<s>
Virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
is	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
using	O
computers	O
to	O
simulate	O
and	O
model	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
machine	O
tools	O
for	O
part	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
activity	O
replicates	O
the	O
behavior	O
and	O
errors	O
of	O
a	O
real	O
environment	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
provides	O
various	O
benefits	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Simulated	O
machining	O
process	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
reveals	O
errors	O
without	O
wasting	O
materials	O
,	O
damaging	O
machine	O
tools	O
,	O
or	O
putting	O
workers	O
at	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
computer	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
helps	O
improve	O
accuracy	O
in	O
the	O
produced	O
part	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
inspection	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
surface	O
finish	O
,	O
surface	O
metrology	O
,	O
and	O
waviness	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
simulated	O
parts	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
increase	O
accuracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	O
can	O
augment	O
process	B-Application
planning	I-Application
of	I-Application
machining	I-Application
operations	I-Application
with	O
regards	O
to	O
the	O
desired	O
tolerances	O
of	O
part	O
designing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
system	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
process	B-Application
planning	I-Application
of	I-Application
machining	I-Application
operations	I-Application
by	O
considering	O
the	O
most	O
suitable	O
steps	O
of	O
machining	O
operations	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
cost	O
of	O
part	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finite	B-Application
element	I-Application
method	I-Application
(	O
FEM	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
simulated	O
machining	O
process	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
analyze	O
stress	O
and	O
strain	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
tool	O
,	O
workpiece	O
and	O
cutting	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accuracy	O
of	O
mathematical	O
error	O
modeling	O
in	O
prediction	O
of	O
machined	O
surfaces	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machining	O
operations	O
of	O
flexible	B-Algorithm
materials	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
increase	O
accuracy	O
of	O
part	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vibrations	O
of	O
machine	O
tools	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
possibility	O
of	O
chatter	O
along	O
cutting	O
tool	O
paths	O
in	O
machining	O
operations	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
by	O
using	O
simulated	O
machining	O
operations	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Feed	O
rate	O
scheduling	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
presented	O
to	O
increase	O
accuracy	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
efficiency	O
of	O
part	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Material	O
removal	O
rate	O
in	O
machining	O
operations	O
of	O
complex	O
surfaces	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
for	O
analysis	O
and	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Errors	O
in	O
actual	O
machined	O
parts	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
for	O
analysis	O
and	O
compensation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulated	O
machining	O
centers	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
can	O
be	O
connected	O
by	O
the	O
network	O
and	O
Internet	O
for	O
remote	O
analysis	O
and	O
modification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elements	O
and	O
structures	O
of	O
machine	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
spindle	O
,	O
rotation	O
axis	O
,	O
moving	O
axes	O
,	O
ball	B-Algorithm
screw	I-Algorithm
,	O
numerical	O
control	O
unit	O
,	O
electric	O
motors	O
(	O
step	B-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
and	O
servomotor	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
bed	O
and	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
so	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
and	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geometry	O
of	O
cutting	O
tools	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
and	O
modified	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
simulated	O
cutting	O
forces	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machining	O
strategies	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
and	O
modified	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
in	O
terms	O
of	O
collision	O
detection	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
vision	O
of	O
machining	O
operations	O
with	O
errors	O
of	O
actual	O
machined	O
parts	O
and	O
tool	O
deflection	O
error	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
can	O
help	O
designers	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
machining	O
strategists	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
modify	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
part	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
can	O
augment	O
the	O
experience	O
and	O
training	O
of	O
novice	O
machine	O
tool	O
operators	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
training	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
increase	O
added	O
value	O
in	O
processes	O
of	O
part	O
production	O
,	O
energy	O
consumption	O
of	O
machine	O
tools	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
and	O
analyzed	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
by	O
presenting	O
an	O
efficient	O
energy	O
use	O
machine	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machining	O
strategies	O
of	O
freeform	O
surfaces	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
and	O
optimized	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
increase	O
accuracy	O
of	O
part	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
suggestions	O
for	O
the	O
future	O
studies	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
machining	I-Application
systems	O
are	O
presented	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Machining	O
operations	O
of	O
new	O
alloy	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
for	O
study	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
material	O
of	O
cutting	O
tool	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
and	O
analyzed	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deformation	O
and	O
deflections	O
of	O
large	O
workpieces	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
and	O
analyzed	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machining	O
operations	O
of	O
expensive	O
materials	O
such	O
as	O
gold	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
superalloys	O
can	O
be	O
simulated	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
predict	O
real	O
machining	O
conditions	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
of	O
shop	O
floor	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
