O
Net	O
Merc	O
arcade	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
used	O
an	O
advanced	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
dubbed	O
the	O
"	O
Mega	O
Visor	O
Display	O
"	O
developed	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
Virtuality	B-Application
;	O
it	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
track	B-Operating_System
head	O
movement	O
in	O
a	O
360-degree	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
environment	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
its	O
Net	O
Merc	O
incarnation	O
was	O
powered	O
by	O
the	O
Sega	O
Model	O
1	O
arcade	O
system	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
released	O
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
,	O
which	O
,	O
despite	O
using	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
VR	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
unable	O
to	O
represent	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
and	O
instead	O
displayed	O
360-degree	O
interactive	B-Application
panoramas	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
's	O
Virtual	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
console	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
group	O
in	O
Seattle	O
created	O
public	O
demonstrations	O
of	O
a	O
"	B-General_Concept
CAVE-like	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
270	O
degree	O
immersive	O
projection	O
room	O
called	O
the	O
Virtual	O
Environment	O
Theater	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
entrepreneurs	O
Chet	O
Dagit	O
and	O
Bob	O
Jacobson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Forte	O
released	O
the	O
VFX1	B-Device
,	O
a	O
PC-powered	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
that	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
earliest	O
form	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
struggled	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
commercial	O
version	O
of	O
"	O
The	O
Rig	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
realized	O
in	O
prototype	O
form	O
as	O
a	O
clunky	O
steel	O
contraption	O
with	O
several	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
that	O
users	O
could	O
wear	O
on	O
their	O
shoulders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
was	O
later	O
adapted	O
into	O
the	O
personal	O
computer-based	O
,	O
3D	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
program	O
Second	B-Application
Life	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
Street	B-Application
View	I-Application
,	O
a	O
service	O
that	O
shows	O
panoramic	O
views	O
of	O
an	O
increasing	O
number	O
of	O
worldwide	O
positions	O
such	O
as	O
roads	O
,	O
indoor	O
buildings	O
and	O
rural	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
features	O
a	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
mode	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Palmer	O
Luckey	O
designed	O
the	O
first	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
prototype	O
,	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
shell	O
of	O
another	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
,	O
was	O
only	O
capable	O
of	O
rotational	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Rift	B-Device
is	O
presented	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
at	O
the	O
E3	O
video	O
game	O
trade	O
show	O
by	O
Carmack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
purchased	O
Oculus	O
VR	O
for	O
what	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
was	O
stated	O
as	O
$2	O
billion	O
but	O
later	O
revealed	O
that	O
the	O
more	O
accurate	O
figure	O
was	O
$3	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZeniMax	O
,	O
Carmack	O
's	O
former	O
employer	O
,	O
sued	O
Oculus	O
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
for	O
taking	O
company	O
secrets	O
to	O
Facebook	B-Application
;	O
the	O
verdict	O
was	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
ZeniMax	O
,	O
settled	O
out	O
of	O
court	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
shared	O
major	O
features	O
with	O
the	O
consumer	O
headsets	O
including	O
separate	O
1K	O
displays	O
per	O
eye	O
,	O
low	O
persistence	O
,	O
positional	B-Operating_System
tracking	I-Operating_System
over	O
a	O
large	O
area	O
,	O
and	O
fresnel	O
lenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTC	B-Application
and	O
Valve	O
announced	O
the	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
HTC	B-Application
Vive	O
and	O
controllers	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
set	O
included	O
tracking	O
technology	O
called	O
Lighthouse	O
,	O
which	O
utilized	O
wall-mounted	O
"	O
base	O
stations	O
"	O
for	O
positional	B-Operating_System
tracking	I-Operating_System
using	O
infrared	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
Project	B-Device
Morpheus	I-Device
(	O
its	O
code	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
VR	I-Device
)	O
,	O
a	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
PlayStation	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
video	O
game	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
Cardboard	B-Device
,	O
a	O
do-it-yourself	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
viewer	O
:	O
the	O
user	O
places	O
their	O
smartphone	B-Application
in	O
the	O
cardboard	B-Device
holder	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
wear	O
on	O
their	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Michael	O
Naimark	O
was	O
appointed	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
first-ever	O
'	O
resident	O
artist	O
 '	O
in	O
their	O
new	O
VR	O
division	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kickstarter	O
campaign	O
for	O
Gloveone	O
,	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
gloves	O
providing	O
motion	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
and	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
,	O
was	O
successfully	O
funded	O
,	O
with	O
over	O
$	O
150,000	O
in	O
contributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
Razer	O
unveiled	O
its	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
project	O
OSVR	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Sony	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
all	O
had	O
dedicated	O
AR	B-General_Concept
and	O
VR	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
binaural	B-Application
audio	I-Application
was	O
common	O
to	O
most	O
headsets	O
released	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
HTC	B-Application
shipped	O
its	O
first	O
units	O
of	O
the	O
HTC	B-Application
Vive	O
SteamVR	O
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
patent	O
filed	O
by	O
Sony	O
in	O
2017	O
showed	O
they	O
were	O
developing	O
a	O
similar	O
location	O
tracking	O
technology	O
to	O
the	O
Vive	O
for	O
PlayStation	B-Device
VR	I-Device
,	O
with	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
wireless	O
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Oculus	O
released	O
the	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
S	I-Device
and	O
a	O
standalone	O
headset	O
,	O
the	O
Oculus	O
Quest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
Valve	O
released	O
the	O
Valve	B-Device
Index	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
features	O
include	O
a	O
130°	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
off-ear	O
headphones	O
for	O
immersion	O
and	O
comfort	O
,	O
open-handed	O
controllers	O
which	O
allow	O
for	O
individual	O
finger	B-Algorithm
tracking	I-Algorithm
,	O
front	O
facing	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
front	O
expansion	O
slot	O
meant	O
for	O
extensibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Oculus	O
released	O
the	O
Oculus	B-General_Concept
Quest	I-General_Concept
2	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
(	O
which	O
became	O
Meta	O
a	O
year	O
later	O
)	O
initially	O
required	O
users	O
to	O
log	O
in	O
with	O
a	O
Facebook	B-Application
account	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
new	O
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
the	O
Oculus	B-General_Concept
Quest	I-General_Concept
2	I-General_Concept
accounted	O
for	O
80%	O
of	O
all	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
EASA	O
approved	O
the	O
first	O
Virtual	B-Application
Reality	I-Application
based	O
Flight	O
Simulation	O
Training	O
Device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2023	O
,	O
Sony	O
released	O
the	O
Playstation	B-Device
VR2	I-Device
,	O
a	O
follow-up	O
to	O
their	O
2016	O
headset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Playstation	B-Device
VR2	I-Device
comes	O
with	O
inside-out	O
tracking	O
,	O
higher-resolution	O
displays	O
,	O
controllers	O
with	O
adaptive	O
triggers	O
and	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
wider	O
field-of-view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Virtual	B-Application
Reality	I-Application
Modelling	I-Application
Language	I-Application
(	O
VRML	B-Application
)	O
,	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
was	O
intended	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
"	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
"	O
without	O
dependency	O
on	O
headsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Web3D	B-General_Concept
consortium	O
was	O
subsequently	O
founded	O
in	O
1997	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
industry	O
standards	O
for	O
web-based	O
3D	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
consortium	O
subsequently	O
developed	O
X3D	B-Application
from	O
the	O
VRML	B-Application
framework	O
as	O
an	O
archival	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
standard	O
for	O
web-based	O
distribution	O
of	O
VR	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WebVR	O
is	O
an	O
experimental	O
JavaScript	B-Language
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
that	O
provides	O
support	O
for	O
various	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
HTC	B-Application
Vive	O
,	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
,	O
Google	B-Device
Cardboard	I-Device
or	O
OSVR	B-Device
,	O
in	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
displays	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
technology	O
developed	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
including	O
:	O
gyroscopes	B-Application
and	O
motion	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
for	O
tracking	O
head	O
,	O
body	O
,	O
and	O
hand	B-Algorithm
positions	I-Algorithm
;	O
small	O
HD	O
screens	O
for	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
;	O
and	O
small	O
,	O
lightweight	O
and	O
fast	O
computer	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
components	O
led	O
to	O
relative	O
affordability	O
for	O
independent	O
VR	O
developers	O
,	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
2012	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
Kickstarter	O
offering	O
the	O
first	O
independently	O
developed	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Independent	O
production	O
of	O
VR	O
images	O
and	O
video	O
has	O
increased	O
alongside	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
affordable	O
omnidirectional	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
360-degree	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
or	O
VR	O
cameras	O
,	O
that	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
record	O
360	B-Application
interactive	I-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
although	O
at	O
relatively	O
low	O
resolutions	O
or	O
in	O
highly	O
compressed	O
formats	O
for	O
online	O
streaming	O
of	O
360	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
photogrammetry	B-Application
is	O
increasingly	O
used	O
to	O
combine	O
several	O
high-resolution	O
photographs	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
detailed	O
3D	O
objects	B-Algorithm
and	O
environments	O
in	O
VR	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
create	O
a	O
feeling	O
of	O
immersion	O
,	O
special	O
output	O
devices	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
display	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Well-known	O
formats	O
include	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
or	O
the	O
CAVE	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
passive	O
technologies	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
polarizing	O
filters	O
or	O
Infitec	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
feeling	O
of	O
immersion	O
,	O
wearable	O
multi-string	O
cables	O
offer	O
haptics	O
to	O
complex	O
geometries	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Special	O
input	O
devices	O
are	O
required	O
for	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
input	O
devices	O
are	O
motion	B-Device
controllers	I-Device
and	O
optical	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
wired	B-General_Concept
gloves	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Controllers	O
typically	O
use	O
optical	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
systems	O
(	O
primarily	O
infrared	O
cameras	O
)	O
for	O
location	O
and	O
navigation	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
move	O
freely	O
without	O
wiring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
input	O
devices	O
provide	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
force	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
to	O
the	O
hands	O
or	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
body	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
human	O
being	O
can	O
orientate	O
himself	O
in	O
the	O
three-dimensional	O
world	O
through	O
haptics	O
and	O
sensor	O
technology	O
as	O
a	O
further	O
sensory	O
sensation	O
and	O
carry	O
out	O
realistic	O
simulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
from	O
omnidirectional	B-General_Concept
treadmills	I-General_Concept
(	O
with	O
which	O
walking	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
space	I-Application
is	O
controlled	O
by	O
real	O
walking	O
movements	O
)	O
and	O
vibration	O
gloves	O
and	O
suits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
cameras	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
using	O
360-degree	B-General_Concept
panorama	I-General_Concept
videos	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
360-degree	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
shots	O
can	O
be	O
mixed	O
with	O
virtual	O
elements	O
to	O
merge	O
reality	O
and	O
fiction	O
through	O
special	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
higher	O
refresh	O
rates	O
require	O
a	O
more	O
powerful	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
entertainment	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
3D	B-Algorithm
cinema	I-Algorithm
,	O
amusement	O
park	O
rides	O
including	O
dark	O
rides	O
and	O
social	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumer	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
were	O
first	O
released	O
by	O
video	O
game	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
early-mid	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
next-generation	O
commercial	O
tethered	O
headsets	O
were	O
released	O
by	O
Oculus	O
(	O
Rift	B-Device
)	O
,	O
HTC	B-Application
(	O
Vive	O
)	O
and	O
Sony	O
(	O
PlayStation	B-Device
VR	I-Device
)	O
,	O
setting	O
off	O
a	O
new	O
wave	O
of	O
application	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	B-Algorithm
cinema	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
sporting	O
events	O
,	O
pornography	O
,	O
fine	O
art	O
,	O
music	O
videos	O
and	O
short	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2015	O
,	O
roller	O
coasters	O
and	O
theme	B-Application
parks	I-Application
have	O
incorporated	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
to	O
match	O
visual	O
effects	O
with	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
social	O
sciences	O
and	O
psychology	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
offers	O
a	O
cost-effective	O
tool	O
to	O
study	O
and	O
replicate	O
interactions	O
in	O
a	O
controlled	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
exposure	O
therapy	O
(	O
VRET	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
exposure	O
therapy	O
for	O
treating	O
anxiety	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
post	O
traumatic	O
stress	O
disorder	O
(	O
PTSD	O
)	O
and	O
phobias	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
programs	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
rehabilitation	O
processes	O
with	O
elderly	O
individuals	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
diagnosed	O
with	O
Alzheimer	O
's	O
disease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
17	O
recent	O
studies	O
with	O
randomized	O
controlled	O
trials	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	I-General_Concept
are	O
effective	O
in	O
treating	O
cognitive	O
deficits	O
with	O
neurological	O
diagnoses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
able	O
to	O
assist	O
in	O
making	O
aging	O
in	O
place	O
a	O
lifeline	O
to	O
an	O
outside	O
world	O
that	O
they	O
cannot	O
easily	O
navigate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
allows	O
exposure	O
therapy	O
to	O
take	O
place	O
in	O
a	O
safe	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
physical	O
rehabilitation	O
since	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2018	O
review	O
on	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
mirror	O
therapy	O
by	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
robotics	O
for	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
pathology	O
concluded	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
study	O
was	O
conducted	O
that	O
showed	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
VR	O
to	O
promote	O
mimicry	O
and	O
revealed	O
the	O
difference	O
between	O
neurotypical	O
and	O
autism	O
spectrum	O
disorder	O
individuals	O
in	O
their	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
avatar	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technology	O
with	O
myoelectric	O
and	O
motion	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
control	O
may	O
represent	O
a	O
possible	O
therapy	O
option	O
for	O
treatment-resistant	O
phantom	O
limb	O
pain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pain	O
scale	O
measurements	O
were	O
taken	O
into	O
account	O
and	O
an	O
interactive	O
3-D	O
kitchen	O
environment	O
was	O
developed	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
principles	O
of	O
mirror	O
therapy	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
control	O
of	O
virtual	O
hands	O
while	O
wearing	O
a	O
motion-tracked	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
customisable	O
meeting	O
rooms	O
all	O
parties	O
can	O
join	O
using	O
the	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
and	O
interact	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
physical	O
room	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
traditional	O
text-based	O
CMC	O
,	O
Avatar-based	O
interactions	O
in	O
3D	O
virtual	O
environment	O
lead	O
to	O
higher	O
levels	O
of	O
consensus	O
,	O
satisfaction	O
,	O
and	O
cohesion	O
among	O
group	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
fine	O
art	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
was	O
created	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
museums	O
have	O
begun	O
making	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
content	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
accessible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
's	O
growing	O
market	O
presents	O
an	O
opportunity	O
and	O
an	O
alternative	O
channel	O
for	O
digital	O
marketing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
education	O
,	O
the	O
uses	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
have	O
demonstrated	O
being	O
capable	O
of	O
promoting	O
higher	O
order	O
thinking	O
,	O
promoting	O
the	O
interest	O
and	O
commitment	O
of	O
students	O
,	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
knowledge	O
,	O
promoting	O
mental	O
habits	O
and	O
understanding	O
that	O
are	O
generally	O
useful	O
within	O
an	O
academic	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
case	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
made	O
for	O
including	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
technology	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
public	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2020s	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
discussed	O
as	O
a	O
technological	O
setting	O
that	O
may	O
support	O
people	O
's	O
griefing	O
process	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
digital	O
recreations	O
of	O
deceased	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Growing	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
metaverse	O
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
organizational	O
efforts	O
to	O
incorporate	O
the	O
many	O
diverse	O
applications	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
virtual	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
into	O
ecosystems	O
like	O
VIVERSE	O
,	O
reportedly	O
offering	O
connectivity	O
between	O
platforms	O
for	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
Jean	O
Michel	O
Jarre	O
performed	O
in	O
VRChat	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
,	O
Brendan	O
Bradley	O
released	O
the	O
free	O
FutureStages	O
web-based	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
venue	O
for	O
live	O
events	O
and	O
concerts	O
throughout	O
the	O
2020	O
shutdown	O
,	O
Justin	O
Bieber	O
performed	O
on	O
November	O
18	O
,	O
2021	O
in	O
WaveXR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
2	O
,	O
2021	O
Non-Player	O
Character	O
performed	O
at	O
The	O
Mugar	O
Omni	O
Theater	O
with	O
audiences	O
interacting	O
with	O
a	O
live	O
performer	O
in	O
both	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
projected	O
on	O
the	O
IMAX	O
dome	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
health	O
and	O
safety	O
considerations	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
unwanted	O
symptoms	O
have	O
been	O
caused	O
by	O
prolonged	O
use	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
and	O
these	O
may	O
have	O
slowed	O
proliferation	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
come	O
with	O
consumer	O
warnings	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
seizures	O
;	O
developmental	O
issues	O
in	O
children	O
;	O
trip-and-fall	O
and	O
collision	O
warnings	O
;	O
discomfort	O
;	O
repetitive	O
stress	O
injury	O
;	O
and	O
interference	O
with	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
users	O
may	O
experience	O
twitches	O
,	O
seizures	O
or	O
blackouts	O
while	O
using	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
,	O
even	O
if	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
epilepsy	O
and	O
have	O
never	O
had	O
blackouts	O
or	O
seizures	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
 '	O
heavy	O
weight	O
,	O
discomfort	O
may	O
be	O
more	O
likely	O
among	O
children	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
children	O
are	O
advised	O
against	O
using	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
wearing	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
,	O
people	O
quickly	O
lose	O
awareness	O
of	O
their	O
real-world	O
surroundings	O
and	O
may	O
injure	O
themselves	O
by	O
tripping	O
over	O
,	O
or	O
colliding	O
with	O
real-world	O
objects	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
may	O
regularly	O
cause	O
eye	O
fatigue	O
,	O
as	O
does	O
all	O
screened	O
technology	O
,	O
because	O
people	O
tend	O
to	O
blink	O
less	O
when	O
watching	O
screens	O
,	O
causing	O
their	O
eyes	O
to	O
become	O
more	O
dried	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
some	O
concerns	O
about	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
contributing	O
to	O
myopia	O
,	O
but	O
although	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
sit	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
eyes	O
,	O
they	O
may	O
not	O
necessarily	O
contribute	O
to	O
nearsightedness	O
if	O
the	O
focal	O
length	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
being	O
displayed	O
is	O
sufficiently	O
far	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
sickness	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
cybersickness	B-Application
)	O
occurs	O
when	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
exposure	O
to	O
a	O
virtual	O
environment	O
causes	O
symptoms	O
that	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
motion	O
sickness	O
symptoms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Virtual	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
received	O
much	O
criticism	O
for	O
its	O
negative	O
physical	O
effects	O
,	O
including	O
"	O
dizziness	O
,	O
nausea	O
,	O
and	O
headaches	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
vestibular	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
body	O
's	O
internal	O
balancing	O
system	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
experience	O
the	O
motion	O
that	O
it	O
expects	O
from	O
visual	O
input	O
through	O
the	O
eyes	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
may	O
experience	O
VR	B-Application
sickness	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
approximately	O
25	O
–	O
40%	O
of	O
people	O
experience	O
some	O
kind	O
of	O
VR	B-Application
sickness	I-Application
when	O
using	O
VR	O
machines	O
,	O
companies	O
are	O
actively	O
looking	O
for	O
ways	O
to	O
reduce	O
VR	B-Application
sickness	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vergence-accommodation	O
conflict	O
(	O
VAC	O
)	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
causes	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
sickness	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
the	O
teens	O
who	O
do	O
n't	O
own	O
a	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
,	O
9%	O
plan	O
to	O
buy	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
50%	O
of	O
surveyed	O
teens	O
are	O
unsure	O
about	O
the	O
metaverse	O
or	O
do	O
n't	O
have	O
any	O
interest	O
,	O
and	O
do	O
n't	O
have	O
any	O
plans	O
to	O
purchase	O
a	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
studies	O
conducted	O
on	O
observing	O
versus	O
participating	O
in	O
violent	O
VR	O
games	O
suggest	O
that	O
physiological	O
arousal	O
and	O
aggressive	O
thoughts	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
hostile	O
feelings	O
,	O
are	O
higher	O
for	O
participants	O
than	O
for	O
observers	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experiencing	O
VR	O
by	O
children	O
may	O
further	O
involve	O
simultaneously	O
holding	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
in	O
mind	O
while	O
experiencing	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Excessive	O
usage	O
of	O
immersive	O
technology	O
that	O
has	O
very	O
salient	O
sensory	O
features	O
may	O
compromise	O
children	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
maintain	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
,	O
particularly	O
when	O
wearing	O
a	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
that	O
blocks	O
out	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
objects	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
children	O
enjoyed	O
playing	O
in	O
the	O
kitchen	O
context	O
of	O
Job	B-Application
Simulator	I-Application
,	O
and	O
enjoyed	O
breaking	O
rules	O
by	O
engaging	O
in	O
activities	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
allowed	O
to	O
do	O
in	O
reality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
setting	O
things	O
on	O
fire	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
from	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
sensors	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
projected	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
standard	O
feature	O
in	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
,	O
may	O
indirectly	O
reveal	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
ethnicity	O
,	O
personality	O
traits	O
,	O
fears	O
,	O
emotions	O
,	O
interests	O
,	O
skills	O
,	O
and	O
physical	O
and	O
mental	O
health	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
