<s>
Virtual	B-Application
design	I-Application
and	I-Application
construction	I-Application
(	O
VDC	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
integrated	O
multi-disciplinary	O
performance	O
models	O
of	O
design	O
–	O
construction	O
projects	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
product	O
(	O
facilities	O
)	O
,	O
work	B-Operating_System
processes	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
organization	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
–	O
construction	O
–	O
operation	O
team	O
to	O
support	O
explicit	O
and	O
public	O
business	O
objectives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Virtual	B-Application
design	I-Application
and	I-Application
construction	I-Application
BIMs	B-Architecture
are	O
virtual	B-Application
because	O
they	O
show	O
computer-based	B-Application
descriptions	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BIM	B-Architecture
project	O
model	O
emphasizes	O
those	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
designed	O
and	O
managed	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
(	O
typically	O
a	O
building	O
or	O
plant	O
[	O
and	O
infrastructure ]	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
organization	O
that	O
will	O
define	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
construct	O
,	O
and	O
operate	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
process	O
the	O
organization	O
teams	O
will	O
follow	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
–	O
organization	O
–	O
process	O
or	O
POP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
models	O
are	O
logically	O
integrated	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
they	O
all	O
can	O
access	O
shared	B-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
if	O
a	O
user	O
highlights	O
or	O
changes	O
an	O
aspect	O
of	O
one	O
,	O
the	O
integrated	O
models	O
can	O
highlight	O
or	O
change	O
the	O
dependent	O
aspects	O
of	O
related	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
companies	O
now	O
practice	O
the	O
first	O
steps	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
modeling	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
consistently	O
find	O
that	O
they	O
improve	O
business	O
performance	O
by	O
doing	O
so.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
are	O
also	O
now	O
considering	O
developing	O
BIMs	B-Architecture
in	O
various	O
levels	O
of	O
detail	O
,	O
since	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
,	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
detail	O
is	O
needed	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
varying	O
modeling	O
effort	O
associated	O
with	O
generating	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
models	I-Architecture
at	O
different	O
levels	O
of	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
research	O
that	O
forms	O
virtual	B-Application
design	I-Application
and	I-Application
construction	I-Application
(	O
VDC	O
)	O
is	O
based	O
in	O
scientific	O
evidence	O
and	O
a	O
validation	O
measured	O
against	O
a	O
best	O
theory	O
opposed	O
to	O
a	O
best	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
core	O
concept	O
in	O
VDC	O
is	O
spacetime	B-Protocol
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
four	O
dimensions	O
were	O
first	O
understood	O
by	O
Vitruvi	O
as	O
an	O
importance	O
of	O
perspective	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
3D	O
)	O
and	O
time	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
4D	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
merging	O
of	O
space	O
and	O
the	O
above	O
discussed	O
ontology	O
formed	O
the	O
information	B-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
in	O
the	O
construction	O
engineering	O
field	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
space	O
and	O
time	O
in	O
practice	O
is	O
shown	O
by	O
the	O
linear	O
scheduling	O
method	O
and	O
in	O
close	O
relation	O
the	O
4D	B-Protocol
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
practical	O
application	O
is	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
the	O
Industry	B-Application
Foundation	I-Application
Classes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
compelling	O
advances	O
in	O
VDC	O
are	O
in	O
computer	O
vision	O
(	O
List	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
computer	I-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
topics	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
architecture	O
of	O
transmission	O
(	O
AoT	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
object-oriented	O
project	O
lifecycle	O
management	O
process	O
,	O
which	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
counterpoint	O
to	O
commissioned	O
IoT	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
