<s>
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
support	O
scripting	O
and	O
stylesheets	O
for	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
(	O
WWW	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1991/1992	O
for	O
Unix	B-Application
and	O
acted	O
as	O
the	O
recommended	O
browser	B-Application
at	O
CERN	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
WWW	O
was	O
invented	O
,	O
but	O
eventually	O
lost	O
its	O
position	O
as	O
most	O
frequently	O
used	O
browser	B-Application
to	O
Mosaic	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
Viola	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
Pei-Yuan	O
Wei	O
,	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Experimental	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
Facility	I-General_Concept
(	O
XCF	O
)	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viola	B-Protocol
was	O
a	O
UNIX-based	O
programming/scripting	O
language	O
;	O
the	O
acronym	O
stood	O
for	O
"	O
Visually	O
Interactive	O
Object-oriented	O
Language	O
and	O
Application	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pei	O
's	O
interest	O
in	O
graphically	O
based	O
software	O
began	O
with	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
which	O
he	O
first	O
encountered	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
that	O
,	O
Pei	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
very	O
compelling	O
back	O
then	O
,	O
you	O
know	O
graphically	O
,	O
this	O
hyperlink	O
thing	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
just	O
not	O
very	O
global	O
and	O
it	O
only	O
worked	O
on	O
Mac	O
...	O
and	O
I	O
did	O
n't	O
even	O
have	O
a	O
Mac	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
having	O
access	O
to	O
X	B-Protocol
terminals	I-Protocol
,	O
Pei	O
,	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
created	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Viola	B-Protocol
for	O
such	O
terminals	O
:	O
"	O
I	O
got	O
a	O
HyperCard	B-Application
manual	O
and	O
looked	O
at	O
it	O
and	O
just	O
basically	O
took	O
the	O
concepts	O
and	O
implemented	O
them	O
...	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Pei	O
released	O
Viola	B-Protocol
0.8	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
graduating	O
,	O
Pei	O
developed	O
Viola	B-Protocol
further	O
while	O
working	O
with	O
the	O
XCF	O
and	O
startups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
major	O
goal	O
was	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Viola	B-Protocol
for	O
the	O
Internet	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
first	O
browser	B-Application
to	O
add	O
extended	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
embedded	O
scriptable	O
objects	O
,	O
stylesheets	O
,	O
and	O
tables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ed	O
Krol	O
also	O
highlighted	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
in	O
his	O
popular	O
1992	O
text	O
,	O
Whole	O
Internet	O
User	O
's	O
Guide	O
and	O
Catalog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
developed	O
,	O
it	O
began	O
to	O
look	O
more	O
like	O
HyperCard	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Viola	B-Protocol
toolkit	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
of	O
visual	O
interactive	O
media	O
applications	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
multimedia	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
being	O
a	O
possible	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viola	B-Protocol
ran	O
under	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
and	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
build	O
complex	O
hypermedia	O
applications	O
with	O
features	O
like	O
applets	O
and	O
other	O
interactive	O
content	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viola	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
first	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
to	O
have	O
the	O
following	O
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
client-side	O
document	O
insertion	O
,	O
predating	O
frames	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
syndication	O
via	O
JavaScript	B-Language
output	O
writing	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
commonly	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
Viola	B-Protocol
well	O
before	O
CSS	B-Language
was	O
developed	O
in	O
1998	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
sidebar	O
panel	O
used	O
for	O
displaying	O
"	O
meta	O
"	O
information	O
,	O
intra	O
document	O
navigational	O
links	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
information	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
as	O
sophisticated	O
as	O
)	O
features	O
found	O
in	O
several	O
modern	O
browsers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
from	O
an	O
HTML	O
document	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
an	O
HTML	O
document	O
can	O
embed	O
highly	O
interactive	O
scripts/applets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
precursor	O
to	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
embedded	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
opened	O
the	O
door	O
to	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
its	O
limitations	O
,	O
including	O
it	O
only	O
being	O
implemented	O
on	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
,	O
meant	O
it	O
could	O
not	O
compete	O
with	O
Mosaic	B-Application
,	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
which	O
brought	O
the	O
Web	O
into	O
the	O
mainstream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
other	O
things	O
,	O
Mosaic	B-Application
was	O
easier	O
to	O
install	O
on	O
the	O
computers	O
most	O
people	O
were	O
using	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
developed	O
for	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
it	O
was	O
soon	O
ported	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
a	O
platform	O
on	O
which	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
never	O
ran	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Eolas	O
Technologies	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
filed	O
suit	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
District	O
Court	O
for	O
the	O
Northern	O
District	O
of	O
Illinois	O
against	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
claiming	O
infringement	O
of	O
U.S.	O
patent	O
5	O
,	O
838	O
,	O
906	O
,	O
(	O
covering	O
browser	B-Application
plugins	O
)	O
by	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
had	O
wanted	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
court	O
that	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
was	O
prior	O
art	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
1993	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
a	O
year	O
before	O
the	O
key	O
patent	O
were	O
filed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
had	O
also	O
suggested	O
that	O
Michael	O
David	O
Doyle	O
,	O
Eolas	O
 '	O
founder	O
and	O
a	O
former	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
researcher	O
,	O
had	O
intentionally	O
concealed	O
his	O
knowledge	O
of	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
when	O
filing	O
the	O
patent	O
claim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2012	O
a	O
Texas	O
jury	O
found	O
that	O
two	O
of	O
Eolas	O
 '	O
patents	O
were	O
invalid	O
after	O
testimony	O
from	O
several	O
defendants	O
including	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
and	O
Pei-Yuan	O
Wei	O
,	O
credited	O
as	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
Viola	B-Protocol
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
testimony	O
professed	O
that	O
the	O
Viola	B-Protocol
browser	B-Application
included	O
Eolas	O
 '	O
claimed	O
inventions	O
before	O
the	O
filing	O
date	O
(	O
September	O
7	O
,	O
1993	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
"	O
substantial	O
evidence	O
that	O
Viola	B-Protocol
was	O
publicly	O
known	O
and	O
used	O
"	O
before	O
the	O
plaintiffs	O
 '	O
alleged	O
conception	O
date	O
,	O
it	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
