<s>
A	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
or	O
VDC	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
display	O
engine	O
or	O
display	O
interface	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
component	O
in	O
a	O
video-signal	O
generator	O
,	O
a	O
device	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
a	O
TV	O
video	B-Application
signal	I-Application
in	O
a	O
computing	O
or	O
game	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VDC	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
video	B-Application
signal	I-Application
generator	O
logic	O
,	O
responsible	O
for	O
generating	O
the	O
timing	O
of	O
video	B-Application
signals	I-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
synchronization	O
signals	O
and	O
the	O
blanking	B-Application
interval	I-Application
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
other	O
supporting	O
chips	O
were	O
necessary	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
complete	O
system	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
RAM	B-Architecture
to	O
hold	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
data	O
,	O
ROM	B-Device
to	O
hold	O
character	O
fonts	O
,	O
or	O
some	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
shift	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
often	O
the	O
VDC	O
chip	O
is	O
completely	O
integrated	O
in	O
the	O
logic	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
computer	O
system	O
,	O
(	O
its	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
appears	O
in	O
the	O
memory	B-General_Concept
map	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
main	O
CPU	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
sometimes	O
it	O
functions	O
as	O
a	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
that	O
can	O
manipulate	O
the	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
contents	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
display	O
controller	O
,	O
a	O
graphics	B-Architecture
accelerator	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
video	O
compression/decompression	O
IC	O
is	O
huge	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
since	O
all	O
of	O
this	O
logic	O
is	O
usually	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
chip	O
of	O
a	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
and	O
is	O
usually	O
not	O
available	O
separately	O
to	O
the	O
end-customer	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
often	O
much	O
confusion	O
about	O
these	O
very	O
different	O
functional	O
blocks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPUs	B-Architecture
with	O
hardware	O
acceleration	O
started	O
appearing	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VDCs	O
often	O
had	O
special	O
hardware	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
"	O
sprites	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
function	O
that	O
in	O
more	O
modern	O
VDP	O
chips	O
is	O
done	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
Bit	B-General_Concept
Blitter	I-General_Concept
"	O
using	O
the	O
"	O
Bit	B-Algorithm
blit	I-Algorithm
"	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
typical	O
video	B-Architecture
display	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
"	O
VDP2	O
32-bit	O
background	O
and	O
scroll	O
plane	O
video	B-Architecture
display	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
"	O
of	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
Saturn	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
(	O
AGA	O
)	O
chip	O
that	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
improved	O
graphics	O
of	O
the	O
later	O
generation	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
said	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
completely	O
clear	O
when	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-General_Concept
chip	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-Architecture
display	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
TMS9918	B-Architecture
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
sometimes	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-Architecture
display	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
however	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-Architecture
display	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
"	O
has	O
some	O
power	O
to	O
"	O
process	O
"	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
filling	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
for	O
example	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
"	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
"	O
only	O
controls	O
the	O
timing	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
synchronization	O
signals	O
and	O
the	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
goes	O
one	O
step	O
further	O
than	O
the	O
VDP	O
and	O
normally	O
also	O
supports	O
3D	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
kind	O
of	O
chip	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
modern	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controllers	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
divided	O
in	O
several	O
different	O
types	O
,	O
listed	O
here	O
from	O
simplest	O
to	O
most	O
complex	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
shifters	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
video	O
shift	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
based	O
systems	O
"	O
(	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
generally	O
agreed	O
upon	O
name	O
for	O
these	O
type	O
of	O
devices	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
simple	O
type	O
of	O
video	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
directly	O
or	O
indirectly	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
video	O
timing	O
signals	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
normally	O
do	O
not	O
access	O
the	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
get	O
the	O
video	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
CPU	O
,	O
a	O
byte	B-Application
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
convert	O
it	O
to	O
a	O
serial	O
bitstream	O
,	O
hence	O
the	O
technical	O
name	O
"	O
video	O
shifter	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
serial	O
data	O
stream	O
is	O
then	O
used	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
synchronization	O
signals	O
to	O
output	O
a	O
video	B-Application
signal	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normally	O
these	O
chips	O
only	O
support	O
a	O
very	O
low	O
resolution	O
raster	B-Algorithm
graphics	I-Algorithm
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CRTC	O
,	O
or	O
cathode-ray	B-Device
tube	I-Device
controller	O
,	O
generates	O
the	O
video	O
timings	O
and	O
reads	O
video	O
data	O
from	O
RAM	B-Architecture
attached	O
to	O
the	O
CRTC	O
to	O
output	O
it	O
via	O
an	O
external	O
character	O
generator	O
ROM	B-Device
(	O
for	O
text	B-Application
modes	I-Application
)	O
or	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
video	O
output	O
shift	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
(	O
for	O
high	O
resolution	O
graphics	O
modes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
actual	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
generator	O
depend	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
degree	O
on	O
the	O
external	O
logic	O
,	O
video	O
generator	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
CRTC	O
chip	O
can	O
have	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
capabilities	O
,	O
from	O
simple	O
text-mode	B-Application
only	O
systems	O
to	O
high-resolution	O
systems	O
supporting	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
colours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sprites	O
are	O
often	O
supported	O
,	O
as	O
are	O
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
based	O
)	O
character	B-General_Concept
generators	I-General_Concept
and	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
dedicated	O
to	O
colour	B-General_Concept
attributes	I-General_Concept
and	O
pallette	B-Data_Structure
registers	I-Data_Structure
(	O
colour	B-Data_Structure
lookup	I-Data_Structure
tables	I-Data_Structure
)	O
for	O
the	O
high-resolution	O
or	O
text	B-Application
modes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
have	O
their	O
own	O
internal	O
CPU	O
dedicated	O
to	O
reading	O
(	O
and	O
writing	O
)	O
their	O
own	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
shared	O
with	O
the	O
CPU	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
converting	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
this	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
to	O
a	O
video	B-Application
signal	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
CPU	O
can	O
give	O
commands	O
to	O
the	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
example	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
video	O
modes	O
or	O
to	O
manipulate	O
the	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
contents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
also	O
controls	O
the	O
(	O
most	O
often	O
RAM-based	O
)	O
character	O
generator	O
,	O
the	O
colour	O
attribute	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
palette	B-Data_Structure
registers	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
sprite	O
logic	O
(	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
these	O
exist	O
of	O
course	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controllers	I-General_Concept
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RCA	O
CDP1861	O
was	O
a	O
very	O
simple	O
chip	O
,	O
built	O
in	O
CMOS	B-Device
technology	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
unusual	O
for	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
)	O
to	O
complement	O
the	O
RCA	B-General_Concept
1802	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
COSMAC	B-Device
VIP	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Television	B-General_Concept
Interface	I-General_Concept
Adaptor	I-General_Concept
(	O
TIA	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
custom	O
video	B-General_Concept
chip	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
the	O
heart	O
of	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
games	O
console	O
,	O
a	O
very	O
primitive	O
chip	O
that	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
6502	O
microprocessor	O
to	O
do	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
,	O
also	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
the	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intel	O
8275	O
CRT	O
controller	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Convergent	O
Technologies	O
AWS	O
/	O
Burroughs	B-Device
B20	I-Device
,	O
along	O
with	O
some	O
S-100	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
6845	I-General_Concept
(	O
MC6845	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
video	O
address	O
generator	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
Motorola	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
Amstrad	B-Device
CPC	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
BBC	B-Device
Micro	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
almost	O
all	O
the	O
early	O
video	O
adapters	O
for	O
the	O
PC	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
MDA	B-Device
,	O
CGA	B-Device
and	O
EGA	B-Device
adapters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MDA	B-Device
and	O
CGA	B-Device
use	O
an	O
actual	O
Motorola	O
chip	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
EGA	B-Device
has	O
a	O
custom	O
IBM	O
chipset	O
of	O
five	O
LSI	O
chips	O
;	O
one	O
of	O
those	O
chips	O
includes	O
IBM	O
's	O
reimplementation	O
of	O
the	O
CRTC	O
,	O
which	O
operates	O
like	O
an	O
MC6845	B-General_Concept
but	O
differs	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
register	O
addresses	O
and	O
functions	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
100%	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
all	O
later	O
VGA	B-Protocol
compatible	O
adapters	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
6845	B-General_Concept
is	O
still	O
reproduced	O
inside	O
the	O
video	B-General_Concept
chip	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
in	O
a	O
sense	O
all	O
current	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatible	O
PCs	B-Device
still	O
incorporate	O
the	O
logic	O
of	O
the	O
6845	B-General_Concept
CRTC	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Signetics	O
2636	O
and	O
2637	O
are	O
video	O
controllers	O
best	O
known	O
for	O
their	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
Interton	B-Device
VC	I-Device
4000	I-Device
and	O
Emerson	B-Application
Arcadia	I-Application
2001	I-Application
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MC6847	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
generator	I-General_Concept
(	O
VDG	O
)	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
Motorola	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
TRS-80	B-Device
Color	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
,	O
Dragon	B-Device
32/64	I-Device
,	O
Laser	B-Device
200	I-Device
and	O
Acorn	B-Device
Atom	I-Device
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MOS	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
6560	I-General_Concept
(	O
NTSC	O
)	O
and	O
6561	O
(	O
PAL	O
)	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
video	O
interface	O
controller	O
(	O
VIC	O
)	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
VIC-20	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MOS	O
Technology	O
8563/8568	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Commodore	B-Device
128	I-Device
(	O
8563	O
)	O
and	O
Commodore	O
128D	O
(	O
8568	O
)	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
80	O
column	O
text	O
display	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
several	O
high	O
resolution	O
graphics	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Commodore	B-Device
128	I-Device
models	O
included	O
a	O
VIC-II	O
to	O
support	O
Commodore	O
64	O
compatible	O
video	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MOS	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
7360	I-General_Concept
text	O
editing	O
device	O
(	O
TED	O
)	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Commodore	B-Operating_System
Plus/4	I-Operating_System
,	O
Commodore	B-Operating_System
16	I-Operating_System
and	O
Commodore	B-Operating_System
116	I-Operating_System
computers	O
and	O
had	O
an	O
integrated	O
audio	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NEC	B-Device
μPD7220	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Philips	O
semiconductors	O
SCC66470	O
was	O
a	O
VSC	O
(	O
Video	O
-	O
and	O
Systems	O
Controller	O
)	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
their	O
68070-Microcontroller	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
CD-i	B-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Picture	O
Processing	O
Unit	O
was	O
a	O
video	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
designed	O
by	O
Ricoh	O
for	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
Famicom	O
and	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
connected	O
to	O
2048	O
bytes	B-Application
of	O
dedicated	O
video	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
had	O
a	O
dedicated	O
address	O
bus	O
that	O
allowed	O
additional	O
RAM	B-Architecture
or	O
ROM	B-Device
to	O
be	O
accessed	O
from	O
the	O
game	O
cartridge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
scrollable	O
playfield	O
of	O
256×240	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
was	O
supported	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
display	O
list	O
of	O
64	O
OBJs	O
(	O
sprites	O
)	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
8	O
could	O
be	O
displayed	O
per	O
scanline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ANTIC	B-General_Concept
(	O
Alpha-Numeric	O
Television	O
Interface	O
Circuit	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
video	O
system	O
chip	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
of	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
read	O
a	O
"	O
Display	O
list	O
"	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
built	O
in	O
CPU	O
and	O
use	O
this	O
data	O
to	O
generate	O
a	O
complex	O
video	B-Application
signal	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TMS9918	B-Architecture
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Video	B-Architecture
Display	I-Architecture
Processor	I-Architecture
(	O
VDP	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
first	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
Texas	B-Device
Instruments	I-Device
TI-99/4	I-Device
,	O
but	O
was	O
later	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
systems	O
like	O
the	O
MSX	B-Operating_System
(	O
MSX-1	O
)	O
,	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
,	O
Memotech	B-Device
MTX	I-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
SG-1000	I-Operating_System
and	O
SC-3000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Master	O
System	O
uses	O
an	O
enhanced	O
VDP	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
TMS9918	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
the	O
Sega	O
315-5313	O
(	O
Yamaha	O
YM7101	O
)	O
VDP	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
and	O
some	O
arcade	O
machines	O
is	O
a	O
further	O
advancement	O
of	O
the	O
Master	O
System	O
VDP	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
(	O
inferior	O
)	O
TMS9918	B-Architecture
modes	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Yamaha	B-General_Concept
V9938	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
TMS9918	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
was	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
MSX2	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Yamaha	B-General_Concept
V9958	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
Video	B-Architecture
Display	I-Architecture
Processor	I-Architecture
(	O
VDP	O
)	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
MSX2+	B-Operating_System
and	O
MSX	B-Operating_System
turboR	I-Operating_System
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VLSI	O
VS21S010D-L	O
is	O
a	O
128kB	O
SPI/parallel	O
SRAM	O
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
with	O
variable-bit-depth	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
block-move	O
blitter	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Thomson	B-Device
EF936x	I-Device
series	O
of	O
Graphic	O
Display	O
Processor	O
(	O
GDP	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
offers	O
a	O
draw	O
rate	O
of	O
1	O
millionpixelsper	O
second	O
and	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
1024×512	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
many	O
early	O
home	O
computers	O
did	O
not	O
use	O
a	O
VDP	O
chip	O
,	O
but	O
built	O
the	O
whole	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
from	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
chips	O
,	O
(	O
examples	O
are	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
PET	B-Device
,	O
and	O
TRS-80	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
these	O
methods	O
are	O
very	O
flexible	O
,	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
generators	I-General_Concept
could	O
be	O
very	O
capable	O
(	O
or	O
extremely	O
primitive	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
needed	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
early	O
systems	O
used	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
early	O
programmable	O
logic	O
array	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
video	O
system	O
;	O
examples	O
include	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
and	O
ZX81	O
systems	O
and	O
Elektronika	B-Device
BK-0010	I-Device
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
implementations	O
were	O
often	O
very	O
primitive	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
implementations	O
sometimes	O
resulted	O
in	O
fairly	O
advanced	O
video	O
systems	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
one	O
in	O
the	O
SAM	B-Device
Coupé	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
could	O
thus	O
build	O
a	O
very	O
capable	O
system	O
with	O
relatively	O
few	O
components	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
low	O
transistor	O
count	O
of	O
early	O
programmable	O
logic	O
meant	O
that	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
early	O
PLA-based	O
systems	O
were	O
often	O
less	O
impressive	O
than	O
those	O
using	O
the	O
video	O
interface	O
controllers	O
or	O
video	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
that	O
were	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
PLA	O
solutions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
using	O
CPLDs	B-General_Concept
or	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
,	O
could	O
result	O
in	O
much	O
more	O
advanced	O
video	O
systems	O
,	O
surpassing	O
those	O
built	O
using	O
off-the-shelf	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
often-used	O
hybrid	O
solution	O
was	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
video	O
interface	O
controller	O
(	O
often	O
the	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
6845	I-General_Concept
)	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
and	O
expand	O
its	O
capabilities	O
with	O
programmable	O
logic	O
or	O
an	O
ASIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
hybrid	O
solution	O
is	O
the	O
original	O
VGA	B-Protocol
card	I-Protocol
,	O
that	O
used	O
a	O
6845	B-General_Concept
in	O
combination	O
with	O
an	O
ASIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
why	O
all	O
current	O
VGA	B-Protocol
based	O
video	O
systems	O
still	O
use	O
the	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
that	O
were	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
6845	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advancements	O
made	O
in	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
device	I-Architecture
fabrication	I-Architecture
,	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
functionality	O
is	O
implemented	O
as	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
,	O
often	O
licensable	O
as	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
intellectual	I-Architecture
property	I-Architecture
core	I-Architecture
(	O
SIP	O
core	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Display	O
controller	O
System	B-Algorithm
In	I-Algorithm
Package	I-Algorithm
(	O
SiP	O
)	O
blocks	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
die	O
of	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
,	O
APUs	B-Architecture
and	O
SoCs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
support	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
interfaces	B-Application
:	O
VGA	B-Protocol
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
,	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
,	O
VHDCI	B-Protocol
,	O
DMS-59	B-Protocol
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PHY	O
includes	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
,	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
and	O
Flat	B-Protocol
Panel	I-Protocol
Display	I-Protocol
Link	I-Protocol
,	O
OpenLDI	B-Protocol
and	O
CML	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
VGA-signal	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
created	O
by	O
GPU	B-Architecture
is	O
being	O
transported	O
over	O
a	O
VGA-cable	O
to	O
the	O
display	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
ends	O
of	O
the	O
cable	O
end	O
in	O
a	O
VGA	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laptops	B-Device
and	O
other	O
mobile	O
computers	O
use	O
different	O
interfaces	B-Application
between	O
the	O
display	O
controller	O
and	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KMS	B-Application
driver	I-Application
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
for	O
display	O
controllers	O
and	O
AMD	O
Eyefinity	O
is	O
a	O
special	O
brand	O
of	O
display	O
controller	O
with	O
multi-monitor	B-General_Concept
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
NEC	O
released	O
the	O
NEC	B-Device
μPD7220	I-Device
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controllers	I-General_Concept
in	O
1980s	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
NEC	B-Operating_System
PC-9801	I-Operating_System
,	O
APC	B-Operating_System
III	I-Operating_System
,	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatibles	O
,	O
DEC	B-Device
Rainbow	I-Device
,	O
Tulip	B-Device
System-1	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Epson	B-Device
QX-10	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
graphic	O
cards	O
were	O
also	O
called	O
graphic	O
adapters	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
chips	O
used	O
on	O
these	O
ISA/EISA	O
cards	O
consisted	O
solely	O
of	O
a	O
display	O
controller	O
,	O
as	O
this	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
functionality	O
required	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
computer	O
to	O
a	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
cards	O
included	O
ICs	O
to	O
perform	O
calculations	O
related	O
to	O
2D	O
rendering	O
in	O
parallel	O
with	O
the	O
CPU	O
;	O
these	O
cards	O
were	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
graphics	B-Architecture
accelerator	I-Architecture
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
cards	O
were	O
available	O
with	O
VLB	O
,	O
PCI	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
AGP	B-Architecture
interfaces	B-Application
;	O
modern	O
cards	O
typically	O
use	O
the	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
bus	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
require	O
much	O
greater	O
bandwidth	O
then	O
the	O
ISA	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
can	O
deliver	O
.	O
</s>
